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公共管理学(英文)

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2021-02-08 22:22
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2021年2月8日发(作者:列车出轨)


第一章



1



There has been a transformation in the management of the public sectors of advanced countries.


发达国家公共部门的管理经历了一场转变。



2



This new paradigm poses a direct challenge to several of what had previously been regarded as


fundamental principles of traditional public administration.


这种新的典范对曾被认为是公共行政 的一些基本的、几乎是永恒的原理提出了直接的挑战。



3



All these points will be discussed at greater length later,but the main point is there has been


total change in a profession that saw little change for around a hundred years.

< br>虽然上述一切都值得深入探讨,


这里强调的主要一点是,



100


年来很少发生变化的公共部


门 职业领域,如今已经发生了全面的变革。



4



There


is


some


debate


over


whether


or


not


public


management,particularly


the


new


public


management,is a new paradigm for public sector management.


这里有一些争论,关于是否公共管理


,


特别是新公共管理是公共部门管理的新典范。



5



Some argue that paradigm is large hurdle to jump,requiring agreement among all a discipline's


practitioners -- a more or less permanent way of looking at the world.


一些人认为典范是巨大的障碍


,


需要协议在所有学科的实践者— —或多或少永久看待世界的


方式。



6



The basic paradigm for public sector management are those following from Ostrom's argument


that there are two opposing forms of organization:bureaucracy and markets.


公共 部门管理的基本


模式是遵循从奥斯特罗姆的论点


,


有两种对立的组织形式


:


官僚主义和市场。



7



The


public


management


paradigm


has


the


very


different


underlying


theoretical


bases


of


economics and private management.


公共管理范式有非常不同的经济和私人管理的基础理论依据。



第二章



1



What


is


here


called


the traditional


model


of


public


administration


was


once


a major


reform


movement.


这 里所指的传统的公共行政模式在从前曾是一场重要的改革运动。



2



The traditional model of public administration remains the longest standing and most successful


theory of management in the public sector,but is now being replace.


传统的公共行政模式目前仍是公共部门中持续时间最长并且最成功的 管理理论,


但是它正在


被逐渐取而代之。



3



Public administration has a long history,one paralleling the very notion of government.


公共行政有一个漫 长的历史,它与政府的概念和文明的兴起同步发展。



4



Administrative systems existed in ancient Egypt to administer irrigation from the annual flood


of the Nile and to bulid the pyramids.


公认的行政系统出 现在古埃及,


主要是为了治理尼罗河每


年度的洪水、管理灌溉和 建造金字塔



5



In Europe the various Empires - Greek, Roman,Holy Roman,Spanish and so on - were,above


all,administrative empires,controlled from the centre by rules and procedures.

在欧洲,各个帝国——希腊、罗马、神圣罗马、西班牙等等——首先是“行政的”帝国,由

< br>中央根据规则和程序实行控制。



6



In the United States for most of the nineteenth century,there existed what was termed the spoils


systems of administration,derived from the saying,'to the victor belong the spoils'.



18


世纪的大部分时期内,美国存在着行政上 的“政党分赃制”


,它来自于这样一种言论:


“战利品属于胜利 者”




7



In other words,there is no specific expertise involved in public administration nor is there any


reason that the administration of government should persist when its political complexion changes.


换句话说,既没有要求与公共行政相关的特殊 技能,也没有任何理由表明,当政局变化时,


政府的行政部门可以保持不变。

< p>


8



Eventually,the inherent problems of earlier forms of administration led to changes in the latter


part


of


the


nineteenth


century


and


to


the


reforms


associated


with


the


traditional


model


of


administration.


早期行政形式的内在问题最终引起


19


世纪末发生的变化,产 生了与传统的行


政模式有关的变革。



第三章


1



A particular theoretical criticism put forward by Pollitt is that managerialism represents


a revival of the scientific management ideas of Frederick Taylor discussed earlier.

< p>
波利特所进行的理论批评中有一点较为独特,他认为管理主义代表了弗雷德里克?泰勒的科


学管理思想的回归,我们在前面的章节中已探讨这一理论。



2



In


this


comment


Pollitt


sees


managerialism


as


the


direct


descendant


of


Taylor's


scientific


management,which,in his view,is contrary to the wisdoms of the human relations school.


在这段评论中,


波利特认为,


管理主义是泰勒的科学管理思想的直接继承者,


而后者在他看

< br>来,则是与人际关系学派的至理名言完全相抵触。



3



Managerialists do propose to measure performance and may have imitated the private sector in


taking a more hard-nosed approach to the social- psychological side of organizational behaviour.


管理主义的确主张对组织绩效进行测量,


而且在其不懈地采用社会心 理学的组织行为学方法


方面,管理主义或许就是在效仿私营部门。



4



As


discussed


earlier,Taylor


did


believe


in


picking


people


for


particular


jobs,rewarding


them


according to performance and measuring what they did.


如上所述,泰勒的确是因事设人,对员工的工作进行测 量并根据其工作绩效支付报酬。



5



Taylor'


system


was


perfectly


attuned


to


a


formalized


bureaucracy


and


this


was


why


it


was


adopted so enthusiastically by public services in the early part of the century.


