-
黄山学院
外语系
课程讲稿
专业名称：
英语专业
课程名称：
《英汉翻译理论与实践
1
》
主导教材：冯庆华，
《实用翻译教程》
授课教师：
程汕姗
《英汉翻译理论与实践
1
》课程讲稿
A Brief Introduction to Translation
◇
Teaching Contents:
I.
Discussion:
?
What is
translation?
?
What is a successful translation?
?
What
difficulties might occur in translating process?
A.
What is
translation?
1.
Key words:
source
language(SL) / receptor language / target
language(TL); reproduce; message /
information; equivalence /
correspondence
2.
Nature of
translation
Translation
consists
in
reproducing
in
the
receptor
language
the
closest
natural
equivalent of the source language
message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in
terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida)
德国译学教授
Wolfram
Wilss
在
The
Science
of
Transl
ation
：
Problems
&
Methods
一书中说：
Trans
lation is not simply a matter of seeking other
words with
similar meaning, but of
finding appropriate ways of saying things in
another language.
Translating is always
meaning-based, i.e. it is the transfer of meaning
instead of form
from the source
language to the target language.
（翻译不只是在
另一种语言中寻找
意义相似的其他词语，而是寻找表达事物的适当方式。翻译始终立足于
语义，
也就是说，是语义从源语到译语的转换，而不是形式。
）
这说明了翻译是语义的翻译，不是
语言形式的翻译，是运用另一种语言的适
当方式来表达一种语言所表达的内容，而不是在
另一种语言中寻找与一种语言
中含义相似的某些词语或结构。翻译必须跳出原文语言层面
的束缚，必须着眼
于传达原文的内容和意义。换句话说，翻译的基本单位应该是语篇，而
不是词
语结构。根据系统功能语言学家的观点，语言的实际使用单位是语篇这样的言
语单位，而不是词语结构这样的语法单位。实际使用的语篇有可能是一个句子、
一个句段、一个句群，也有可能是一个词语。翻译作为语言交际的一种形式，
其实质是用一种语言的语篇材料代替另一种语言与其意义对等的语篇材料。翻
译是运用一
种语言把另一种语言所表达的内容和意义准确而完整地重新表达出
1
《英汉翻译理论与实践
1
》课程讲稿
来的语言活动。
3.
Classification
of translation:
a.
Oral interpretation / written
translation
b.
Human translation / machine translation
c.
Literary /
scientific / political / commercial translation
d.
Domestication
(naturalization) / foreignization (estrangement,
alienation)
e.
Literal translation / free translation
B.
What is a
successful translation?
1.
严复：信、达、雅
(faithfulness, expressiveness,
elegance)
2.
傅雷：以
效果而论，翻译应当象临画一样，所求的不在形似而在神似
3.
钱钟书：诱、讹、化
4.
Eugene A.
Nida: natural / close; dynamic/functional
equivalence
C.
What difficulties might occur in
translating process?
Language /
Cultural Barriers
Translatability is
lower when (1) the work to be translated is quite
distant both in
time and space; (2) its
form is very much unique; (3) the content is not
shared in the
two cultures.
→
Betrayal: Loss / Distortion
1.
Understanding
i.
Word meaning
Example analysis
Millet made
a portrait of Lady Chesterfield, which flattered
her.
米勒为了逢迎柴斯特菲尔德夫人而替她画了一幅像。
（原文中的
flatter
意为
“
超过
”
[to make better looking
than the reality]
，
将其译为
“
逢迎
”
是理解上的错误。
）
米勒给柴斯特菲尔德夫人画了一幅像，该像之美简直超过了她本人。
ii.
Sentence
structure
Example analysis
The
traditionalist
type
of
composer
begins
with
a
pattern
rather
than
with
a
theme. The creative act with Palestrina
is not the thematic conception so much
as the personal treatment of a well-
established pattern.
【原译】传统主义型作曲家始于某种格调
而非某种主题。帕莱斯特里纳的
创作行为不太像对固定格调进行个性化处理的主题概念。
【改译】传统型作曲家是从形式出发而不是从主题出发进行创
作的。帕莱
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《英汉翻译理论与实
践
1
》课程讲稿
斯特里纳的创作不是主题的构思，而是对固定形式的个性化处理。
iii.
Background
knowledge
Example analysis
Then he was off to Columbia Business
School , where he found his Rosetta Stone
of investing. (Roger Lowenstein: An
Unassuming Billionaire )
Rosetta
Stone
是古埃及石，意为
“
提供线索
”
，这儿喻指
“
帮助了
解难题的事物
”
。
后来他进了哥伦比亚商学院，在那里找到了自己的投资指南。
2.
Expressing
i.
Literal
translation Vs. liberal translation
Literal
translation
takes
sentences
as
its
basic
units
and
the
whole
text
into
consideration at the
same time in the course of translation. It strives
to reproduce
both the ideological
content and the style of the entire literary work
and retain as
much as possible the
figures of speech.
Liberal
Translation
mainly
convey
the
meaning
and
spirit
of
the
original
without trying to
reproduce its sentence pattern or figures of
speech.
Example analysis
To
kill two birds with one stone.
直译：一石二鸟
意译：一箭双雕，一举两得
树倒猢狲散
直译：
When the tree falls, the
monkeys scatter.
意
译
：
Members
run
away
when
the
family
falls.
/
Rats
leave
a
sinking ship.
ii.
Free translation
Example
analysis
This was one of the secrets of
his great popularity, but it was a popularity
which
was as unsettled as the waves. It
swelled, and bubbled, and foamed for a while,
only to recede, and be lost to its
former possessor.
【原译】这是他名噪
一时的一个秘密，但这种名声如同波涛一样起伏不定：
在短暂的时间内如日中天，盛极一
时，炙手可热，但转瞬间又烟消云散，
终于在原来有些声望的人身上消失了。
【改译】这是他名噪一时的一个秘密，但这种名声如同波涛一样起伏不定
：
3
《英汉翻译理论与实践
1
》课程讲稿
一时
间奔腾高涨，汹涌澎拜，转瞬间又一落千丈，终于在原来享有这种声
望的人身上荡然无存
。
iii.
Translationese
Example
analysis
The only concession he made to
the climate was to wear a white dinner jacket.
【原译】他对气候的唯一让步就是穿了一件白色的短餐衣。
<
/p>
【改译】气候变化，他仅稍稍作了一点变通，赴宴时穿了件白色的短礼服。
iv.
Cohesion
and coherence
Example analysis
There was a menu , but it didn’t make
any difference , everything tasted the same.
Monumental portion. You’d stand up at
the end and want to die.
(M. Lurie , A
Beacon in the Night)
【原译】那儿有菜单，可没什么区别。所
有东西味道都一样。份量惊人，
你最后会站起来想死。
【改译】那儿是有菜单，可完全派不上用场，因为所有东西味
道都一样。
只是份量惊人，你吃完后一站起身来就会感觉胀得要死。
D.
How can we
improve our translation?
1.
English reading
2.
Chinese
writing
3.
Translation practice
II.
The Role of
Translator:
The craft of translator is
…
deeply ambivalent; it is
exercised in a radical tension between
impulses to facsimile and impulses to
appropriate recreation.
—
George Steiner
译者的技艺是一个深刻的矛盾体。这种技艺是在两种冲动的极度张力之间形成的：
一方面
是依样画葫芦的冲动，另一方面又有适当再创作的冲动。
A.
Metaphors for
translator:
1.
A
courier of the human spirits
（普希金）
2.
A sculptor who
tries to recreate a work of painting
3.
A
straitjacketed dancer
4.
A musician / an actor
5.
Traduttori-
traditori (Translators are traitors.)
B.
Responsibility
of translator:
4
《英汉翻译理论与实践
1
》课程讲稿
1.
Competent
linguistic ability & bicultural knowledge
2.
Being as
transparent as possible
3.
Being a good negotiator
III.
The
Development of Translation in China:
翻译史上的三个高峰期：
1.
汉至唐宋佛经的转译：支谦；鸠摩罗什；道安；玄奘
2.
明清
以后西欧科技文化的引进：徐光启；严复；林纾；
（译才并世数严林－康有
为）
3.
五四之后的现代阶段：郭沫若；鲁迅；瞿秋白；傅雷；钱钟书
5 <
/p>
《英汉翻译理论与实践
1
》课程讲稿
Contrast between English and Chinese
(1)
◇
Teaching Contents:
I.
Thinking Style
and Diction
A.
Abstract
vs.
