历年考研英语真题

2021年2月8日发(作者：智者)

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2012

考研英语（一）真题参考答案

Section

Ⅰ

Use of English

Directions:

Read

the

following

text.

Choose

the

best

word(s)

for

each

numbered

blank

and

mark

[A],

[B],

[C]

or

[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 points)

The

ethical

judgments

of

the

Supreme

Court

justices

became

an

important

issue

recently.

The

court

cannot_____ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of law______ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several

instances, justices acted in ways that_____ the court

’

s reputation for being independent and impartial

。

Justices

Antonin

Scalia

and

Samuel

Alito

Jr.,

for

example,

appeared

at

political

events.

That

kind

of

activity makes it less likely that the court

’

s decisions will be____ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem

is that the justices are not _____ by an ethics code. At the very least, the court should make itself_______ to

the code of conduct that ______to the rest of the federal judiciary

。

This and other cases ______the question of whether there is still a _____ between the court and politics

。

The

framers

of

the

Constitution

envisioned

law____

having

authority

apart

from

politics.

They

gave

justices

permanent

positions

____

they

would

be

free

to

____those

in

power

and

have

no

need

to_____

political support. Our legal system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are so

closely _____

。

Constitutional

law

is

political

because

it

results

from

choices

rooted

in

fundamental

social

______like

liberty and property. When the court deals with social policy decisions, the law it _____is inescapably political

—

which is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _____ as unjust

。

The justices must _____doubts about the court

’

s legitimacy by making themselves _____to the code of

conduct. That would make their rulings more likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _____, convincing

as law

。

1 A emphasizeB maintainC modifyD recognize 2 A whenB bestC beforeD unles

3 A renderedB weakenedC establishedD eliminated

4 A challengedB compromisedC suspectedD accepted 5. A advancedB caught C boundD founded

6.

A

resistantB

subjectC

immuneD

prone

7.

A

resortsB

sticksC

leadsD

applies

8.

A

evadeB

raiseC

denyD settle 9. A lineB barrier C similarity D conflict 10. A byB asC throughD towards 11.

A soB sinceC providedD though 12. A serveB satisfyC upsetD replace 13. A confirm B express

C cultivate D offer 14 A guardedB followedC studiedD tied

15. A concepts B theories C divisions D convenience16. A excludes B questions C shapes

D controls17. A dismissed B released C ranked D distorted18. A suppress B exploitC addressD

ignore 19. A accessibleB. amiableC agreeable D accountable20. A by all meansB at all costsC

in a wordD as a result

Section

Ⅱ

Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read

the

following

four

texts.

Answer

the

questions

below

each

text

by

choosing

[A],

[B],

[C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40 points)

Text 2

Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour,

yet it is pervasive in our young girls

’

lives. It is not that pink intrinsically bad, but

it is a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also

repeatedly

and

firmly

fused

girls

’

identity

to

appearance.

Then

it

presents

that

connection,

.

精品文档

even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence.

Looking

around,

despaired

at

the

singular

lack

of

imagination

about

girls

’

lives

and

interests

。

Girls'

attraction

to

pink

may

seem

unavoidable,

somehow

encoded

in

their

DNA,

but

according

to

Jo

Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it's not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the

early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter,

since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What's m

ore, both boys and girls wore what

were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was

actually considered the

more masculine

colour, a pastel version

of red,

which

was associated

with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness,

symbolised

femininity.

It

was

not

until

the

mid-1980s,

when

amplifying

age

and

sex

differences

became a dominant children's marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it

began

to

seem

innately

attractive

to

girls,

part

of

what

defined

them

as

female,

at

least

for

the first few critical years

。

I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is

natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the

toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into

children's behaviour: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood

consumerism,

it

was

popularised

as

a

marketing

gimmick

by

clothing

manufacturers

in

the

1930s

。

Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they

should create a

only after

developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a

sure-fire way to

boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify

gender differences

–

or invent them where they did not previously exist

。

26 By saying

，

the author means pink _______

。

A should not be the sole representation of girlhood

B should not be associated with girls' innocence

C cannot explain girls' lack of imagination

D cannot influence girls' lives and interests

27 According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours?

A Colors are encoded in girls' DNA

B Blue used to be regarded as the color for girls

C Pink used to be a neutral color in symbolizing genders

D White is preferred by babies

28

The

author

suggests

that

our

perception

of

children's

psychological

devotement

was

much

influenced by ________

。

[A] the marketing of products for children[B] the observation of children's nature

[C] researches into children's behavior[D] studies of childhood consumption

29. We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised ________

。

A focuses on infant wear and older kids' clothes

B attach equal importance to different genders

C classify consumers into smaller groups

D create some common shoppers' terms

30. it can be concluded that girl's attraction to pink seems to be _____

。

A

clearly

explained

by

their

inborn

tendency

B

fully

understood

by

clothing

manufacturers

C

mainly

imposed

by

profit-driven

businessmenD

well

interpreted

by

psychological

experts

Part B

Directions:

.

精品文档

For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them

into

the

numbered

boxes

to

form

a

coherent

text.

Paragraph

E

has

been

correctly

placed.

There

is one paragraph which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.

( 10 points)

Part C Directions:

Read

the

following

text

carefully

and

then

translate

the

underlined

segments

into

Chinese.

Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. ( 10 points)

Section

Ⅲ

Writing

Part A

51. Directions:

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

Do

not

sign

your

own

name

at

the

end

of

the

notice.

Use

Association

instead.

( 10 points)

Part B

52. Directions:

Write

an

essay

of

160-200

words

based

on

the

following

drawing.

In

your

essay,

you

should

describe the picture briefly,explain its intended meaning, and

give your comments

。

You should write neatly on answer sheet 2.

2012

年全国硕士

研究生入学考试英语试题

National Entrance Test of English for

MA/MSCandidates (NETEM)

跨考英语教研室—杨凤芝

Section

Ⅰ

Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank

and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D]on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 points)

The ethical judgments of the Supreme Court justices became an important issue

recently. The court cannot_____ its legitimacy as guardian of the rule of

law______ justices behave like politicians. Yet, in several instances,

justices acted in ways that_____ the court

’

s reputation for being independent

and impartial

。

Justices Antonin Scalia and Samuel Alito Jr., for example, appeared at

political events. That kind of activity makes it less likely that the court

’

s

decisions will be____ as impartial judgments. Part of the problem is that

the justices are not _____ by an ethics code. At the very least, the court

should make itself_______ to the code of conduct that ______to the rest of the

federal judiciary

。

This and other cases ______the question of whether there is still a _____

between the court and politics

。

The framers of the Constitution envisioned law____ having authority apart

from politics. They gave justices permanent positions ____ they would be free

to ____those in power and have no need to_____ political support. Our legal

system was designed to set law apart from politics precisely because they are

so closely _____

。

Constitutional law is political because it results from choices rooted in

fundamental social ______like liberty and property. When the court deals with

social policy decisions, the law it ____is inescapably political

—

which

is why decisions split along ideological lines are so easily _____ as unjust

。

The justices must _____doubts about the court

’

s legitimacy by making

themselves _____to the code of conduct. That would make their rulings more

likely to be seen as separate from politics and, _____, convincing as law

。

.

精品文档

1 A emphasize B maintain C modify D recognize 2 A when B best C before D unless

3 A rendered B weakened C established D eliminated

4

A

challenged

B

compromised

C

suspected

D

accepted

5.

A

advanced

B

caught

C

bound

D

founded

6. A resistant B subject C immune D prone 7. A resorts B sticks C leads D applies 8. A evade

B raise C deny D settle 9. A line B barrier C similarity D conflict 10. A by B as C through

D towards 11. A so B since C provided D though 12. A serve B satisfy C upset D replace 13.