泰勒体质与正规的


官僚制非常吻合,


这也正是


20


世纪初 公共服务领域会广泛而大量地采用其做法的原因所在。



第四章


1



What government should or should not do needs to be of fundamental concern to public


managers.


公共管理者所关注的基本问题是政府应该做什么和不应该做什么。



2



All government activities require organization and staff-the public or civil service.


所有的政府活动


,


要求组织和人员——公众或公务员。



3



Since the mid - 1970s,most OECD nations have undertaken a reassessment of the role of their


public


sectors.


自< /p>


70


年代中期以来,大多数经济合作与发展组织的成员国开始对它 们在公共


部门的角色进行重新衡量。



4



Governments have a variety of roles and their full scope is not easily measured.


政府具有不同的角色,其整个活动的范围是很难测量的。



5



It is increasingly realized that good government is needed for economic development.


人们越来越意识到良好的政府对经济发展是必要的。



6



The debate is now not whether governments should have no role,but what that role should be.


但问题不 在于政府是否应该有角色,而在于决定政府的角色是什么。



7



There is a broader ideological subtext behind particular arguments about the public sector.


在关于公共部门特别是在争论背后有着广泛的思想方面背景。



8



The attacks on the scale,scope and methods of the public sector gave credence to measures to


reduce government and change its management.


公 共部门在规模、范围和方法的攻击给了减少政府和改变其管理的措施的信心。



第五章


1



Publi c enterprise was for a long time an important part of the public sector in


most


developed


or


developing


countries(Farazmand,1996),but,with


privatization,the


size


and


importance of the sector is declining.


在大多数发达国家和发展中国家,公共企业在很长一段时 间内成为公共部门重要的组成部


分,然而,随着民营化浪潮的兴起,其规模和重要程度正 逐步下降。



2



Public enterprises were the first target of those aiming to reduce the size of the public sector in


the 1980s.20


世纪


80< /p>


年代,缩减公共部门规模首先针对的就是公共企业。



3Pubilc


enterprises


always


had


particular


management


problems,including


accountability,regulation,social and industrial policies,investment policy,and financial controls.


公共企业在管理上往往会碰到一些特殊的问 题,


如它应承担的责任、


对它本身的管制、

社会


和产业政策的制定、投资政策的制定及财务控制等。



4



The first point refers to services,which are desired,but will not be adequately provided by the


markets.< /p>


第一,市场失灵是说市场不能满足社会需求。



5



The second point - the structure of pay-offs - means altering the benefits received by particular


individuals or groups.


第二,改变支 付结构就是要改变特殊个人或群体所获得的利益。



6



The third point - centralized long-term planning - is a motivation used in some countries.


第三,中央集权的长期经济计划被一些国家用做激励手段。



7



The fourth point - to change the economy from capitalist to socialist - has



been a major factor


in some countries.

< br>第四,将资本主义经济转变为社会主义经济在有些国家是重要因素。



8



In sum,there has been no single consistent governmental aim for using public enterprise.


总之,建立公共企业没有一个单一的、一成不变的政府目标。



第六章


1



B y


the


early


1970s,some


involved


in


the


study


of


public


policy


consciously


and


deliberately distanced themselves from the discipline of public administration.

20


世纪


70


年代早期,有关公共 政策的研究有意识地将它与公共行政领域区分开来。



2



The


argument


here


is


that


there


are


now


two


public


policy


approaches,each


with


its


own


concerns and emphases.


此处的争议 在于,


现在有两种公共政策的方法,


每一种均有其自身的关注点 和所强调的重点。



3



The public policy movement is important to the study of the public sector even though it may


have lost some impetus recently.


即使近来公共政策运动已 经失去了推动作用,但它对公共部门的研究仍然十分重要。



4



There


are


differences


in


definition


between


the


policy


analysis


and


political


public


policy


sch ools.


政策分析和政治性的公共政策学派之间对公共政策的定义存在一定的分歧。< /p>



5



These points set out what the more formal,policy analysis,approach aims to do.


这些论述表明了较正规的政策分析方法的目标所在。



6



Key features of this definition are first,that public policy is the output of government.


此定义的关键特征是:第一, 公共政策是政府的“输出信号”




7



It


is


rather


more


difficult


to


separate


public


policy


from


political


science


and


sometimes


it


would be hard to decide whether a particular study is one of public policy or politics.


将公共政策从政治科学中区分出来尤其困难,

并且很难断定某项特殊的研究到底是属于公共


政策还是属于政治学。



第七章


1



The traditional model of administration was criticized earlier for its inward foucs and


short-term perspective


.

< p>
较早以前,传统的行政模式因其过分关注内部问题及其短视行为而遭到批评。



2



The


traditional


model


of


public


administration


required


little


conception


of


strategy;serious


forward planning was either not carried out or carried out in rather limited ways.


传统的公共行政模式对战略概念的要求较低,


审慎的、


前瞻性的计划根本未被落实或以极为

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