Concrete
An excessive reliance on the
noun at the expense of verb will, in the end,
detach the mind of the
writer from the
realities of here and now, from when and how and
in what mood the thing was
done, and
insensibly induce a habit of abstraction,
generalization and vagueness.
─
G
. M. Young
1.
Embodiment
e.g. The signs of the times point to
the necessity of the modification of the system of
administration.
（
T
imes
）
It is becoming
clear that the administrative system must be
modified.
行政系统需要改革，这一点已经越来越清楚了。
e.g. There seems to have been an
absence of attempt at conciliation between rival
sects. (Daily Telegraph)
The
rival sects seem never even to have tried mutual
conciliation.
对立的派别似乎从未试图谋求和解。
2.
Visualization
e.g. utterly
quiet
鸦雀无声
e.g. In
1966 the North Korean team made it to the quarter
finals.
译：
1966
年，北
朝鲜队成功地踢进
了四分之一决赛。
．．
perfect harmony
careful consideration
total exhaustion
impudence
ardent
loyalty
feed on
fancies
6
水乳交融
深思熟虑
精疲力竭
厚颜无耻
赤胆忠心
画饼充饥
《英汉翻译理论与实践
1
》课程讲稿
offend public decency
make a little construction
await with great anxiety
disintegration
lack of perseverance
B.
Static
（静）
vs.
Dynamic
（动）
Examples:
1)
名词化（
Nominalization
）
伤风败俗
添砖加瓦
望穿秋水
土崩瓦解
三天打鱼，两天晒网
Comparison:
a)
The
doctor
arrived
extremely
quickly
and
examined
the
patient
uncommonly
carefully; the result was that he
recovered very speedily.
The doctor’s
extremely quick arrival and uncommonly careful
examination of the
patient brought
about his speedy recovery.
医生迅速赶到，并非常仔细
地检查了病人，因此病人很快就康复了。
b)
Freedom-loving
people
everywhere
condemned
them
because
they
violated
the
agreement reached at Helsinki and
abused basic human rights in their own country.
The abuse of
basic human rights in their own country in
violation of the agreement
reached
at
Helsinki
earned
them
the
condemnation
of
freedom-loving
people
everywhere.
他们违反在赫尔辛基达成的协议，在国内践踏基本人权，因此受到各地热爱
< br>自由的人们的谴责。
e.g.
He
was
a
clever
man;
a
pleasant
companion;
a
careless
student;
with
a
great
propensity for running
into debt, and a partiality for the tavern.
他头脑灵活，讨人喜欢
/
很好相处，可是学
习不用功；他老是东挪西借，又喜欢
上酒馆喝点小酒。
2)
介词充斥
(prepositionitis)
e.g. He has someone behind him.
Someone supports him.
e.g.
With these words she went away.
After saying these, she went away.
e.g. He is at his books.
He
is reading his books.
II.
Thinking
Style and Syntax
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< br>《英汉翻译理论与实践
1
》课程讲稿
A.
形合与意合
(Hypotactic
vs. Paratactic)
形合（
Hypotacti
c
）
句中的
词语或分句之间用语言形式手段连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系。
The
dependent
or
subordinate
construction
or
relationship
of
clauses
with
connectives.
(The American
Heritage Dictionary)
e.g.
I shall despair if you
don’t come.
意合
（
Paratactic
）
词语或分句之间不用语言形式手段
连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分
句的含义表达。
The
arranging
of
clauses
one
after
the
other
without
connectives
showing
the
relation
between them. (The
World Book Dictionary)
e.g.
大
雨倾盆，河水泛滥，冲毁了很多民房。
英语造句多用各种形式手段连接，注重显性接应（
overt
cohesion
）
，重形式，重结构。相
对汉语而言其连接手段和形式不仅数量大，种类多，而且使用频率极高。
e.g.
The present onslaught of
vehicles poses a serious threat to urban life and
pedestrian peace
of mind.
现如今车辆横冲直撞，严重威胁着
城市生活，路上行人无不提心吊胆。
B.
Impersonal vs.
Personal
It has been noted with concern
that the stock of books in the library has been
declining
alarmingly. Students are
asked to remind themselves of the rules for the
borrowing and return of
books, and bear
in
mind
the
needs
of
other
students. Penalties
for
overdue
books will
in
the
future be
strictly enforced.
近来已注意到本馆存书惊人地减少
，此事令人关切。现要求学生切记图书借还规则，
并考虑其他学生的需要。今后凡借书逾
期不还者，必将严格按章处罚。
1.
Inanimate noun
(
无灵名词
) as subject
e.g. Excitement deprived me of all
power of utterance.
我激动得什么话也说不出。
e.g. The thick carpet killed the sound
of my footsteps.
我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点声响都没有。
2.
Preparatory
word: it
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《英汉翻译
理论与实践
1
》课程讲稿
e.g. It
hurts!
(“
it
”
:
unspecified word
虚义词
)
——好疼！
e.g. It never occurred to me that she
was so dishonest.
我从未想到她会这么不老实。
3.
Passive voice
(hidden agent/doer)
e.g.
The
resistance
can
be
determined
provided
that
the
voltage
and
current
are
known.
只要知道电压和电流，就能确定电阻。
C.
Subject-
Prominent
（主语句）
vs. Topic-
Prominent
（主题句）
Examples:
1) She showered us
with telegrams.
译：她的电报纷至沓来。
2) There was something original,
independent, and heroic about the plan that
pleased all
of them.
译：这个方案富
于创造性，独出心裁，很有魄力，所以他们都很满意。
3)
Bright colors and bold strokes characterize his
early painting.
译：他的早期绘画
色彩明亮
、笔触大胆。
．．．．．．
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《英汉翻译理论与实践
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》课程讲稿
Contrast between English and Chinese
(2)
◇
Teaching Contents:
I.
Comment on the
homework
II.
Lexical
Differences
英汉词类系统比较
英语
词类名称
Nouns
Verbs
作用
表示人或事物名称
表示动作或状态
词类名称
名词
动词
汉语
作用
表示人或事物名称
表示动作、行为、
发展变化
Adjectives
表示人或事物的性
质与特性
Adverbs
用来修饰动词、形
容词
表示动作状态的特
征或程度
Pronoun
代替名词、数词
代词
代替一切实词或表
指代作用
Prepositions
用在名、代词后面
组成介词短语，说
明它与别的词之间
的关系
介词
用在名、
代词之后，
组成介词结构，表
示处所、时间、
方
向、方式等
副词
形容词
表示人或事物的性
质状态
用来修饰限制动
词、形容词、表示
程度、时间、频
率
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《英汉翻译理论与实践
1
》课程讲稿
Conjunctions
连接词、短语或句
子
连词
连接词、词组或句
子
Interjections
表示说话的感情或
语气
感叹词
表示感叹或呼唤应
答的词
Articles
用在名词前面，帮
助说明名词的含义
冠词
（汉语无冠词）
语气词
量词
表示各种语气
表示事物和动作的
单位
A.
Word order
1.
Attributive
modifiers
英语句中单词一般放在被修饰词的前面，短语和从句一般放在被修
饰词的后面。
汉语定语不管单词或词组一般都放在被修饰语的前面。
Examples:
1) something
important
重要
的事
．．
2) the ancient
Chinese
poet
中国古代
诗人
．．．．
3) a little, yellow,
ragged, lame, unshaven beggar
一个身材瘦小
的叫化子，面黄肌
．．．．
．．．
瘦，衣衫褴褛，胡子拉渣的，还瘸着腿
．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．．
4) a
candidate with little chance of success
一个当选希望极微
的候选人
．．．．．．
2.
Adverbial modifiers
< br>英语状语可前可后。汉语状语一般放在被修饰的动词或形容词前面。
Examples:
1) to develop
rapidly
迅速发展；
extremely
fast
快极了
/
极快
2) With a bag
of books we walked across the garden in the gray
light of the dawn.
我
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《英汉翻译理论与实践
1
》课程讲稿
们提着一袋书
< br>，在晨曦中
穿过了花园。
．．．．．
．．．．
3) He
was quick to use self-deprecating humor to throw
anyone off the scent.
为了迷惑别
人
，他机灵地说些自我挖苦的笑话。
．．．．．．
4) He was born in Rome
on May 27, 1980.
他是
< br>1980
年
月
日在罗马
出生的。
/
他于
19
80
年
月
日
出
生于罗马
。
．
．
．
．
．
5
．
．
27
．<
/p>
．
．．．．
．
．
．
．
．
5
．
．
27
．
．
．
．．
III.