A confirm B express C cultivate D offer 14 A guarded B followed C studied D tied

15. A concepts B theories C divisions D convenience16. A excludes B questions C shapes

D controls17. A dismissed B released C ranked D distorted18. A suppress B exploit C address

D

ignore

19.

A

accessible

B.

amiable

C

agreeable

D

accountable20.

A

by

all

means

B

at

all

costs

C in a word D as a result

Section

Ⅱ

Reading ComprehensionPart A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by

choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (40 points)

Text 2

Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the

colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls

’

lives. It is not that pink

intrinsically bad, but it is a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may

celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fused girls

’

identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two- year-olds,

between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence

。

Looking around, despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls

’

lives and interests

。

Girls' attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA,

but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies,

it's not. Children were not colour- coded at all until the early 20th

century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a

practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil

them.

What's

more,

both

boys

and

girls

wore

what

were

thought

of

as

gender- neutral

dresses.

When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually

considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was

associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary,

constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the

mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant

children's marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it

began to seem innately attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female,

at least for the first few critical years

。

I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception

of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological

development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts

developed after years of research into children's behaviour: wrong. Turns out,

according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was

popularised as a marketing gimmick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s

。

Trade publications counselled department stores that, in order to increase

.

精品文档

sales, they should create a

older kids' clothes. It was only after

term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting

kids, or adults, into ever- tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to

boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to

magnify gender differences

–

or invent them where they did not previously exist

。

26 By saying

，

the author means pink _______

。

A should not be the sole representation of girlhood

B should not be associated with girls' innocence

C cannot explain girls' lack of imagination

D cannot influence girls' lives and interests

27 According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours?

A Colors are encoded in girls' DNA

B Blue used to be regarded as the color for girls

C Pink used to be a neutral color in symbolizing genders

D White is preferred by babies

28 The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological

devotement was much influenced by ________

。

[A] the marketing of products for children

[B] the observation of children's nature

[C] researches into children's behavior[D] studies of childhood consumption

29. We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised ________

。

A

focuses on infant

wear and older kids'

clothes

B attach

equal importance to

different

genders

C classify consumers into smaller groupsD create some common shoppers' terms

30. it can be concluded that girl's attraction to pink seems to be _____

。

A

clearly

explained

by

their

inborn

tendencyB

fully

understood

by

clothing

manufacturers

C

mainly

imposed

by

profit-driven

businessmenD

well

interpreted

by

psychological

experts

Part B

Directions:

For questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list

A-G and fill them into thenumbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph

E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph which does not fit in with

the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. ( 10 points)

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments

into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.

( 10 points)

Section

Ⅲ

Writing

Part A

51. Directions:

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the notice. Use

Association

Part B

52. Directions:

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your

essay,you should

.

精品文档

1) describe the picture briefly,2) explain its intended meaning, and

3) give your comments

。

You should write neatly on answer sheet 2.

1.B

2.A

3.B

4.D

5.C6.B

7.D

8.B

9.A

10.B

11.A

12.C

13.C

14.D

15.A16.C

17.A

18.C

19.D

20.D

21.D

22.D

23.A

24.C

25.D26.C

27.A

28.A

29.B

30.B

31.A

32.D

33.B

34.D

35.D36.C

37.D

38.B

39.A

40.A

41.C

42.D

43.A

44.F

45.G

46.

在物理学上，一种方 法是将这种冲动完美发挥到极点并且导找到一种万能的理论

---

一条我们都可以

看的见，明白的普遍公式。

47.

在这里，达尔文主义似乎提供了一个准则，如果所有的人类都有共同的起 源，那么文化差异能够追

寻到更早的可控的起源也是合理的。

48.

从我们的共同特征中过滤独特性能够使我们明白文化行为 的复杂性起源以及是什么在进化方面和认

知方面指导我们人类。

49

、其实，由约书亚格林伯说，将更多的经验主义用在了普遍 性上，验证许多语言所共有的特点，这些

特点被认为是代表了由认知限制造成的偏见。< /p>

50.

乔姆斯基的语法应该表现了语 言更改的模式，是通过独立的家谱或由它所跟踪的路径，而通过性预

测的特定类型间的合 作关系。

Part A

ions

：

Suppose you have found something wrong with the electronic dictionary that you bought from an online store

the other day. Write and email to the customer service center to

1) make a complaint

，

and

2) demand a prompt solution.

You should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use “Zhang Wei” instead.

参考范文：

Dear Mr./Miss

：

This letter is a complaint concerning the electronic dictionary I bought from your online store the other day.

Two weeks ago I mailed the money that ordered and soon received the electronic dictionary. I followed the

instructions attached with it. Instead I cannot get it started anyway. After changed the battery inside several

times in vain

，

I totally gave it up.

I

wrote

to

your

company

expecting

a

prompt

solution

to

this

problem.

I

would

hope

that

you

could

do

something to give me a satisfactory feedback. And I will appreciate it very much if you put a strict test on these

electronic dictionaries

，

thus stop the continuing complaints and suffers of other comtomers.

Sincerely Yours

，

Zhang Wei

2012

年考研英语真题：作文题目 及范文

作文一些外国留学生将要来你的大学，以学生会的名义给他们写一封

email,

1.

表示你的欢迎

2.

为他们在这里的校园生活提供一些建议

请写

10 0

个字左右，请不要在信的末尾写你的名字，用笔名代替，不要写地址。

范文

亲爱的同学们，

首先请允许我代表我校的各位领导老师及同学们对你们的到来 表示热烈的欢迎，

欢迎来到我校学习

和生活。

< br>

.

精品文档

不同国家的校园生活有所不同，

为了使你们的生活更加舒适，

下面我将介绍一些在我校生活的一些建议。

首先，

在中国不可以直呼老师的名字 ，

因为中国是一个礼仪之邦，

中国人用称呼表达对老师的尊重。

其次，

希望你们珍惜在中国学习的时间，

主动增加与中国人交流的机会 ，

这样既能提高你们的汉语

水平，也能了解中国的文化。

最后，如果你 们在生活和学习上遇到困难，及时与我们沟通。祝你们在中国的留学生活愉快

!

学生会

Dear

students,

First

of

all,

allow

me,

on

behalf

of

the

leaders

of

our

school

teachers

and

students

are

warmly

welcome

to

come

to

you,

welcome

to

our

school

and

life.

Campus

life

is

different

in

different

countries,

in

order

to

make

your

life

more

comfortable,

the

f

ollowing

I

will

describe

some

of

the

proposals

in

my

school

life.

First

of

all,

cannot

call

the

teacher's

name

in

China,

because

China

is

a

ritual

of

ceremony,

Chin

ese

used

to

call

the

expression

of

respect

for

teachers.

Secondly, I hope you cherish the time studying in China, take the initiative to increase opportunities for

interaction with Chinese people, so that both can improve your Chinese language level, can understand

Chinese culture.

Finally, if you encounter difficulty in living and learning, to communicate with us in a timely

you to study abroad in China live in interesting times!

Student Union

作文

2

：

这幅漫 画象征性的描述了一个倒在地上的瓶子，

一些牛奶洒了出来。

在 这个瓶子的旁边站着两个人，

一个垂头丧气的说

“

全完了

!”

，而另一个则说

“

幸好还剩点儿

!”

