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第一章
1
、
There has been
a transformation in the management of the public
sectors of advanced countries.
发达国家公共部门的管理经历了一场转变。
2
、
This new
paradigm poses a direct challenge to several of
what had previously been regarded as
fundamental principles of traditional
public administration.
这种新的典范对曾被认为是公共行政
的一些基本的、几乎是永恒的原理提出了直接的挑战。
3
、
All these
points will be discussed at greater length
later,but the main point is there has been
total change in a profession that saw
little change for around a hundred years.
< br>虽然上述一切都值得深入探讨，
这里强调的主要一点是，
在
100
年来很少发生变化的公共部
门
职业领域，如今已经发生了全面的变革。
4
、
There
is
some
debate
over
whether
or
not
public
management,particularly
the
new
public
management,is a new paradigm for public
sector management.
这里有一些争论，关于是否公共管理
,
特别是新公共管理是公共部门管理的新典范。
5
、
Some argue that
paradigm is large hurdle to jump,requiring
agreement among all a discipline's
practitioners -- a more or less
permanent way of looking at the world.
一些人认为典范是巨大的障碍
,
需要协议在所有学科的实践者—
—或多或少永久看待世界的
方式。
6
、
The basic
paradigm for public sector management are those
following from Ostrom's argument
that
there are two opposing forms of
organization:bureaucracy and markets.
公共
部门管理的基本
模式是遵循从奥斯特罗姆的论点
,
有两种对立的组织形式
:
官僚主义和市场。
7
、
The
public
management
paradigm
has
the
very
different
underlying
theoretical
bases
of
economics and private management.
公共管理范式有非常不同的经济和私人管理的基础理论依据。
第二章
1
、
What
is
here
called
the traditional
model
of
public
administration
was
once
a major
reform
movement.
这
里所指的传统的公共行政模式在从前曾是一场重要的改革运动。
2
、
The traditional
model of public administration remains the longest
standing and most successful
theory of
management in the public sector,but is now being
replace.
传统的公共行政模式目前仍是公共部门中持续时间最长并且最成功的
管理理论，
但是它正在
被逐渐取而代之。
3
、
Public
administration has a long history,one paralleling
the very notion of government.
公共行政有一个漫
长的历史，它与政府的概念和文明的兴起同步发展。
4
、
Administrative
systems existed in ancient Egypt to administer
irrigation from the annual flood
of the
Nile and to bulid the pyramids.
公认的行政系统出
现在古埃及，
主要是为了治理尼罗河每
年度的洪水、管理灌溉和
建造金字塔
5
、
In Europe the
various Empires - Greek, Roman,Holy Roman,Spanish
and so on - were,above
all,administrative empires,controlled
from the centre by rules and procedures.
在欧洲，各个帝国——希腊、罗马、神圣罗马、西班牙等等——首先是“行政的”帝国，由
< br>中央根据规则和程序实行控制。
6
、
In the United
States for most of the nineteenth century,there
existed what was termed the spoils
systems of administration,derived from
the saying,'to the victor belong the spoils'.
在
18
世纪的大部分时期内，美国存在着行政上
的“政党分赃制”
，它来自于这样一种言论：
“战利品属于胜利
者”
。
7
、
In other
words,there is no specific expertise involved in
public administration nor is there any
reason that the administration of
government should persist when its political
complexion changes.
换句话说，既没有要求与公共行政相关的特殊
技能，也没有任何理由表明，当政局变化时，
政府的行政部门可以保持不变。
8
、
Eventually,the
inherent problems of earlier forms of
administration led to changes in the latter
part
of
the
nineteenth
century
and
to
the
reforms
associated
with
the
traditional
model
of
administration.
早期行政形式的内在问题最终引起
19
世纪末发生的变化，产
生了与传统的行
政模式有关的变革。
第三章
1
、
A
particular theoretical criticism put forward by
Pollitt is that managerialism represents
a revival of the scientific management
ideas of Frederick Taylor discussed earlier.
波利特所进行的理论批评中有一点较为独特，他认为管理主义代表了弗雷德里克?泰勒的科
学管理思想的回归，我们在前面的章节中已探讨这一理论。
2
、
In
this
comment
Pollitt
sees
managerialism
as
the
direct
descendant
of
Taylor's
scientific
management,which,in his view,is
contrary to the wisdoms of the human relations
school.
在这段评论中，
波利特认为，
管理主义是泰勒的科学管理思想的直接继承者，
而后者在他看
< br>来，则是与人际关系学派的至理名言完全相抵触。
3
、
Managerialists
do propose to measure performance and may have
imitated the private sector in
taking a
more hard-nosed approach to the social-
psychological side of organizational behaviour.
管理主义的确主张对组织绩效进行测量，
而且在其不懈地采用社会心
理学的组织行为学方法
方面，管理主义或许就是在效仿私营部门。
4
、
As
discussed
earlier,Taylor
did
believe
in
picking
people
for
particular
jobs,rewarding
them
according to performance and measuring
what they did.
如上所述，泰勒的确是因事设人，对员工的工作进行测
量并根据其工作绩效支付报酬。
5
、
Taylor'
system
was
perfectly
attuned
to
a
formalized
bureaucracy
and
this
was
why
it
was
adopted so
enthusiastically by public services in the early
part of the century.