Syntactic
Differences
A.
Transformation of sentence
structure
1.
Simple Sentence
→
Complex Sentence
e.g.
His
superior
grades
at
high
school
enabled
him
to
enroll
at
the
tuition-
free
College of the City of New York.
由于在中学成绩优异，他进入了免费的纽约市立大学。
2.
Complex
Sentence
→
Simple Sentence
e.g. That he will come to the
discussion is certain.
他肯定会来参加讨论的。
e.g.
He doesn
’
t know what life
means to him.
他不知道人生的意义。
3.
Complex
Sentence
→
Complex Sentence
e.g.
Our
men
had
gone
quite
a
distance
off
before
the
enemy
reinforcement
troops
came up.
我们的队伍已经走得很远了，敌人的增援部队才赶上来。
e.g. This place is really beautiful,
and many people bring their wives and families out
here to live.
这地方实在漂亮，
（所以）许多人都带着家小搬来居住。
4.
Inverted Order
→
Natural Order
e.g. Little did I then know the meaning
of war and what it was in reality.
当时我确实还不太懂得战争的意义以及战争实际上是怎么回事。
5.
Passive
V
oice
→
Active
V
oice
e.g. He is respected
by everybody.
人人都尊敬他。
e.g. I was told not to trust what I
read in the newspaper.
有人告诉我不要相信报纸
上读到的消息。
B.
Sentence order
12
《英汉翻译理论与实践
1
》课程讲稿
1.
Time order
e.g.
He
had
flown
in
just
the
day
before
from
Georgia
where
he
had
spent
his
vacation basking in the Caucasian sun
after the completion of the construction
job he had been engaged in in the
South.
译：他本来在南部从事一项建筑工程；任务完成之后，他就上格鲁吉亚去
度假，
享受高加索的阳光，昨天才坐飞机回来。
2.
Logic
order
a.
Cause-result order
e.g. He had to stay at home yesterday
owing to the bad weather
.
b.
Condition
–
result order
e.g. She will play the piano
only if she is paid
.
只有付给她报酬，她才愿意演奏
钢琴。
=
13
《
英汉翻译理论与实践
1
》课程讲稿
Understanding Source Text
◇
Teaching Contents:
I.
Comment on the homework
II.
The three levels of
meaning
美国语言教学家
Wilga M. Rivers
说过理解中要掌握三个层次的意义，即词语意义、语法
或结构意义以及社会
和文化意义（
the
three
levels
of
meaning:
lexical
meaning,
structural
or
grammatical meaning, and
social-cultural
meaning
）
。
Examples:
1
So
that's how I became just another kid in school.
就这样，我成了学校里一名和其他孩子一样的普通孩子。
2
At first, they were being
nice.
起初人们只是出于一时的好心。
3
John
Major
faces
severe
social
and
economic
problems
as
well
as
tough
debate
over
European integration, but his top
priority will be to maintain the Tories' long
lease on 10 Downing
Street.
梅杰面临严重的社会和经济问题以及关于欧洲统一的艰苦辩论，但是他的当务之急将是<
/p>
维系保守党的长期执政。
III
、
Approaches to
correct understanding
1.
要理解原文语句的内部关系：
Examples:
Go to hell! You
report what I have done to the authorities.
去你的吧！你去向领导汇报我对他们的不敬吧！
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《英汉翻译理论与实践
1
》课程讲稿
【译文】去你的吧！你去向领导汇报我的所作所为好啦！
He ate his savoury, and hurried the
maid as she swept the crumbs.
< br>他一边吃着最后的一道消食小吃，一边催促女佣人赶快打扫碎屑。
【译文】他吃完最后的一道消食小吃，在女佣人打扫碎屑时，催她快一点。
2.
要理解特殊语言现象的特殊含义：
John is now with his parents in New
York; it is three years since he was a high school
teacher in
Washington.
【译文】约
翰现在同父母一起住在纽约；他不在华盛顿当中学教师已有三年了。
Derek fancies himself as a ladies' man,
but he spends too much time admiring himself in
the
mirror for my liking.
<
/p>
德里克自以为是讨女人喜欢的人，可是为了讨我喜欢，他却花很多时间在镜子面前自我
欣赏。
【译文】德里克自以为是个讨女人
喜欢的人，可是我不喜欢他花那么多的时间在镜子面
前自我欣赏。
3.
要结合上下文语境进行理解：
The
tyrants might array their cruelty, but the people
would oppose their bravery.
【译文】暴君恣意肆虐，人民则奋勇反抗。
Managers face a host of new business
realities, such as changing patterns of employment
that
include an explosion of
outsourcing and new alliances.
管理人员面对的是商界前所未有的种种现实，诸如就业的模式不断变化
包括外购。重组
等现象的猛增。
【译文】管理人员面对的是商界前所未有的种种现实，诸如企业用工方式的不断变化
包
括大幅度增加外部采办和新建联产单位。<
/p>
4.
要通过吃透词语含义进行理解：
While
many
women
are
comfortable
being
close
and
sharing
secrets,
men
often
struggle
to
express their emotions in relationship
with other men.
虽然许多女人对与他人亲
密无间，分享秘密感到舒坦，而男人却经常刻求在与其他男人
的关系中表达感情。
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《英汉翻
译理论与实践
1
》课程讲稿
【译文】许多女人亲密相处互吐隐秘感到心安理得，而男人要对其他男人表露感情却非
易事。
On the drunken
occasion in question, I was insufferable about
liking you, and not liking you. I
wish
you would forget it.
在那次大醉时
，我老考虑是不是喜欢你，搞得我无法忍受，希望你忘了它。
【译文】那一次喝得酩酊大醉的时候，我说了喜欢你不喜欢你的一番话，让你受不了，
希
望你忘了它吧。
5.
要明确词语的具体指代进行理解：
Fifty cases of woolen sweaters were
shipped from Shanghai to New York. They were
products
of the city's first joint
venture. Owing to a storm at sea, some of the
cargo got stained by seawater.
However,
the goods duly arrived yesterday.
【译文】有
50
箱羊毛衫从上海发往纽约。这些
羊毛衫是上海首家合资企业的产品。由于
海上遇到风暴，其中一部分遭到海水污损，但这
批货物已于昨天按时运抵。
bless
you,
my
child,
said
she,
embracing Amelia,
and
scowling
the
while
over
the
girl's
shoulder
at
Miss Sharp.
away,
Becky,
said
Miss
Jemima,
pulling
the
young
woman
away
in great alarm.
她搂着爱米丽亚说：
“求老
天保佑你，孩子。
”一面说，一面从女孩的肩头对夏泼小姐恶
狠
狠地瞪眼。吉米玛小姐心里害怕，赶快拉着年轻女子出来，口里说：
“来吧，贝基。
”
【译文】她搂着爱米丽亚说：
“求老天保佑你，孩子。
”一面说，一面从爱米丽亚肩头对
夏泼小姐恶狠狠地瞪眼。吉米玛小姐心里害怕，赶快拉着夏泼小姐出来，口里说：
“走吧，小
姐。
”
I seized the largest brush and fell
upon my wretched victim with wild fury.
我抓起那支最大的画笔，迅猛异常地向我可怜的受害者扑了过
去。
【译文】我抓起那支最大的画笔，势不可挡扑向那全无招
架之力的画布。
6.
要注意省略和替代部分的理解：
“
他的藏画全都卖了吗？”
“
< br>他有一些画，其他的我说不准。
”
【译文】
“他的藏画全都卖了吗？”
“有一部分画他已经卖了，其他的我说不准。
”
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《英汉翻译理论与
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1
》课程讲稿
In other words there is at work in the
language of a man, or of an age even,
a constant principle of selection.
【译文】换句话说，不仅一个人的语言，甚至于一个时代的语
言，都不断受到淘汰原理
的影响。
A
causeless event or thing, we cannot think of any
more than we can of a stick with only one
end.
【译文】我们不可能设想
有哪件事情是无缘无故产生的，就像我们不可能设想有哪根棍
子只有一头一样。
We are human and human beings
are far from perfect. To be human implies that we
will make
mistakes. But it's more than
that we feel human. We now feel entitled.
【译文】我们是凡人，而凡人远非十全十美。作为凡人就是说
我们会犯错误。但是，我
们觉得自己是凡人不仅仅由于我们会犯错误。我们如今感到有权
利犯错误。
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《
英汉翻译理论与实践
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》课程讲稿
Transfer of Word Meaning
I.