。这幅画所表达的 内容既意义深远又发人

深省。

这幅漫画的目的是告诉我们在生活、

工作和学习中遇到挫折时，

不同的人持有不同的态度。

积极乐< /p>

观的人总是能够发掘事情好的一面，

而消极悲观的人总是为他失去 的东西伤心抱怨。

总之，

一个人的态

度 能够决定他的成败。

< p>
在我看来，

我们应该向那个积极乐观的人学习。

在 生活中无论遇到什么样的困难，

我们都应该用积

极乐观的态度来 面对。只有这样，我们才能取得成功。

This cartoon token describes a bottle that fell to the ground, some milk spilled out. The bottle stands next

to two people, a dejected saying

。

The contents

expressed in the painting is both meaningful and thought-provoking.

This cartoon is designed to tell us to live, work and learning are down, you, different people hold different

attitudes. Optimistic people can always discover what's good side, and negative and pessimistic people always

losing things sad for him to complain. In short, a person's attitudes can make or break him.

In my opinion, we should learn from the positive and optimistic man. No matter what difficulties she met

in life, we should use a positive and optimistic attitude to face. Only in this way, we can be successful.

.

精品文档

法硕联盟

是由北京大学、中国人民大 学、中国政法大学、清华大学、西南

政法大学等高校在读法律硕士学长创办的网站。自< /p>

2007

年成立以来，以在读学长多、法硕信息多、

vip

会员分数高等优势享誉全国，特别是论坛法硕考前押题更是被全国法硕 考生奉为考前必看资料（

2012

被媒体报道）。加入付费

vip

会员

=

权威 名师课程

+

在读学长答疑

+

< p>
考前绝密预测。

2012

年论坛直接与中

国最权威考研类图书出版社

--

高等教育出版社 合作出版《

2013

年法律硕士历年真题及答案详解》一书，< /p>

旨在打造最好的法硕真题图书，该书未出版即本广大法硕战友抢先预定。

< br>

我们一直用心在做，我们会竭力做得更好！

2011

年考研英语一真题及答案

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed laughter as “a bodily exercise precious to health.”

But

< p>
-

-

-

_____som e

claims

to

the

contrary,

laughing

probably

has

little

influence

on

physical

filness Laughter does _____short-term changes in the function of the heart and its blood vessels,

____ heart rate and oxygen consumption But because hard laughter is difficult to ____, a good

laugh is unlikely to have _____ benefits the way, say, walking or jogging does.

____,

instead

of

straining

muscles

to

build

them,

as

exercise

does,

laughter

apparently

accomplishes the ____, studies dating back to the 1930’s indicate that laughter. muscles,

Such bodily reaction might conceivably help____the effects of psychological ,the

act

of

laughing

probably

does

produce

other

types

of

______feedback,that

improve

an

individual’s

emotional

state.

______one

classical

theory

of

emotion,our

feelings

are

pa

rtially

rooted _______ physical reactions. It was argued at the end of the 19th century that humans do

not cry ______they are sad but they become sad when te tears begin to flow.

Although sadness also _______ tears,evidence suggests that emotions can flow _____ muscular

an experiment published in 1988,social psychologist Fritz.

1

．

[A]among

[B]except

[C]despite

[D]like

2

．

[A]reflect

[B]demand

[C]indicate

[D]produce

3

．

[A]stabilizing

[B]boosting

[C]impairing

[D]determining

4

．

[A]transmit

[B]sustain

[C]evaluate

[D]observe

5

．

[A]measurable

[B]manageable

[C]affordable

[D]renewable

6

．

[A]In turn

[B]In fact

[C]In addition

[D]In brief

7

．

[A]opposite

[B]impossible

[C]average

[D]expected

8

．

[A]hardens

[B]weakens

[C]tightens

[D]relaxes

9

．

[A]aggravate

[B]generate

[C]moderate

[D]enhance

10

．

[A]physical

[B]mentl

[C]subconscious

[D]internal

11

．

[A]Except for

[B]According to

[C]Due to

[D]As for

12

．

[A]with

[B]on

[C]in

[D]at

13

．

[A]unless

[B]until

C]if

[D]because

14

．

[A]exhausts

[B]follows

[C]precedes

[D]suppresses

15

．

[A]into

[B]from

[C]towards

[D]beyond

16

．

[A]fetch

[B]bite

[C]pick

[D]hold

17

．

[A]disappointe d

[B]excited

[C]joyful

[D]indifferent

18

．

[A]adapted

[B]catered

[C]turned

[D]reacted

19

．

[A]suggesting

[B]requiring

[C]mentioning

[D]supposing

20

．

[A]Eventually

[B]Consequently

[C]Similarly

[D]Conversely

.

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Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B],

[C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

The decision of the New York Philharmonic to hire Alan Gilbert as its next music director

has

been

the

talk

of

the

classical- music

world

ever

since

the

sudden

announcement

of

his

appointment

in

2009.

For

the

most

part,

the

response

has

been

favorable,

to

say

the

least.

“Hooray! At last!” wrote Anthony Tommasini, a sober

-sided classical-music critic.

One of the reasons why the appointment came as such a surprise, however, is that Gilbert is

comparatively little know

n. Even Tommasini, who had advocated Gilbert’s appointment in the

Times, calls him “an unpretentious musician with no air of the formidable conductor about him.”

As

a

description

of

the

next

music

director

of

an

orchestra

that

has

hitherto

been

led

by

musicians like Gustav Mahler and Pierre Boulez, that seems likely to have struck at least some

Times readers as faint praise.

For my part, I have no idea whether Gilbert is a great conductor or even a good one. To be

sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me

to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music. All I have to do

is to go to my CD shelf, or boot up my computer and download still more recorded music from

iTunes.

Devoted concertgoers who reply that recordings are no substitute for live performance are

missing

the

point.

For

the

time,

attention,

and

money

of

the

art-loving

public,

classical

instrumentalists must compete not only with opera houses, dance troupes, theater companies, and

museums, but also with the recorded performances of the great classical musicians of the 20th

century. There recordings are cheap, available everywhere, and very often much higher in artistic

quality than today’s live performances; moreover, they can be “consumed” at a time and place of

the listener’s choosing. The widespread availability of such recordings has thus brought about a

crisis in the institution of the traditional classical concert.

One possible response is for classical performers to program attractive new music that is not

yet available on record. Gilbert’s own interest in new music has been widely noted: Alex Ross, a

classical-music critic, has described him as a man who is capable of turning the Philharmonic

into

“a

markedly

different,

more

vibrant

organization.”

But

what

will

be

the

nature

of

that

difference? Merely

expanding the orchestra’s repertoire

will not

be enough.

If Gilbert

and the

Philharmonic are to succeed, they must first change the relationship between Amer

ica’s oldest

orchestra and the new audience it hops to attract.

21. We learn from Para.1 that Gilbert’s appointment has

[A]incurred criticism.

[B]raised suspicion.

[C]received acclaim.

[D]aroused curiosity.

22. Tommasini regards Gilbert as an artist who is

[A]influential.

[B]modest.

[C]respectable.

[D]talented.

23. The author believes that the devoted concertgoers

[A]ignore the expenses of live performances.

[B]reject most kinds of recorded performances.

[C]exaggerate the variety of live performances. [D]overestimate the value of live performances.

24. According to the text, which of the following is true of recordings?

[A]They are often inferior to live concerts in quality.

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[B]They are easily accessible to the general public.

[C]They help improve the quality of music.

[D]They have only covered masterpieces.

25. Regarding Gilbert’s role in revitalizing the Philharmonic, the author feels

[A]doubtful.

[B]enthusiastic.

[C]confident.

[D]puzzled.

Text 2

When Liam McGee departed as president

of Bank of America in August, his explanation

was surprisingly straight up. Rather than cloaking his exit in the usual vague excuses, he came

right out and said he was leaving “to pursue my goal of running a company.” Broadcasting his

ambition was “very much my decision,” McGee says. Within two weeks, he was talking for the

first

time

with

the

board

of

Hartford

Financial

Services

Group,

which

named

him

CEO

and

chairman on September 29.