泰勒体质与正规的
官僚制非常吻合，
这也正是
20
世纪初
公共服务领域会广泛而大量地采用其做法的原因所在。
第四章
1
、
What government
should or should not do needs to be of fundamental
concern to public
managers.
公共管理者所关注的基本问题是政府应该做什么和不应该做什么。
2
、
All government
activities require organization and staff-the
public or civil service.
所有的政府活动
,
要求组织和人员——公众或公务员。
3
、
Since the mid -
1970s,most OECD nations have undertaken a
reassessment of the role of their
public
sectors.
自<
/p>
70
年代中期以来，大多数经济合作与发展组织的成员国开始对它
们在公共
部门的角色进行重新衡量。
4
、
Governments
have a variety of roles and their full scope is
not easily measured.
政府具有不同的角色，其整个活动的范围是很难测量的。
5
、
It is
increasingly realized that good government is
needed for economic development.
人们越来越意识到良好的政府对经济发展是必要的。
6
、
The debate is
now not whether governments should have no
role,but what that role should be.
但问题不
在于政府是否应该有角色，而在于决定政府的角色是什么。
7
、
There is a
broader ideological subtext behind particular
arguments about the public sector.
在关于公共部门特别是在争论背后有着广泛的思想方面背景。
8
、
The attacks on
the scale,scope and methods of the public sector
gave credence to measures to
reduce
government and change its management.
公
共部门在规模、范围和方法的攻击给了减少政府和改变其管理的措施的信心。
第五章
1
、
Publi
c enterprise was for a long time an important part
of the public sector in
most
developed
or
developing
countries(Farazmand,1996),but,with
privatization,the
size
and
importance of the sector
is declining.
在大多数发达国家和发展中国家，公共企业在很长一段时
间内成为公共部门重要的组成部
分，然而，随着民营化浪潮的兴起，其规模和重要程度正
逐步下降。
2
、
Public
enterprises were the first target of those aiming
to reduce the size of the public sector in
the 1980s.20
世纪
80<
/p>
年代，缩减公共部门规模首先针对的就是公共企业。
3Pubilc
enterprises
always
had
particular
management
problems,including
accountability,regulation,social and
industrial policies,investment policy,and
financial controls.
公共企业在管理上往往会碰到一些特殊的问
题，
如它应承担的责任、
对它本身的管制、
社会
和产业政策的制定、投资政策的制定及财务控制等。
4
、
The first point
refers to services,which are desired,but will not
be adequately provided by the
markets.<
/p>
第一，市场失灵是说市场不能满足社会需求。
5
、
The second
point - the structure of pay-offs - means altering
the benefits received by particular
individuals or groups.
第二，改变支
付结构就是要改变特殊个人或群体所获得的利益。
6
、
The third point
- centralized long-term planning - is a motivation
used in some countries.
第三，中央集权的长期经济计划被一些国家用做激励手段。
7
、
The fourth
point - to change the economy from capitalist to
socialist - has
been a
major factor
in some countries.
< br>第四，将资本主义经济转变为社会主义经济在有些国家是重要因素。
8
、
In sum,there
has been no single consistent governmental aim for
using public enterprise.
总之，建立公共企业没有一个单一的、一成不变的政府目标。
第六章
1
、
B
y
the
early
1970s,some
involved
in
the
study
of
public
policy
consciously
and
deliberately distanced themselves from
the discipline of public administration.
20
世纪
70
年代早期，有关公共
政策的研究有意识地将它与公共行政领域区分开来。
2
、
The
argument
here
is
that
there
are
now
two
public
policy
approaches,each
with
its
own
concerns and emphases.
此处的争议
在于，
现在有两种公共政策的方法，
每一种均有其自身的关注点
和所强调的重点。
3
、
The public
policy movement is important to the study of the
public sector even though it may
have
lost some impetus recently.
即使近来公共政策运动已
经失去了推动作用，但它对公共部门的研究仍然十分重要。
4
、
There
are
differences
in
definition
between
the
policy
analysis
and
political
public
policy
sch
ools.
政策分析和政治性的公共政策学派之间对公共政策的定义存在一定的分歧。<
/p>
5
、
These points
set out what the more formal,policy
analysis,approach aims to do.
这些论述表明了较正规的政策分析方法的目标所在。
6
、
Key features of
this definition are first,that public policy is
the output of government.
此定义的关键特征是：第一，
公共政策是政府的“输出信号”
。
7
、
It
is
rather
more
difficult
to
separate
public
policy
from
political
science
and
sometimes
it
would be hard to decide whether a
particular study is one of public policy or
politics.
将公共政策从政治科学中区分出来尤其困难，
并且很难断定某项特殊的研究到底是属于公共
政策还是属于政治学。
第七章
1
、
The traditional model of administration was
criticized earlier for its inward foucs and
short-term perspective
.
较早以前，传统的行政模式因其过分关注内部问题及其短视行为而遭到批评。
2
、
The
traditional
model
of
public
administration
required
little
conception
of
strategy;serious
forward planning was either not carried
out or carried out in rather limited ways.
传统的公共行政模式对战略概念的要求较低，
审慎的、
前瞻性的计划根本未被落实或以极为
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