Comment on the homework
II.
Choice of
Wording Meanings
（词义的选择）
A.
Context:
A word used in a new context is a new
word.
一般说来，
英语词义比较灵活，
< br>词的涵义范围比较宽，
比较丰富多变，
词义对上下文
的依赖性比较大，独立性比较小。汉语词义比较严谨，词的涵义范围比较狭窄，比较精
确、固定，词义的伸缩性和对上下文的依赖性较小，独立性比较大。英语一向被认为是
一种适应性、可塑性比较强的语言，它的适应性和可塑性突出地表现在词义的灵活性上。
汉语不同于英语。汉语源远流长，尤其独特的民族文化和历史传统，用词讲求词义精确、
规范、严谨，历来以词义多流变、重晦谲为不法、诫绝生造词义。
刘宓庆《文体与翻译》
The
meaning
and/or
the
word
class
of
a
polyseme
can
only
be
decided
in
certain
context. For
example:
1.
story:
a.
Oh, what a
story!
哦，好个谎言！
b.
To make a long
story short.
长话短说。
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《英汉翻译理论与实践
1
》课程讲稿
c.
It is another
story now.
这是另外一个问题。
d.
He storied
about his academic career and his professional car
eer.
他编造了他的学
历和经历。
e.
Once the story
got abroad, I would never hear the last of it.
要是这个奇闻一旦传
了出去，就会讨论个没完没了。
f.
I
don
’
t buy your
story.
我不相信你的话。
g.
Stories
circulated first in
Moscow.
流言起初是在莫斯科传播的。
h.
I have tried
all I could do to silence such a story.
我已经想尽办法去压下这个谣
传了。
i.
Her story is
one of the
saddest.
她的遭遇算是最悲惨的了。
j.
John
’
s tale
sounded to me exactly like a fish
story.
我认为约翰的故事荒唐无比。
k.
The story
about him became smaller and faded from the public
eye by and by.
报
道对他的渲染已减少，不久他
就不再受公众注意了。
l.
I don
’
t want to
get a wrong idea of me from all these stories you
hear.
你听那么多
闲话，我不希望你从中得出一个对我的错
误看法。
m.
You put me on the spot. I have to cook
up a story this time.
你把我拖下水，这回
我要找借口了。
n.
A
young
man
came
to
the
police
office
with
a
story.
一个年轻人来到警察局报
案。
o.
It was
reported that the general was dead, but officials
refused to confirm the
story.
据说将军已死，但官方拒绝证实这个消息。
2.
kill:
a.
He killed the
man.
他杀了那个人。
b.
He killed the
dog.
他宰了那条狗。
19
《英汉翻译理论与实践
1
》课程讲稿
c.
They killed the
proposal.
他们断然拒绝该建议。
d.
Please kill
the engine.
请把发动机熄火。
e.
f.
He is dressed to
kill.
他穿得很时髦，十分吸引人。
You are killing me.
你的话笑死我了。<
/p>
/
你的动作笑死我了。
g.
She kills her
child with kindness.
她宠坏了小孩。
h.
He took a
snack to kill her
hunger.
他吃零食充饥。
i.
j.
9.
H
e killed time
every day at the
park.
他每天上公园消磨时间。
He killed the motion when it came from
the committee.
他否决了委员会提出来的
建议。
k.
He
killed himself with
overwork.
他因工作过劳而死。
l.
He killed the
spirit of the
group.
他抹杀了团体的精神。
m.
The news
killed their
hope.
这消息使他们的希望破灭。
n.
These flowers
kill easily.
这些花容易枯死。
o.
He killed
three bottles of whiskey in a
week.
他一周内喝了三瓶威士忌。
还如：
kill
one
’
s appetite
使某人倒胃
kill time
打发时间
kill the
peace
扼杀和平
kill
the mood
破坏气氛
kill a marriage
解除婚姻
B.
Collocation:
Sometimes different Chinese Words
should be employed to transfer the same English
word in order to form proper
collocation.
e.g. exercise:
20
《英汉翻译理论与实践
1
》课程讲稿
exercise
options
（
行使
选择权）
；
．．
exercise
judgment
（作出
判断）
；
．．
exercise
responsibility
（履行
责任）
；
．．
exercise
monopoly
（实施
垄断）
；
．．
exercise
democr
acy
（实行
民主）
；
．．
exercise
influence
（施加
影响）
．．
C.
Word Form:
In
many
cases,
different
word
forms
(such
as
tense,
plural
form,
etc.)
lead
to
great
difference in word meaning. For
example:
1) The roofs of this pagoda are
constructed of colored glazed tiles of
yellows and greens
.
< br>这座宝塔的塔顶是用深浅不同的黄色和绿色
的琉璃瓦盖成的。
．．．．．．．．．．
2) She rejected
his
advances
during the trip
to Cannes.
在去戛纳的旅程中她拒绝了他的求爱
。
．．
III.
Commendatory
Sense or Derogatory
Sense
（词义的褒贬）
A.
The word
itself has commendatory sense or derogatory sense.
For instance:
1.
He was a man of
high
renown
.
他是位有名望
的人。
．．
2.
His
notoriety
as
a rake did not come until his death.
<
/p>
他作为流氓
/
放荡的恶名
是他死后才传开来的。
．．
3.
The tasks carried out by them are
praiseworthy
.
他们进行的事业是值得赞扬
的。
．．．．
4.
Henry keeps
boasting
that he has talked
to the President.
亨利总是吹嘘
说他曾同总统谈过话。
．．
B.
The word itself is neutral but show
commendatory or derogatory sense in certain
context.
For example:
1.
Those who do
not remember the past are condemned to
relive it
.
凡是忘掉过去的人注定要重蹈覆辙
。
．．．．
2.
He was a man of integrity, but
unfortunately he had a certain
reputation
. I believe the
reputation
was not deserved.
他是个诚实正直的人，但却不幸有某种坏名声
。我相信他不该有这个坏名声
。
．．．
．．．
C.
The word
itself has both commendatory sense AND derogatory
sense.
译者在确定词义时必须把握措辞分寸，准确地传达其情感色彩。
21
《英汉翻译理论与实践
1
》课程讲稿
For example:
1.
He is
an
aggressive
salesman.
他是个很有进取心
/
干劲
的销售员。
．．．．
．．
2.
Aggressive
photographers
followed
the
princess
everywhere
and
flooded
the
media
with photos of her private life.
无孔不入
的摄影师们到处跟踪王妃，使得媒体上充斥着有关她私生活
的照片。
．．．．
3.
Hitler carried out an
aggressive
policy after he
seized power.
希特勒摄取政权之后，推行了侵略
政
策。
．．
IV.
Amplification
of Word Meaning
（词义的引申）
A.
虚实引申
1.
具体化引申
英语中也用代表抽象概念或属性的
词表示具体事物，译成汉语时一般作具体
化引申（
concre
tion)
。
e.g.
During
the
meeting,
the
Chinese
Premier
met
respectively
with
his
German,
British and Japanese
counterparts
.
会议期间，中国总理
分别会晤了德国总理
、英国首相
和日本国内阁总理大
臣
。
．．
．
．
．．
．．．．．．
2.
抽象化引申
英语中，特别是现代英语中，常用
一个表示具体形象的词来表示一种属性、
一个事物或一种概念。翻译这类词时，一般将词
义加以抽象化引申（
abstraction)
，
使译文流畅、自然。
e.g. There is
a mixture of the
tiger
and
the
ape
in his character.
他的性格既凶暴
< br>又狡猾
。
．．
．．
B.
术语移用
e.g.
Ulysses Grant once explained his
military success by writing, “The fact is
I
think I am
a
verb
, instead of a
personal
pronoun
.”
尤利西斯格兰特
将军曾对自己的军事成就作了如下评价：
“
事实上，我认为自己
是个动词
（独立而富于行动
）
；而不是个人称代词
（从属而被动
）
。
”
．．
．．．．．．．
．．．．
．．．．．
e.g. U.S. influence and prestige
nosedived
in Africa
22
《英汉翻译理论与实践
1
》课程讲稿
美国在非洲的影响和声望急剧下降
。
．．．．
C.
逻辑引申
e.g. Really,
though, the books were about money
–
who has it, where to hide
it,
what a suit
of clothing
costs, how long you can keep the butcher
waiting
.