McGee says leaving without a position lined up gave him time to reflect

on what kind of

company he wanted to run. It also sent a clear message to the outside world about his aspirations.

And McGee isn’t alone. In recent weeks the No.2 executives at Avon and American Express quit

with

the

explanation

that

they

were

looking

for

a

CEO

post.

As

boards

scrutinize

succession

plans in

response to

shareholder pressure, executives who don’t

get

the

nod also

may wish

to

move on. A turbulent business environment also has senior managers cautious of letting vague

pronouncements cloud their reputations.

As the first signs of recovery begin to take hold, deputy chiefs may be more willing to make

the jump without a net. In the third quarter, CEO turnover was down 23% from a year ago as

nervous boards stuck with the leaders they had, according to Liberum Research. As the economy

picks up, opportunities will abound for aspiring leaders.

The decision to quit a senior position to look for a better one is unconventional. For years

executives and headhunters have adhered to the rule that the most attractive CEO candidates are

the ones who must be poached. Says Korn/Ferry senior partner Dennis Carey:”I can’t think of a

single search I’ve done where a board has not instructed me to look at sitting CEOs first.”

Those

who

jumped

without

a

job

haven’t

alw

ays

landed

in

top

positions

quickly.

Ellen

Marram quit as chief of Tropicana a decade age, saying she wanted to be a CEO. It was a year

before she became head of a tiny Internet-based commodities exchange. Robert Willumstad left

Citigroup

in

2005

with

ambitions

to

be

a

CEO.

He

finally

took

that

post

at

a

major

financial

institution three years later.

Many recruiters say the old disgrace is fading for top performers. The financial crisis has

made it more acceptable to be between jobs or to leave a bad one. “The traditional rule was it’s

safer to stay where you are, but that’s been fundamentally inverted,” says one headhunter. “The

people who’ve been hurt the worst are those who’ve stayed too long.”

26. When McGee announced his departure, his manner can best be described as being

[A]arrogant.

[B]frank.

[C]self-centered.

[D]impulsive.

27. According to Paragraph 2, senior executives’ quitting may be spurred by

[A]their expectation of better financial status.

[B]their need to reflect on their private life.

[C]their strained relations with the boards.

[D]their pursuit of new career goals.

28. The word “poached” (Line 3, Paragraph 4) most probably means

[A]approved of.

[B]attended to.

[C]hunted for.

[D]guarded against.

29. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that

[A]top performers used to cling to their posts. [B]loyalty of top performers is getting out-dated.

[C]top performers care more about reputations.

[D]it’s safer to stick to the traditional rules.

.

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30. Which of the following is the best title for the text?

[A]CEOs: Where to Go?

[B]CEOs: All the Way Up?

[C]Top Managers Jump without a Net

[D]The Only Way Out for Top Performers

Text 3

The rough guide to marketing success used to be that you got what you paid for. No longer.

W

hile traditional “paid” media –

such as television commercials and print advertisements

–

still

play

a

major

role,

companies

today

can

exploit

many

alternative

forms

of

media.

Consumers

passionate about a product may create “owned” media by sending e

-mail alerts about products

and sales to customers registered with its Web site. The way consumers now approach the broad

range of factors beyond conventional paid media.

Paid

and

owned

media

are

controlled

by

marketers

promoting

their

own

products.

For

earned m

edia , such marketers act as the initiator for users’ responses. But in some cases, one

marketer’s

owned

media

become

another

marketer’s

paid

media

–

for

instance,

when

an

e-commerce retailer sells ad space on its Web site. We define such sold media as owned media

whose

traffic

is

so

strong

that

other

organizations

place

their

content

or

e-commerce

engines

within

that

environment.

This

trend

,which

we

believe

is

still

in

its

infancy,

effectively

began

with

retailers

and

travel

providers

such

as

airlines

and

hotels

and

will

no

doubt

go

further.

Johnson

&

Johnson,

for

example,

has

created

BabyCenter,

a

stand-alone

media

property

that

promotes

complementary

and

even

competitive

products.

Besides

generating

income,

the

presence

of

other

marketers

makes

the

site

seem

objective,

gives

companies

opportunities

to

learn valuable information about the appeal of other companies’ marketing, and may help expand

user traffic for all companies concerned.

The

same

dramatic

technological

changes

that

have

provided

marketers

with

more

(and

more

diverse)

communications

choices

have

also

increased

the

risk

that

passionate

consumers

will voice their opinions in quicker, more visible, and much more damaging ways. Such hijacked

media are the opposite of earned media: an asset or campaign becomes hostage to consumers,

other

stakeholders,

or

activists

who

make

negative

allegations

about

a

brand

or

product.

Members

of

social

networks,

for

instance,

are

learning

that

they

can

hijack

media

to

apply

pressure on the businesses that originally created them.

If

that

happens,

passionate

consumers

would

try

to

persuade

others

to

boycott

products,

putting the reputation of the target company at risk. In such a case, the company’s response may

not be sufficiently quick or thoughtful, and the learning curve has been steep. Toyota Motor, for

example, alleviated some of the damage from its recall crisis earlier this year with a relatively

quick and well-orchestrated social-media response campaign, which included efforts to engage

with consumers directly on sites such as Twitter and the social- news site Digg.

ers may create “earned” media when they are

[A] obscssed with online shopping at certain Web sites.

[B] inspired by product-promoting e-mails sent to them.

[C] eager to help their friends promote quality products.

[D] enthusiastic about recommending their favorite products.

32. According to Paragraph 2,sold media feature

[A] a safe business environment.

[B] random competition.

[C] strong user traffic.

[D] flexibility in organization.

33. The author indicates in Paragraph 3 that earned media

[A] invite constant conflicts with passionate consumers.

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[B] can be used to produce negative effects in marketing.

[C] may be responsible for fiercer competition.

[D] deserve all the negative comments about them.

34. Toyota Motor’s experience is cited as an example of

[A] responding effectively to hijacked media.[B] persuading customers into boycotting products.

[C] cooperating with supportive consumers. [D] taking advantage of hijacked media.

35. Which of the following is the text mainly about ?

[A] Alternatives to conventional paid media.[B] Conflict between hijacked and earned media.

[C] Dominance of hijacked media.

[D] Popularity of owned media.

Text 4

It’s no surprise that Jennifer Senior’s insightful, provocative magazine cover story, “I love

My Children, I Hate My Life,” is arousing much chatter –

nothing gets people talking like the

suggestion

that

child

rearing

is

anything

less

than

a

completely

fulfilling,

life-enriching

experience. Rather than concluding that children make parents either happy or miserable, Senior

suggests

we

need

to

redefine

happiness:

instead

of

thinking

of

it

as

something

that

can

be

measured by moment-to-moment joy, we should consider being happy as a past-tense condition.

Even though the day-to-day experience of raising kids can be soul-crushingly hard, Senior writes

that

“the

very

things

that

in

the

moment

dampen

our

moods

can

later

be

sources

of

intense

gratification and delight.”

The magazine cover showing an attractive mother holding a cute baby is

hardly the only

Madonna- and-child image on newsstands this week. There are also stories about newly adoptive

–

and newly single

–

mom Sandra Bullock, as well as the usual “Jennifer Aniston is pregnant”

news. Practically every week features at least one celebrity mom, or mom-to-be, smiling on the

newsstands.

In a society that so persistently celebrates procreation, is it any wonder that admitting you

regret

having

children

is

equivalent

to

admitting

you

support

kitten-

killing

?

It

doesn’t

seem

quite fair, then, to compare the regrets of parents to the regrets of the children. Unhappy parents

rarely are provoked to wonder if they shouldn’t have had kids, but unhappy childless folks are

bothered

with

the

message

that

children

are

the

single

most

important

thing

in

the

world:

obviously their misery must be a direct result of the gaping baby-size holes in their lives.