实际上，这些书与金钱息息相关
——
谁得到
了它，把它藏到哪儿，一身衣服要多
．．．．．．
少钱，你能在
肉贩那儿赊多久的帐
。
．．．．．．
．．．．．．．．．
V
、
Register (
语域
)
Register is a variety of
language that a language user considers
appropriate to a specific
situation.
Different
groups
within
each
culture
have
different
expectations
about
what
kind
of
language
is
ppropriate
to
particular
situations.
A
translator
must
ensure
that
the
translation
matches
the
register
expectations
of
its
prospective
receivers,
unless,
of
course, the purpose of
the translation is to give a flavor of the source
culture. This might
be well shown in
the different versions of the following poem by
Tennyson:
Man for the field and woman
for the hearth;
Man for the sword and
for the needle she.
Man with the head
and woman with the heart:
Man to
command and woman to obey.
Version one:
男人耕种女持家，男战沙场女绣花，男人多思女多情，男人尊贵女卑下。
Version two:
男人外面挣钱，女人酱醋油盐。男人舞枪弄剑，女人摆弄针线。
男人头脑理智，女人感情用事。男人发号施令，女人言听计从。
Version three:
哥哥持外，妹妹佑内，哥哥侠
胆，妹妹细腻，哥哥理智，妹妹温顺，哥哥下令，
妹妹俯首。
Version four:
牛郎躬耕忙，荆钗理家瘦。飞骑赴戎机，红妆织锦褛。
须眉频谋计，朱颜多凝愁。百令生百诺，琴瑟两相受。
Version five:
男种田来女做饭，男打仗来女缝
衫。男多理智女多情，男发号令女照办。
Version
six:
男人围着事业转，女人围着家庭转。男人遮风避雨，
女人针线持家。男人处理理
智，女人情感细腻。一个成功的男人背后必然站着一位伟大的
女性。
Version
seven:
壮士荷锄兮女持家，壮士征战兮女纺纱。壮士运
筹兮女多情，壮士发号兮女服
23
《英汉翻译理论与实践
1
》课程讲稿
从。
Expressing in the Target Language-
operational principles
◇
Teaching
Contents:
1
要摆脱原文语句结构的影响：
Interest
in
historical
methods
has
arisen
less
through
external
challenge
to
the
validity
of
history as an intellectual discipline
and more from internal quarrels among historians
themselves.
对历史研究方法的兴趣较少来自于
把历史作为一门学科的有效性的外界挑战，而更多
来自于历史学家们内部的争论。
【译文】人们之所以关注历史研究的方法，主要是因为史学界内部意
见不一，其次是因
为外界并不认为历史是一门学科。
Distance from the event should make the
memories less painful.
事件的久远自然会减少回忆的痛苦。
【译文】时过境迁，痛苦的往事自然在记忆中淡漠。
It was an elderly woman, tall and
shapely still, though withered by time, on whom
his eyes fell
when he stopped and
turned.
【译文】他站住，转过身来，定睛一看，是个年迈妇女，个子很高，依
然一副好身材，
虽然受岁月折磨而显得憔悴。
24
《英汉翻译理论与实践
1
》课程讲稿
2.
要避免照搬英汉词典中的释义：
His irritation could not withstand the
silent beauty of the night.
他的烦恼经不起安静的良宵美景的感染力。
【译文】更深夜静，美景宜人，他的烦恼不禁烟消云散。
But this arms race strained the
government's principles as well as its budgets.
【译文】但是这场军备竞赛使政府的原则无法自圆其说，也使其预算捉襟见肘。
The team is famous for its
arsenal of veteran players.
【译文】这个球队拥有众多经验丰富的老队员，很有名气。
3.
要充分运用汉语独特的表达优势：
Whatever you like to eat, just tell me.
无论你想吃什么东西，只要告诉我。
【译文】想吃什么，只要告诉我。
Even if you go there, there wouldn't be
any result.
即使你去了，也不会有什么结果。
【译文】你去了也是白去。
A
big nation has its problems while a small nation
has its advantages.
【译文】大国有大国的问题，小国有小国的好处。
Foreign intervention will thus find
justification.
外国的干涉因此而找到正当的理由。
【译文】外国的干涉因此而名正言顺。
He spoke with firmness, but his face
was very sad and his eyes were dim.
他讲得很坚定，但脸色很凄伤，双眼闪出悲观的神情。
【译文】他讲话时语气坚定，但面带愁容，眼神暗淡。
He was but a man with many grey hairs,
with a heavy burden of responsibility, of thoughts
and
worries.
他已是长了许多灰发、肩负重任、心中充满思考和忧虑的人。
【译文】他已是鬓发斑白，肩负重任，思绪万千，焦虑满怀。
Gathering facts, confirming then,
suggesting theories, testing them, and organizing
findings --
25
《
英汉翻译理论与实践
1
》课程讲稿
this is all the work of science.
收集资料，对它们进行论证，提出理论，对它们进行检验，加
上对研究成果进行归纳整
理－－这就是全部的科学工作。
【译文】收集资料，论证资料，提出理论，检验理论，并对研究成果进行归纳整理－－
这就是科学工作的全部内容。
4.
要完整无遗地传达原文的意义：
Before we can learn to appreciate those
different from us, we must open our hearts to
tolerance.
在我们学会正确评价与自己不同的人
之前，我们必须胸襟开阔，能够忍让。
【译文】我们要心胸开
阔，善于忍让，才能学会正确评价与自己不同的人。
Any
person not leaving litter in this basket will be
liable to a fine of
￡
5.
凡不往这个篓内扔杂物者罚款
5
镑。
【译文】杂物须扔入篓内，凡乱扔者
罚款
5
镑。
At the sight of Napoleon, the young
Frenchman clicked his heels together.
年青的法国人一见到拿破仑就把两只脚跟喀嚓并在一起。
【译文】年青的法国士兵一见拿破仑就两脚喀嚓一声并拢，立正敬礼。
5.
遣字造句要结合和借鉴语景：
If a heavy body is to be lifted to a
certain height, work must be done, or energy
expended, equal
to the weight of the
body multiplied by the height through which it is
raised.
【译文】如果把重物举到一定高度，一定要
做功或者消耗能；而这个功或能就等于物体
重量乘以物体举起的高度。
< br>
The continental United States
stretches 4,500 kilometers from the Atlantic Ocean
on the east to
the Pacific Ocean on the
west. It borders Canada on the north, and reaches
south to Mexico and the
Gulf of Mexico.
【译文】美国大陆东起大西洋西至太平洋，横跨
4,500
公里。北与加拿大接壤，南与墨西
哥和墨
西哥弯毗邻。
26
《英汉翻译理论与实践
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Translation
skills
－
Converting
◇
Teaching Contents:
Owing to the different thinking styles
and language habits of English and Chinese, some
parts of
speech
have
to
be
converted
into
others
during
translating
to
convey
the
proper
meaning
of
the
original. Mainly there
are four ways of such converting:
I.
Converting
into Verbs
A.
Nouns Converted into Verbs
1.
Nouns derived
from verbs
（动词派生的名词）
e.g. The 1967 UN document called for
the
settlement
of the Middle
East conflict on
the Israeli
withdrawal
from West Bank
and Gaza Strip.
1967
年联合国文件要求以色列从约旦河西岸和加沙地带撤军
以解决
中东冲
．．
．．
突。
2.
Nouns
containing verbal
sense
（含有动作意思的名词）
e.g. A
look
at
his photos reminded me of our school days.
看到
他的
照片使我想起了我们的学生时代。
．．
3.
Nouns
with
suffix
“–
er
”
do
not
always
stand
for
people
’
s
identity
or
profession;
sometimes they
embody a verbal sense instead. These nouns are
often converted into
verbs during
translating, especially when they do not have
Chinese equivalents.
（一些
27
《英汉翻译理论与实践
1
》课程讲稿
加后缀
-er
的名词有时并不指其身份或职业，而是含有较强的动作意味。在汉语
中没有对应的名词时，往往译为动词。
）
e.g. He is a very good
story-teller
.
他极善于讲故事
。
．．．
e.g. Some of you in your
class are good
singers
.
你们班上有些人歌唱
得很好。
．
4.
Nouns as the principle part of a fixed
expression
（作为习语主体的名词）
e.g.
Shall we
have a
rest
?
我们休息
一下，好吗？
．．
e.g. He made no
mention
of his resignation.
他没提到他辞职
的事。
．．
B.
Prepositions Converted into Verbs
e.g. Did you see the boy
in
blue?
你看到那个穿
蓝衣服的男孩了吗？
．
e.g. Drug taking is
against
the law.
吸毒是违
法的。
．
C.
Adjectives Converted into
V
erbs
英语中表示知觉、
情感、
欲望等心理状态的形容词，
在联系动词后做表语时，
往
往转译成动词。例如：
able,
afraid,
angry
,
anxious,
ashamed,
aware,
careful,
cautious,
certain,
concerned,
confident,
delighted,
doubtful
,
ignorant,
glad,
grateful,
sorry,
sure ,thankful, etc.
e.g.
The doctors said that they are not
sure
whether they can save
his life.
医生说他们不敢肯定
能否挽救他的生
命。
．．
e.g. I have
to be
cautious
.
我必须小心谨慎
才是。
．．．．
D.
Adverbs
Converted into Verbs
e.g. With only one
day
off
in a week, working
people barely had enough time to arrange
the household.
一周只休息
一天（一周只有一天休息）
，上班族几乎没有足够的时间安排家务。
< br>
．．
II.
Converting
into Nouns
A.
Verbs Converted into Nouns
1.
Verbs
transformed from
nouns
（名词转化的动词）
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《英汉翻译理论与实践
1
》课程讲稿
e.g. The
design
aims
at automatic
operation, easy regulation, simple maintenance and
high productivity.
设计的
目的
在于自动操作、调节方便、维护简易、生产率高。
．．
e.g. To them, he
personified
the absolute
power.
在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身
。
．．
2.
Passive voice
（英语被动句式常可译为受到
/
遭到
/
予以
/
加以＋名词的形式）
e.g. The invasion of another
independent country must be
stopped
.
侵犯另一个独立国家的行为必须予
以制止
。
．．．．
B.
Adjectives
Converted into Nouns
e.g. Crying is
considered to be
characteristic
of woman.
人们认为爱哭是女人的特点
。
．．
e.g. In this fission
fragments are very
radioactive
.
在裂变过程中，裂变碎片具有强烈的放射性
。
．．．
**
此外，
the + adj.
往往表示一类人，通常也汉译为名词。
e.g. Do not look down upon
the poor
.
不要看不起穷人
。
．．
C.
Adverbs Converted into Nouns
e.g. Nowadays many people in the
society are
materially
rich
but
spiritually
poor.
当今社
会中，有许多人物质
富有却精神
空虚。
．．
．．
D.
Pronouns
Converted into Nouns
e.g. Radio waves
are similar to light waves except that
their
wavelength is much
greater.
无线电波与光波相似，但无线电波
的波长要
长得多。
．．．．
III.
Converting
into Adjectives
A.
Nouns Converted into Adjectives (a/an +
n.)
e.g. Independent thinking is an
absolute
necessity
in study.
独立思考对学习是绝对必需
/
必不可少的
。
．．
．．．．．
B.
Adverbs Converted into Adjectives
e.g. This film impressed him
deeply
.
这部电影给他留下了深刻的
印象。
．．．
29
《英汉翻译理论与实践
1
》课程讲稿
IV.
Converting into Adverbs
A.
Adjectives
Converted into Adverbs:
e.g. Only when
we study their properties can we make
better
use of these
materials.
只有
研究这些材料的特点才能更好地<
/p>
利用它们。
．．．
e.g. A helicopter is
free
to go almost anywhere.
直升机几乎可以自由地
飞到任何地方。
．．．
B.
Nouns Converted into Adverbs
e.g. I have the honor to inform you
that your request is granted.
我荣幸地
通知你，你的请求已得到批准。
．．．
V.
Classroom Exercises
1.
Meanwhile,
half-starved and often ill, Crane continued to
write.
2.
The
language
of
the
poem
is
colloquial,
yet
it's
deep
in
its
understanding
of
human
emotions.
3.
Independent observers have commented
favorably on the achievements you have made in
this direction.
4.
Traditionally,
there had always been good relations between them.
5.
No wonder the
sight of it should send the memories of quite a
number of people of the old
generation
back 36 years ago.
6.
It is impossible to live in society and
be independent of society.
7.
The lecture
was called Thieves, and was a demonstration that
the proprietor of an unearned
income
inflicted on the community exactly the same injury
as a burglar does.
8.
The young scholar worked long hours, on
meager food, in cold hut, by dim lamp.
9.
She
skimmed
over
the
lawn,
up
the
path,
up
the
steps,
across
the
veranda
and
into
the
porch.
10.
Most U.S. spy
satellites are designed
to burn up in
the earth’s atmosphere after completing
their missions.
Reference Version:
1.
在此期间，克兰处于半饥饿状态
，而且常常生病，但他仍坚持写作。
（
a.
→
n.;
a.
→
v.
）
2.
诗的语言虽很通俗，但对人的感
情的揭示
/
理解却有深度。
（
a.
→
n.
）
3.
有独立见解的
观察家们对你们在这方面取得的成就给予了积极的评价。
(v.+adv.
→
v.+a.+n.)
4.
他们之间一直保持着传统的友好
关系。
（
adv.
→
< br>a.
）
5.
难怪老一辈的人见了这个就会想
起
36
年前的往事。
（
n.
→
v.
）
6.
生于社会，就不可能
脱离社会。
（
a.
→
< br>v.
）
30
《英汉翻译理论与实践
1
》课程讲稿
7.
演讲的题目是
“贼”
，
表明了一个攥取不义之财的人对公众造成的危害和盗贼是完全一
样的。
（
n.
→
v.
）
8.
年轻的学者吃着简单的饭食，住在寒冷的茅屋，靠着昏暗的灯光，长时间地工作着。
(prep.
→
v.)
9.
她轻盈地越过草地，跑上小道，
跨上台阶，穿过凉台，走进了门廊。
(prep.
→
v.)
10.
大多数
美国卫星完成使命后，按其设计在大气层中焚毁。
（
v.
→
n.
）
Translation skills: Adding & Cutting
◇
Teaching Contents:
I
、
Comment on the homework
II
、
A
brief introduction to adding and cutting
英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时既可能将词类转换，有时候也可能将
词量增减。
增词法就是在翻译时按意义上或修辞上或句法上的
需要增加一些词来更忠实、
通顺地
表达原文思想内容。这当然不
是无中生有地随意乱加，而是增加原文中虽无其词却有其义
的一些词。
< br>
III
、
Adding
1.
Adding verbs
e.g. There were
no speeches, no foreign diplomats, no
“
ordinary
Chinese
”
with paper flags
and
flowers.
—
没有发表
讲话，没有各国外交官到场
，也没
有“中国群众”挥舞
纸旗和花束的场
．．
．．
．．
面。
e.g.
After
the
banquets,
the
concerts,
and
the
table
tennis
exhibitions,
he
would
work
on
the
drafting of the final
communiqu
é
.
—
参加
完宴
会，出席
过音乐会，观看
了乒乓球表演赛之后，他还得起草最后
公报。
．．
．．
．．
e.g.
I
’
m really busy this
morning: 2 classes, a meeting, and an interview.
—
我今天上午的确很忙，要上
两节课，开
一个会，还要接受
一个采访。
．
．
．．
31
《英汉翻译理论与实践
1
》课程讲稿
2.
Adding
adjectives
e.g. With what enthusiasm
the Beijingers are studying foreign languages!
—
北京的人们正以多么高
的热情学习外语啊！
．
e.g. What a day/life!
—
多么（
热
/
冷
/
难熬
/<
/p>
幸福
/
悲惨
<
/p>
）的一天
/
生活啊！
．
．
．．
．．
．．
3.
Adding adverbs
e.g. How the little girl looked after
her old mother!
—
那个小女孩照顾她的年迈的母亲是多么地细心周到
啊！
．．．．
e.g. The crowd melted
away.
—
人群渐渐地
散去了。
．．．
e.g. As he began talking,
words poured out.
—
他一开讲，就滔滔不绝地
讲个没完。
．．．．．
4.
Adding nouns
A.
After the intransitive verb
e.g. Be sure to wash before meal.
—
饭前一定要洗手
。
．
e.g.
Doesn
’
t she wash after
getting up?
—
起床后她难道不洗漱（洗脸
刷牙
）吗？
．
．
e.g. He
sometimes forgets to wash before going to bed.
—
他有时忘记洗脚
就上床睡觉。
．
e.g. Day after day she does
the same: washing, sweeping, and cooking.
—
她日复一日地做着同样的家务：洗
衣服
，拖地板
，做饭
。
．．
．．
．
B.
Before the adjective
e.g. The radio is indeed cheap and
fine.