Of

course,

the

image

of

parenthood

that

celebrity

magazines

like

Us

Weekly

and

People

present

is

hugely

unrealistic,

especially

when

the

parents

are

single

mothers

like

Bullock.

According to several studies concluding that parents are less happy than childless couples, single

parents are the least happy of all. No shock there, considering how much work it is to raise a kid

without a partner to lean on; yet to hear Sandra and Britney tell it, raising a kid on their “own”

(read: with round-the-clock help) is a piece of cake.

It’s hard to imagine that many people are dumb enough to want chi

ldren just because Reese

and Angelina make it look so glamorous: most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But

it’s interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress

-free, happiness-enhancing

parenthood aren’t in some small, subcon

scious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with

the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting “ the Rachel” might

make us look just a little bit like Jennifer Aniston.

er Senior suggests in her article that raising a child can bring

[A]temporary delight

[B]enjoyment in progress

[C]happiness in retrospect

[D]lasting reward

.

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learn from Paragraph 2 that

[A]celebrity moms are a permanent source for gossip.

[B]single mothers with babies deserve greater attention.

[C]news about pregnant celebrities is entertaining.

[D]having children is highly valued by the public.

is suggested in Paragraph 3 that childless folks

[A]are constantly exposed to criticism.

[B]are largely ignored by the media.

[C]fail to fulfill their social responsibilities.

[D]are less likely to be satisfied with their life.

ing to Paragraph 4, the message conveyed by celebrity magazines is

[A]soothing

.[B]ambiguous.

[C]compensatory.

[D]misleading.

of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?

[A]Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.

[B]Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child rearing.

[C]Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.

[D]We sometimes neglect the happiness from child rearing.

Part B

Directions:

The following paragraph are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45, you are required

to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent text by choosing from the list A-G to filling them

into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs E and G have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on

ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

[A]

No

disciplines

have

seized

on

professionalism

with

as

much

enthusiasm

as

the

humanities.

You

can,

Mr

Menand

points

out,

became

a

lawyer

in

three

years

and

a

medical

doctor in

four. But the regular time it takes to

get

a doctoral

degree in the humanities is

nine

years. Not surprisingly, up to half of all doctoral students in English drop out before getting their

degrees.

[B] His concern is mainly with the humanities: Literature, languages, philosophy and so on.

These are disciplines that are going out of style: 22% of American college graduates now major

in

business

compared

with

only

2%

in

history

and

4%

in

English.

However,

many

leading

American universities want their undergraduates to have a grounding in the basic canon of ideas

that every educated person should posses. But most find it difficult to agree on what a “general

education” should look like.

At Harvard, Mr Menand notes, “the great books are read because

they have been read”

-they form a sort of social glue.

[C]

Equally

unsurprisingly,

only

about

half

end

up

with

professorships

for

which

they

entered

graduate

school.

There

are

simply

too

few

posts.

This

is

partly

because

universities

continue

to

produce

ever

more

PhDs.

But

fewer

students

want

to

study

humanities

subjects:

English departments awarded more bachelor’s degrees in 1970

-71 than they did 20 years later.

Fewer

students

requires

fewer

teachers.

So,

at

the

end

of

a

decade

of

theses- writing,

many

humanities students leave the profession to do something for which they have not been trained.

[D] One reason why it is hard to design and teach such courses is that they can cut across

the

insistence

by

top

American

universities

that

liberal-arts

educations

and

professional

education

should

be

kept

separate,

taught

in

different

schools.

Many

students

experience

both

varieties.

Although

more

than

half

of

Harvard

undergraduates

end

up

in

law,

medicine

or

business,

future

doctors

and

lawyers

must

study

a

non- specialist

liberal-arts

degree

before

embarking on a professional qualification.

.

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[E] Besides professionalizing the professions by this separation, top American universities

have

professionalised

the

professor.

The

growth

in

public

money

for

academic

research

has

speeded

the

process:

federal

research

grants

rose

fourfold

between

1960and

1990,

but

faculty

teaching hours fell by half as research took its toll. Professionalism has turned the acquisition of

a doctoral degree into a prerequisite for a successful academic career: as late as 1969a third of

American professors did not possess one. But the key idea behind professionalisation, argues Mr

Menand, is that “the knowledge and skills needed for a par

ticular specialization are transmissible

but

not

transferable.”So

disciplines

acquire

a

monopoly

not

just

over

the

production

of

knowledge, but also over the production of the producers of knowledge.

[F]

The

key

to

reforming

higher

education,

concludes

Mr

Menand,

is

to

alter

the

way

in

which “the producers of knowledge are produced.”Otherwise, academics will continue to think

dangerously

alike,

increasingly

detached

from

the

societies

which

they

study,

investigate

and

criticize.”Academic inquiry, at least i

n some fields, may need to become less exclusionary and

more holistic.”Yet quite how that happens, Mr Menand dose not say.

[G] The subtle and intelligent little book The Marketplace of Ideas: Reform and Resistance

in

the

American

University

should

be

read

by

every

student

thinking

of

applying

to

take

a

doctoral

degree.

They

may

then

decide

to

go

elsewhere.

For

something

curious

has

been

happening

in

American

Universities,

and

Louis

Menand,

a

professor

of

English

at

Harvard

University, captured it skillfully.

G

→

41.

→

42.

→

E

→

43.

→

44.

→

45.

Part C

Directions:

Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.

Your translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

With

its

theme

that

“Mind

is

the

master

weaver,”

creating

our

inner

character

and

outer

circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is

an in-depth

exploration of the

central idea of self-help writing.

(46) Allen’s

contribution was to take an assumption we all share

-that because we are not

robots

we

therefore

control

our

thoughts-and

reveal

its

erroneous

nature.

Because

most

of

us

believe

that

mind

is

separate

from

matter,

we

think

that

thoughts

can

be

hidden

and

made

powerless;

this

allows

us

to

think

one

way

and

act

another.

However,

Allen

believed

that

the

unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be

able

to

sustain

the

illusion

of

control

through

the

conscious

mind

alone,

in

reality

we

are

continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”

Since

desire

and

will

are

damaged

by

the

presence

of

thoughts

that

do

not

accord

with

desire,

Allen

concluded

:

“

We

do

not

attract

what

we

want,

but

what

we

are.”

Achievement

happens because you as a person e

mbody the external achievement; you don’t “ get

”

success but

become it. There is no gap between mind and matter.

Part of the fame of Allen’s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person,

they

reveal

him.”

(48)

This

seems

a

justification

for

neglect

of

those

in

need,

and

a

rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at

the bottom.

This

,however,

would

be

a

knee-jerk

reaction

to

a

subtle

argument.

Each

set

of

circumstances,

however

bad,

offers

a

unique

opportunity

for

growth.

If

circumstances

always

determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fat,

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(49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have

been

“wronged”

then

we

are

unlikely

to

begin

a

conscious

effort

to

escape

from

our

situation .Nevertheless,

as

any

biographer

knows,

a

person’s

early

life

and

its

conditions

are

often the greatest gift to an individual.

The sobering aspect of Allen’s book

is that we have no one else to blame for our present

condition

except

ourselves.

(50)

The

upside

is

the

possibilities

contained

in

knowing

that

everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become

authorities of what is possible.

Section

Ⅲ

Writing

Part A

51. Directions:

Write a letter to a friend of yours to

1) recommend one of your favorite movies and

2) give reasons for your recommendation

Your should write about 100 words on ANSWER SHEET 2

Do not sign your own

name at the end of the leter. User “LI MING” instead.