—
这台收音机真是物
美价
廉。
．
．
e.g. She is a
complicated girl
–
moody,
sensitive and skeptical.
—
她是个
性格
复杂的人：喜怒无常，多愁善感，疑神疑鬼。
．．
C.
After the abstract noun
e.g.
After all preparations were made, the sports meet
began.
—
一切准备工作
就绪后，运动会开始了。
．．
e.g. In the summer of
1969, the government publicly urged an
easing of tensions with
China.
—
一九六
九年夏天，政府公开主张缓和与中国的紧张关系
。
．．
D.
After the concrete noun
e.g.
He felt the patriot rise within his breast.
—
他感到胸中涌起了一股爱国热情
。
．．
e.g. He allowed the father
to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own
son guilty.
—
法官的职责
战胜了父子之情
，他最终判决自己的儿子有罪。
．．
．
5.
Adding words
which indicate the plural form
汉语中名词的复数
没有词型变化，
很多情况下不必表达出来，
但要表达
指多数人的
名词时，可用“们”
，如“老师们，同学们”
，或在名词前加“各位／诸位”
或独立使用
“大家”
；表达事物的
复数时可用“若干”等。此外，英语名词复数汉译时还可根据情况，
增加重叠词、数词或
其他一些词来表达，以提高修辞效果。
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《英汉翻译理论与实践
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A.
增加重叠词表示复数
e.g.
Flowers bloom in the fields.
—
朵朵
鲜花开满原野。
．．
e.g. Every summer,
tourists go to the coastal cities.
—
一到夏季，旅游者纷纷
涌到海滨城市。
．．
e.g. Rows of new houses
have been set up.
—
一排排
的新房建成了。
．．．
B.
增加数词或其它词表示复数
汉语中有
些数字词汇在文中并不表示具体的数字，只是表示“多，众多”的意
思，如百（百花齐放
，百家争鸣，百鸟朝凤，百感交集）
、千（千篇一律，千人一面，
千方百计）
、万（万众一心，万紫千红，万水千山，千难万险）等；还有些词，如、<
/p>
群、众、历、丛等也表示数量的多：
e.g. The lion is the king of animals.
—
狮子是百
兽之王。
．
e.g. The mountains were
covered with snow.
—
群
山白雪皑皑。
．
e.g. The crowd made a way
for him.
—
众
人给他闪开了一条道。
．
6.
Adding quantifiers
A.
英语中的名词，特别是可数名词
，一般直接与数词或冠词连用；而汉语几乎总是
要用量词。
e.g. I bought a new bike yesterday.
—
我昨天买了一辆
新自行车。
．
e.g. A red sun rose slowly
from the calm sea.
—
一轮
红日在平静的海面上冉冉升起。
．
B.
英语
中有些动词或动作名词，
译成汉语时常需增加一些表示行为、
动
作的动量词。
e.g. Shall we have a
rest?
—
我们休息一下
好吗？
．．
e.g. Once they quarreled
bitterly.
—
有次他们大吵了一架
。
．．
e.g. I had a look at the
photo and recognized her at once.
—
我看了一眼
照片，马上就认出了她。
．．
7.
Adding words which indicate the tense <
/p>
英语动词的时态是靠动词词型变化和加助动词来表达的。汉语动词没有时态变化，表
达时态时除用具体表示时间的词或词组，如昨天、此时此刻、下周、２０年前等，还要借
助于时态助词“曾、已经、过、了／正在、着、／将、就、要、会、便”被用来表示过去
／现在／将来发生的动作或存在的状态。
A.
对时间概念作强调时，往往加词翻译。
e.g. I had heard about him before I met
him.
—
我在见到他之前就
听说过他了
。
．
．
e.g. Once I was
his boss ,but now he is mine.
—
我一度曾
是他的上司；不过现在是他领导我。
．
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《英汉翻译理论与实践
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B.
强调时间的对比时，要加词翻译。
e.g. They say his father was a
fisherman. He used to be as poor as we are.
—
听人说，从前
他爸爸是个打鱼的。他过去也跟我们现在
一样穷。
．．
．．
8.
Adding
auxiliary words which indicate the tone
汉语中有许多语气助词，如：的、吧、呢、啊、呀、吗、嘛、啦、了、罢了、而已
等。
在英译汉时，要细心体味原文，使用汉语语气助词，更好地表达原文的修辞色彩。
e.g. Don
’
t take
it so seriously. I just make fun of you.
—
不要当真嘛
！我不过是跟你开玩笑罢了
。
．
．．
e.g. As for me, I have
nothing to say.
—
我呢
，也没有什么可说的了。
．
9.
Adding words which are syntactically
omitted in the source text
A.
问答句
e.g.
—
Is this your book?
—
Yes, it is.
—
这是你的书吗？
—
是我的
。
．．
—
Yes, of course
I do.
—
我当然爱他
！
．．
e.g.
—
what?
Don
’
t you love him?
—
什么？难道你不爱他？
B.
排比句
e.g.
“
Reading
maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and
writing an exact
man
…
”
—
“读书使人充实，讨论使人
机智，笔记使人
准确。
”
（培根
:
《论读书》王
．．
．．
佐良译）
C.
比较句
e.g. Better be wise by the defeat of
others than by your own.
—
从别人的失败中吸取教训比从自己的失败
中吸取教训
更好。
．．
．．．．
e.g. The
villagers are as ready to look after her as they
were their own daughter.
—
村民们愿意照顾她，正如他们愿意照顾
他们自己的女儿一样。
．．．．
D.
隐含条件句
e.g. At
the
time
of
Kennedy
’
s
assassination,
people
thought
that
a
second
term
would
have led either to greatness or to
disaster.
—
肯尼迪
遇刺时，人们认为，假如
他再任一届总统的话，大概不是功高盖世，
．．
就是祸国殃民。
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e.g.
But
without
Adolf
Hitler,
there
almost
certainly
would
never
have
been
a
Third
Reich.
—
然而如果
没有希特勒，那就几乎可以肯定没有第三帝国。
．．
10.
Adding words
which indicate the textual / social context
e.g. In April, there was the
“
ping
”
heard around the world. In July, the ping
< br>“
ponged
”
.
如只照原文译出“四月份，全世界听到乒的一声；七月里，这乒声乓了一下。
”
读者肯定不知所云。根据中美建交的背景知识，把这段外交史话译为：
—
四月里，
全世界听到中国
乒的一声把球打了出去
；
到了七月，
美国
乓的一声把球
．．
．．．．．．
．．
．．<
/p>
打了回来
。
．．．．
e.g. Mao and Zhou
learned that Nixon had the desire for a visit.
—
毛泽东
和
周恩来
获悉尼克松有访华
的念头。
．．
．．
．
11.
Adding
summarizing words
英汉语中都有概括词。对应译成“总之”
“等等”即可。但有时英语句子中并无概括
词，而翻译时往往要加上一
些词，而省掉英语中的连接词：
e.g. The foreign ministers
of China, Russia, Japan and the U.S. met in Tokyo.
—
中、俄、日、美四国
外长在东京会晤。
．．
e.g.
China
is
willing
to
exchange
views
with
any
countries,
politically,
culturally
and
economically.
—中国愿意同任何国家在政治、文化、经济等各个方面
进行交流。<
/p>
．．．．．
12.
Adding
linking words
e.g. Yes, he likes
football. Lots of people do these days. Sort of
the fashion, maybe.
—不错，他喜欢足球。现今很多人
喜欢足球。这
似乎是种时髦。
．
e.g. You have made a
mistake, and a serious one.
—你犯了一个错误，而且还是
个
严重错误。
．
．
．
IV
、
Cutting words
From the
Grammatical Aspect
1.
Cutting pronouns
A.
Cutting the pronoun as subject
1.
根据汉语习惯，后句主语若与前句相同，不必重复出现。
e.g. But it
’
s the
way I am, and try as I might, I
haven
’
t been able to change
it.
—
不过我就是这
个脾气，虽然竭力想改，终究还是改不了。
<
/p>
2.
泛指人称代词作主语时，即便是第一个主语，也往往省略掉。
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e.g. You can never tell.
—
很难说。
e.g. We eat to live, but not live to
eat.
—
吃饭是为了活着，可活着不是为了吃饭。
e.g. Anyone who does not
recognize this fact is not a materialist.
—
不承认这个事实，就不是唯物主义者。
B.
Cutting the pronoun as
object
e.g. This formula makes it easy
to determine the wavelength of sounds.