Do not writer the address.(10 points)

Part B

52. Directions:

Write

an

essay

of

160---200

words

based

on

the

following

drawing.

In

your

essay,

you

should

1) describe the drawing briefly,

2) explain it’

s intended meaning, and

3) give your comments.

Your should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

.

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附阅读

Part A

翻译：

译文

1

2 009

年纽约交响乐团突然宣布聘用艾伦?吉尔伯特为下一位乐曲指挥，从那时起一直到 现在，这次任命都成

为古典音乐界的话题。退一步说，从总体上看，反应还是不错的。如 冷静的古典音乐评论家安东尼?托姆西尼就

这样写：从长时间来看，这次委命是英明的。

然而，

这次任命还是令人意外。

原因之一在于吉乐伯特名声相对较小。

就连那时主张雇用吉尔伯特的 托姆西

尼，也称吉尔伯特其貌不扬，缺乏一位令人敬仰的指挥大师的气质。作为对这个很 牛的管弦乐队（牛的表现：到

目前为止一直被牛人领导着）

下一 任指挥家的描述，

这种描述跟虚浮的赞扬一样，

确实会令至少一 部分泰晤士报

的读者觉得愕然不解（让他们觉得不可思议）

。< /p>

就我的观点而言，我不知道吉尔伯特是不是一位伟大的指挥家， 甚至连他是不是算好的指挥家也不敢确定。

可以确信的是，虽然他演出了很多令人印象深 刻的有趣的乐曲。然而，我不需要访问

Avery Fisher Hall

< p>
（可能是

纽约交响乐团所在地，即吉尔伯特表演之所）

，或者其他地方才能听到有趣的管弦乐。

（作者意思是，不需要听吉

.

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尔伯特，到处 可以听到有趣的管弦乐。

）我所做的，只需要到我的

CD

棚里去，随便打开我的电脑，从

ITUNES

上就可下载比那（当指吉尔伯特表演的）多得多的类似的音乐。

对于唱片，那些专门参加音乐会的人会说，现场表演是不可替代的。他们显然忽视了一个要点。为了替音乐

爱好者节省时间、精力、金钱考虑，古典乐曲表演表不仅要在各种表演场所进行竞争，还要在 记录这些行为的媒

介上竞争。记在唱片上的表演比现场表演更便宜，更易得，甚至质量更 好。而且它们的消费时间地点可以任由听

者选择。因此，这种唱片的广泛应用，给传统音 乐会带来了生存危机。

一个可能的应对方式

< br>（解决办法）

是古典音乐表演者发明有吸引力的从唱片上听不到的曲子。

吉尔伯特在新

音乐方面投入了自己的兴趣，

这已 广被人知：

如古典音乐评论家罗斯就把吉尔伯特描述成一个可以扭转交响乐方

< p>
向的人，认为他把交响乐带进了一个明显不同的更有活力的天地。但是，这种“不同”的实质是什么 呢？仅仅扩

展交响乐的节目是不够的。

吉尔伯特和交响乐要想取 得成功，

必须首先改变美国旧的管弦乐和它们想吸引的新的

听众 之间的关系。

译文

2

当列姆?麦克杰八月份从美国银行任上离职时，他的解释确 实令人意外。与通常会用的模糊理由不同的是，

他直率地说，

他 离开是为了找一家公司当管理者，

而那是他一向就有的追求。

他 说，

作出这一选择纯属个人原因。

两周之内，他与哈佛财务服务 集团的董事会实现了首次会谈，这一集团在

9

月

29

日聘他担任

CEO

。

麦克杰说，

他离开时并没有确定的目标，

这使他得以思考自己究竟想管理什么样的公司。

这同时也可以让 他

向外界展示自己的魄力。无独有偶（并不只有他才有这种雄心）

。最近几周，雅芳公司和美国联邦快递公司的第

二执行官都离开自己的公司，他们的解 释都是想当

CEO

。由于股东施压，董事会需要审查继承人方案 ，还没有

被准许离开的这几位执行官肯定希望事情早点出来结果。

商业环境复杂异常，

这使得高级经理人员不愿用模糊的

声明来 损害自己的名声。

随着经济开始出现复苏的迹象，这些希望离 任者可能在还没有找到下家时就跳槽。根据“登记册”研究机构

的报告，在第三季度，< /p>

CEO

营业额从一年前开始下降了

23%

，把那些紧跟在这些领导人身后的董事会也弄得神

经兮兮。由于 经济复苏，那些有抱负的领导人将大有机会。

放弃高级职位去 寻找更好的职位，这种决定是非同寻常的，过去可不常见。多年来，执行官和猎头们都坚持

认为，最好的

CEO

候选人需要去挖别人的墙角才能得到（而 不是那些主动离开原岗位的人）

。某某猎头说，当董

事会还没有 委托我先去找一个还在任上的

CEO

时，我不能去考虑那些我在 网上一搜就有的人。

那些没有工作去向就跳槽的人不会总是很 快找到理想岗位。十年前爱伦?马拉姆从

T

公司领导人的位子上 退

下，也是为了当一个

CEO

。一年前 她才成为一家小型电子交易所的领导人。罗伯特在

2005

年为 了当

CEO

而离

开，他最终在一家重要 的财务机构找到这种工作是在三年之后。

许多招聘人表示，< /p>

对于那些最好的演员来说，

旧的耻辱正在淡忘。

< br>财务危机使得在两个工作机会之间进行选

择或者离开更坏的工作这样的行为变得可 以接受。

“传统规则是，最好呆在你原来的地方，但现在这种规则被从

< br>根本上颠覆了。

”

一个猎头说 ，

“在一个地方呆得越久，就越容易受损。

”

< br>

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3

在过去，销售成功的 基本法则是：种瓜得瓜，一分耕耘一分收获。现在不同了。传统的付出方式（媒介，指

企 业付钱给电视台做广告或者报社做报刊广告）

——电视购物和印刷广告——虽然仍占主要 地位，

但是现在的企

业可以开发出更多的替代这些媒介的形式。

对产品有热情的用户可能通过给在自己网站上注册的顾客发关于产品

和商品的电邮的提醒，

来建立自己的媒介。

这样用户现在接 近了广阔的媒介因素，

这些因素超越了传统的付费媒

介。

付费并占有的媒介，是被想促销自己产品的商人控制的。而对于白捡 的媒介（免费的媒介报道）而言，这种

商人的角色仅是作为响应用户需求的第一环（直接 面对用户的不是他们）

。但是在一些案例中，一个商人拥有的

媒 介成为另一个商人的付费媒介

（但有时候，

促销产品的商人也直 接面对用户，

即把别人占有的媒介暂时变成自

己占有的媒介）< /p>

。例如，当一个电子商务零售商在自己的网站上出售广告空间时，就是如此。我们把这种出 售的

媒介定义为拥有的媒介。这种（出售空间式的）拥有的媒介是如此强大普遍，以致于 其他团体把他们的希望（满

意；内容；电子商务发动机）寄托在这种环境中。这种（寄托 ）趋势虽然依然在婴儿期，但我们相信这种从零售

商和旅行提供商（如航空公司、旅馆） 有效起步的趋势会越来越强劲。例如强生建立了一个婴儿中心，这是一种

杰出的媒介资产 ，可用于推销提升配套产品，包括那些有竞争力的产品。除了带来利润，除了由于其他商人的到

< br>.

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场可以使这个地 方显得客观可信，

以及给各个公司有机会了解有关其他公司需求的有价值的信息，

还能有利于拓

展所有公司都关心的用户交易。

这类戏剧性的技术革新给商人带来数量越来越多

（种类也越来越 多）

的通信机会的同时，

也同样会提高风险。

< br>因为热情的用户会更快、更形象、更有破坏力地表达自己的反对，这种被绑架的媒介，与上述的免费利用的 媒介

背道而驰（不是商人所希望出现的）

。此时，媒介就像人质 一样，成为敌人可用的财产或者发起的一次行动（敌

人有用户、其他竞争对手、对某商标 或产品向来没有好话的社会活动家）

。例如，社会网络中的成员正在意识到

他们可以绑架媒介，来对建立媒介的那些商人施加压力。

< br>如果这种事情发生了，热情的用户就会努力劝说其他人抵制产品，使得目标公司声名处于危险之中。此时，

公司的反应往往不会足够快，

也不会足够理性，

学习曲线将会变得很陡

（学习曲线是表示单位产品生产时间与所

生产的产品总数量之间的关系的一条曲线。一般情况下，产品总量越大，单个产品生产时间越短。也可以 表示工

人一定时间所犯错误数量与练习时间的关系，

一般练习时 间越长，

单位时间内错误越少。

这里的曲线陡时大约表

示相同产量规模下，

现在比原来单个产品所消耗的资源更多，

< p>
或者说相同练习程度下，

一定时间错误更多。

总之 ，

是比原来更糟糕了）

。例如丰田汽车，今年早些时候通过相对 来说较快和精心策划的行动从车辆召回危机中把损

尽量降下来，丰田的行动包括努力请用 户进土威特这样的地方，挖掘社会新闻的利用等等。

译文

4

毫 无疑问，作为有煸动性的杂志封面故事，詹尼弗西尼尔的深刻见解——“我爱我的孩子们，我讨厌我目前

的生活状况”——可以唤起人们的谈兴。可是，人们不会想到，养孩子可不是一件完全令人愉悦、 生活充实的事

情。西尼尔并没有简单地说，孩子使得父母既快乐又痛苦。她建议，我们需 要重新定义幸福：幸福不应该像过去

那样被定义为由一个个瞬间的快乐组合而成的东西；

我们应该把幸福视为一种过去的状态。

尽管抚养孩子的日子

漫长难熬，令人筋疲力尽，但是西尼尔认为，正是那些心绪沉重的时刻，日后却给我们带来由 衷的欣喜。

杂志封面上一位有魅力的母亲抱着一个可爱的婴儿 ，

这种圣母与圣子的图画这周在报摊上可不止西尼尔这一

起。< /p>

例如杂志上讲到最近刚收养孩子的母亲——有时是刚变成单身母亲的人——桑德拉布鲁克，

以及那种很常见

的“詹尼弗阿尼斯顿怀孕了”的新闻。实际上， 每周都有至少一位名流母亲、或者准母亲在杂志上笑迎读者。

在一个坚持不懈地倡导生育的社会中，

承认自己后悔生育孩子就相当于承认自己赞同谋杀 宠物猫，

这难道不

值得反思吗？把父母亲的后悔与孩子的后悔相 提并论

（可能指把作为孩子家长的那种辛苦产生的悔恨理解为根源

出在孩子身上，从而产生关于生下孩子的后悔）

，这显然并不合理。

< br>（因此）不情愿养孩子的父母很少会反思自己

是否应该养育孩子。

但是那不幸福的无孩子的人却为类似

“孩子是世上唯一最可珍惜的东西”

这样的信息所烦恼。

显然，他们的不幸必须通过生儿育女才能得以消除 。

当然，在美国周刊与人这样的杂志上所提供的“社会名流父 母亲”现象是不切实际的。特别是当“父母亲”

是布鲁克这样的单身母亲时更是如此。< /p>

多项研究表明，

有孩子的父母很少比没有孩子的夫妇更快乐，

而单亲家庭

中的家长烦愁尤甚。这并不奇怪，因为一个人养一个孩子 实在太麻烦了。然而，你看看桑德拉和布列尼说的话：

自己“一个人”养孩子，其实非常 简单。

（她们当然觉得简单了，因为她们是在周围人全天候的帮助下养着孩子

< p>
的。

）

当然，

要说很多人傻头傻脑地生育孩子，

只是因为里斯和安格丽娜这种名流使这 种行为看上去显得诱人，

这

也是不可能的——多数成年人其实理 解：

养孩子可不是像做个发型那么简单。

但是这确实是一件很有 趣的值得反

思的事情：我们每周看的“轻松快乐做父母”的杂志封面，并不是通过潜意识 的方式里让我们对（没有孩子的）

现实经历不满，

而是这些图片 在潜意识中让我们有那种想成为雷切尔的心理，

但实际上却使得我们看上去有点像

詹尼弗亚尼斯顿。

（大约指雷切尔养孩子显得潇洒，而詹尼弗生养孩子 显得狼狈。

）

2010

年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section I

Use of English

Directions:

In 1924 America's National Research Council sent two engineers to supervise a series of industrial

experiments

at

a

large

telephone-parts

factory

called

the

Hawthorne

Plant

near

Chicago.

It

hoped

they

would

learn

how

stop-floor

li ghting

大

1

家

< br>

workers'

productivity.

Instead,

the

studies

ended

大

2

家

.

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giving their name to the

大

3

家

to being

experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.

The idea arose because of the

大

4

家

behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. According to

大

5

家

of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was

dimmed.

It

did

not

大

6

家

what

was

done

in

the

experiment;

大

7

家

something

was

changed,

productivity rose. A(n)

大

8

家

that they were being experimented upon seemed to be

大

9

家

to alter

workers' behavior < /p>

大

10

家

its elf.

After

several

decades,

the

same

data

were

大

11

家

to

econometric

the

analysis.

Hawthorne

experiments has another surprise store

大

12

家

the descriptions on record, no systematic

大

13

家

was

found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.

It

turns

out

that

peculiar

way

of

conducting

the

experiments

may

be

have

let

to

大

14

家

interpretation of what happed.

大

15

家

, lighting was always changed on a Sunday. When work started

again on Monday, output

大

16

家

rose compared with the previous Saturday and 17

to rise for the

next

couple

of

days.

大

18

家

,

a

comparison

with

data

for

weeks

when

there

was

no

experimentation

showed that output always went up on Monday, workers

大

19

家

to be diligent for the first few days of

the week in any case, before

大

20

家

a plateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged

1.

[A] affected

[B] achieved

[C] extracted[D] restored

2.

[A] at

[B] up

[C] with [D] off

3.

[A] truth

[B] sight

[C] act

[D] proof

4.

[A] controversial [B] perplexing

[C] mischievous

[D] ambiguous

5.

[A] requirements [B] explanations [C] accounts [D] assessments

6.

[A] conclude[B] matter

[C] indicate

[D] work

7.

[A] as far as [B] for fear that

[C] in case that

[D] so long as

8.

[A] awareness

10. [A] about

[B] expectation

[C] sentiment

[D] illusion

9.

[A] suitable

[B] excessive

11. [A] compared

.

[C] enough

[D] abundant

[D] conveyed

[B] for

[C] on

[D] by

[B] shown

[C] subjected

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12. [A] contrary to

[B] consistent with

[C] parallel with

[D] peculiar to

13. [A] evidence

[

B] guidance

[

C] implication

[D] source

14. [A] disputable

[B] enlightening

[C] reliable

[D] misleading

[D] suddenly

15. [A] In contrast

[B] For example

[C] In consequence

[D] As usual

16. [A] duly

[

B] accidentally

[C] unpredictably

17. [A] failed

[B] ceased

[C] started

[D] continued

20. [A] breaking

[B] climbing

[C] surpassing

[D] hitting

Section II

R

eading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D].

Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text 1

Of

all

the

changes

that

have

taken

place

in

English-language

newspapers

during

the

past

quarter-century,

perhaps

the

most

far- reaching

has

been

the

inexorable

decline

in

the

scope

and

seriousness of their arts coverage.