—
这一公式使得测定声音的波长十分简单。
e.g. Before handing in your
translation, you have to read it over and over
again and see if there is
anything in
it to be corrected or improved.
—
交出翻译之前必须多读几遍，看看里面有没有要修改的地方。
C.
Cutting the possessive
pronoun
e.g. For two weeks, he had been
studying the house, looking at its rooms, its
electric wiring, its path
and its
garden.
—
连着两星期他都在观察房子的情况
，检查各个房间，查看线路、通道和花园的布局。
e.g.
The train came. He pinched his little sister
lovingly, and put his great arms about his
mother’s
neck and then was away.
—
火车来了。他疼爱地捏了捏小妹妹
，粗壮的胳膊搂了一下母亲的脖子，然后就走了。
D.
Cutting the pronoun in comparative
sentence
e.g. The climate in
Switzerland is absolutely different from that in
Somalia.
—
瑞士的气候与索马里截然不同。
E.
Cutting “it”
A
）
Cutting
“
it
”
as impersonal pronoun
e.g.
Outside it was raining cats and dogs as she shut
the door.
—
她关门时外面正下着滂沱大雨。
B
）
Cutting
“
it
”
as emphatic pronoun
e.g. It
was only then that I began to have doubts whether
my story would ever be told.
—
直到那时我才开始怀疑，我的经历究竟能不能公诸于众。
2.
Cutting conjunctions
1.1
Cutting the coordinating conjunction
e.g. He considered the National
Security Council too large and bulky and thus too
leaky, too many
people who talked too
much.
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《英汉翻译理论
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—
他认为国家安全委员会机构过于庞
大臃肿，人多嘴杂，容易泄密。
e.g. Your
parents or your wife or your son or your best
friends might be expecting you back home
safe and sound.
—
也许你
的父母，妻儿，或者你最好的朋友都在盼望你平安回家呢。
1.2
Cutting the subordinate
conjunction
A)
省略表示原因的连接词
e.g.
We knew that summer was coming, as we could see a
swallow.
—
我们看见一只燕子，知道夏天就要来临了。
e.g. Because the departure was not
easy, we’d better make it brief.
—
离别不是件容易的事（离别真叫人
难受）
，我们还是简短些吧。
B)
省略表示条件的连接词
e.g.
If winter comes, can spring be far behind?
—
冬天来了，春天还会远吗？（雪莱
《西风颂》
）
e.g. I
would not have said it if I had known it.
—
早知如此我就不说了。
C)
省略表示时间的连接词
e.g.
When
at
last
he
stood
upon
the
bluff,
he
turned
to
his
little
sister
and
looked
upon
her
sorrowfully.
—
最后他站到了悬崖上，转过身来，悲哀地看着他的小妹妹。
e.g. At long last, on June 6, 1944,
after the European war was basically decided and
Hitler licked, the
allies launched
their long-delayed western front.
—
1944
年
6
月<
/p>
6
日，欧洲战局基本已见分晓，希特勒败局已定，盟军终于在这一
天开辟
了延迟了很久的西线战场。
3.
Cutting
articles
e.g. Any substance is made of
atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas.
—
任何物质，不论是固体、液体或气
体，都由原子构成。
（类别）
e.g. The moon was slowly rising above
the sea.
—
月亮从海上冉冉升起。
（独一无二的事物）
e.g. When I
got to the cinema, the film had already begun.
—
我到电影院时，电影已经开始了。
（特指）
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《英汉翻译理论与实践
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但在下列情况中冠词不能省略：
A)
不定冠词
“
a(n)
”
强调数目“一”或“每一”
、
“同一”
时：
e.g. twice a week; birds
of a feather
同一种类的鸟
e.g. He left without saying a word.
—
他一句话不说就走了。
B)
定冠词
“
the
”
强调“这”
、
“那”时：
e.g. This is the boy who broke
our window five minutes ago, sir!
4. Cutting prepositions
e.g.
The difference between the two machines consists
in power.
—
这两台机器的差别在于功率不同。
e.g. Hydrogen is the lightest element
with an atomic weight of 1.0008.
—
氢是最轻的元素，原子量为
1.0008
。
**
一般说来，表示时间和地点的介
词短语放在译文句首时大都可省。
e.g. The
battle began at 11:00 p.m.
—
夜晚<
/p>
11
点，战役打响了。
（比较：战役在夜
晚
11
点打响。
）
e.g. An ancient castle stood on the
edge of the cliff.
—
悬崖边
矗立着一座古堡。
（比较：一座古堡矗立在悬崖边。
）
5. Cutting verbs
e.g. When the pressure gets low, the
boiling point becomes low.
—
气压低，沸点就低。
e.g.
Solids expand and contract as liquids and gases
do.
—
如同液体和气体一样，固体也会膨胀和收缩。
From the Rhetorical Aspect
1
Cutting the repeated
phrase
e.g. Instead of one old woman
knocking me about and starving me, everybody of
all ages knocked
me about and starved
me.
—
那时打我、让我挨饿的不
只是一个老太婆，而是老老少少各式各样的人。
2
Cutting words which are not necessary
e.g. His younger sister is an actress.
—
他妹妹是个（女）演员。
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《英汉翻译理论与实践
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》课程讲稿
e.g. As
scheduled, Chinese and American diplomats met on
January 20, at the Chinese Embassy in
Poland. It was their first get-together
in more than two years.
—
中美两国外交官按照预定计划于一月二十日在波兰的中国大使馆会晤。这是两年多来的
第一次。
e.g. University
applicants who had worked at a job would receive
preference over those who had not.
—
报考大学的人，有工作经验的将优先录取。
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《英汉翻译理论与实践
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》课程讲稿
Translation skills: Repeating
◇
Teaching Contents:
?
Comment on the
Homework
?
Repeating
重复在汉语语篇中十分常见，是语篇衔接的一种主要手段。
<
/p>
英语语篇的衔接主要依赖代词、助动词或同义词替换，一般情况下避免重复的出现，这
是英语表示衔接的特点；重复原词，不用代词替代原词则是汉语表示衔接的特点。这是说的<
/p>
“用”和“不用”都是相对的，不应该理解成英语不用原词复现和汉语不用代词。
重复法实际上也是一种增词法，只不过增加的是上文刚刚出现过的词。
翻译与写作一样，
本应精练；但为明确、强调和生动，往往需要将一些关键词加以重复。
I.
For the sake of explicitness
有些词在英语中无需重复，可是译成汉语就必须重复，否则会造成文理不通或逻辑混乱。
e.g. Gas, oil and electric
furnaces
are most commonly
used for heat treating metal.
误译：煤气、石油和电炉最常用来热处理金属。
正译：金属热处理最常用的是煤气炉、石油炉和电炉。
A.
Repetition of
Noun
1.
n.+substitute
英语第二次提到讲过的事物时习
惯用代替词表示替代，汉语则重复原词。这里
的代替词包括物主代词，不定代词，指示代
词，同义词，
the same, so, do(as), etc.
e.g. Jack kicked the ball to Henry and
Henry kicked it back to Jack.
—
杰克把球踢给亨利，亨利又（把球）踢回给杰克。
e.g. Striking through the thought of
his dear ones was a sound he could neither ignore
nor
understand
… He wondered
wha
t it was, and whether immeasurably
distant or nearby
–
it
seemed both.
—
有一个声音响了起来，刺穿了他对
亲人的思念。这声音他既不能充耳不闻，
又不能领会……他不知这声音是什么，到底来自
辽远还是发于附近——它似
乎亦远亦近。
e.g. Our lab is in Building Four and
theirs is in the Main Building.
—
我们的实验室在四号楼，他们的实验室在主楼。
e.g. My room is lighter than the one
next door.
—
我的屋子比隔壁的屋子亮。
e.g. If you need any more money, you
must get some out of the bank; there is hardly any
in the house.
—
假如你还需要钱，就得去银行取些出来，家里没多少钱了。
e.g. The best watches are those made in
Switzerland.
—
最好的表是瑞士表。
e.g.
Happy families also have their own troubles.
—
幸福的家庭也有幸福家庭的苦恼。
e.g.
Respect for the views
of others is easy when these views are like one’s
own.
—
当别人的观点和自己的观点一样时，尊重别人的观点是容易的。
e.g. Discount houses do not offer the
same services that department stores do.
—
折扣商店不提供百货公司提供的那种服务。
e.g.
“I thought the acting
was splendid.” “So did
I
.
”
—
“我认为表演好极了。
”
“我也这样认为。
”
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