It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a

time

when

high- quality

arts

criticism

could

be

found

in

most

big-city

newspapers.

Yet

a

considerable

number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in

large

part of newspaper reviews. To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents

were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.

We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between

the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War II, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and

stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far- off

days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the

events

they

covered.

Theirs

was

a

serious

business,

and

even

those

reviewers

who

wore

their

learning

lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about.

These

men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few

authors

have

brains

enough

or

literary

gift

enough

to

keep

their

own

end

up

in

journalism,”

Newman

wrote, “that I am tempted to define ‘journalism’ as ‘a te

rm of contempt applied by writers who are not

read to writers who are.’”

Unfortunately,

these

critics

are

virtually

forgotten.

Neville

Cardus,

who

wrote

for

the

Manchester

Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on

the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England’s foremost classical

-music

critics, a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best- seller. He was knighted

in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast

body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.

Is

there

any

chance

that

Cardus’s

criticism

will

enjoy

a

revival?

The

prospect

seems

remote.

Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly

upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism

has been in headlong retreat.

21. It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 that

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[A] arts criticism has disappeared from big-city newspapers.

[B] English- language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.

[C] high-quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.

[D] young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.

22. Newspaper reviews in England before World War II were characterized by

[A] free themes.

[B] casual style.

[C] elaborate layout.

[D] radical viewpoints.

23. Which of the following would Shaw and Newman most probably agree on?

[A] It is writers' duty to fulfill journalistic goals.[B] It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.

[C] Writers are likely to be tempted into journalism.

[D] Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.

24. What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?

[A] His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.

[B] His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.

[C] His style caters largely to modern specialists.[D] His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.

25. What would be the best title for the text?

[A] Newspapers of the Good Old Days

[B] The Lost Horizon in Newspapers

[C] Mournful Decline of Journalism

[D] Prominent Critics in Memory

Text 2

Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what are called business methods.

received one for its

for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.

Now the nation's top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business-method patents,

which

have

been

controversial

ever

since

they

were

first

authorized

10

years

ago.

In

a

move

that

has

intellectual-property lawyers abuzz the U.S. court of Appeals for the federal circuit

said it would use a

particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents. In re Bilski, as the case is known ,

is

very

big

deal

says

Dennis

D.

Crouch

of

the

University

of

Missouri

School

of

law.

It

the

potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.

Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit

itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so- called state Street Bank case, approving

a patent on a way of pooling mutual- fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business-method

patent

filings,

initially

by

emerging

internet

companies

trying

to

stake

out

exclusive

rights

to

specific

types of online transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if

only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court

filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the

legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents

for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.

The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market. The

Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court's judges,

rather

than

a

typical

panel

of

three,

and

that

one

issue

it

wants

to

evaluate

is

whether

it

should

The Federal Circuit's action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Court

.

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that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for example the justices signaled

that

too

many

patents

were

being

upheld

for

that

are

obvious.

The

judges

on

the

Federal

circuit

are

to

the

anti-patent

trend

at

the

Supreme

Court

says

Harold

C.

Wegner,

a

patent

attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.

26. Business-method patents have recently aroused concern because of

[A] their limited value to business

[B] their connection with asset allocation

[C] the possible restriction on their granting

[D] the controversy over authorization

27. Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?

[A] Its ruling complies with the court decisions

[B] It involves a very big business transaction

[C] It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit

[D] It may change the legal practices in the U.S.

28. The word

[A] loss of good will

[B] increase of hostility

[C] change of attitude

[D] enhancement of dignity

29. We learn from the last two paragraphs that business-method patents

[A] are immune to legal challenges

[B] are often unnecessarily issued

[C] lower the esteem for patent holders

[D] increase the incidence of risks

30. Which of the following would be the subject of the text?

[A] A looming threat to business-method patents[B] Protection for business-method patent holders

[C] A legal case regarding business-method patents

[D] A prevailing trend against business-method patents

Text 3

In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Gladwell argues that social epidemics are driven in large

part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually

informed,

persuasive,

or

well-connected.

The

idea

is

intuitively

compelling,

but

it

doesn't

explain

how

ideas actually spread.

The

supposed

importance

of

influentials

derives

from

a

plausible

sounding

but

largely

untested

theory called the

and from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if

they can just find and influence the influentials, those selected people will do most of the work for them.

The

theory

also

seems

to

explain

the

sudden

and

unexpected

popularity

of

certain

looks,

brands,

or

neighborhoods. In many such cases,

a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people

was

wearing,

promoting,

or

developing

whatever

it

is

before

anyone

else

paid

attention.

Anecdotal

evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends

In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have

far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they don't seem to be required of

all.

The researchers' argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception

of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey

—

whose

outsize presence is

primarily a function of media, not

interpersonal, influence

—

even the most influential

members of a population simply don't

interact

with

that many others. Yet it is precisely these non-celebrity influentials who, according to the two-step-flow

theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a

.

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social

epidemic

to

occur,

however,

each

person

so

affected,

must

then

influence

his

or

her

own

acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to

each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees

removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example from the initial influential prove resistant,

for example the cascade of change won't propagate very far or affect many people.

Building

on

the

basic

truth

about

interpersonal

influence,

the

researchers

studied

the

dynamics

of

populations

manipulating

a

number

of

variables

relating

of

populations,

manipulating

a

number

of

variables

relating

to

people's

ability

to

influence

others

and

their

tendency

to

be

influenced.

Our

work

shows that the principal requirement for what we call

–

the widespread propagation of

influence through networks

–

is

the presence not of a few influentials

but,

rather, of a critical

mass

of

easily

influenced

people,

each

of

whom

adopts,

say,

a

look

or

a

brand

after

being

exposed

to

a

single

adopting

neighbor.

Regardless

of

how

influential

an

individual

is

locally,

he

or

she

can

exert

global

influence only if this critical mass is available to propagate a chain reaction.

31. By citing the book The Tipping Point, the author intends to

[A] analyze the consequences of social epidemics[B] discuss influentials' function in spreading ideas

[C] exemplify people's intuitive response to social epidemics

[D] describe the essential characteristics of influentials.

32. The author suggests that the

[A] serves as a solution to marketing problems[B] has helped explain certain prevalent trends

[C] has won support from influentials[D] requires solid evidence for its validity

33. What the researchers have observed recently shows that

[A] the power of influence goes with social interactions

[B] interpersonal links can be enhanced through the media

[C] influentials have more channels to reach the public

[D] most celebrities enjoy wide media attention

34. The underlined phrase

[A] stay outside the network of social influence[B] have little contact with the source of influence

[C] are influenced and then influence others

[D] are influenced by the initial influential

35. what is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?

[A] The eagerness to be accepted

[B] The impulse to influence others

[C] The readiness to be influenced

[D] The inclination to rely on others

Text 4

Bankers

have

been

blaming

themselves

for

their

troubles

in

public.

Behind

the

scenes,

they

have

been

taking

aim

at

someone

else:

the

accounting

standard-setters.

Their

rules,

moan

the

banks,

have

forced them to report enormous losses, and it's just not fair. These rules say they must value some assets

at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.

Unfortunately, banks' lobbying now seems to be working. The details may be unknowable, but the

independence

of

standard-setters,

essential

to

the

proper

functioning

of

capital

markets,

is

being

compromised.

And,

unless

banks

carry

toxic

assets

at

prices

that

attract

buyers,

reviving

the

banking

system will be difficult.

.

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After a bruising encounter with Congress, America's Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB)

rushed through rule changes. These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and

more

flexibility

in

recognizing

losses

on

long- term

assets

in

their

income

statement.

Bob

Herz,

the

FASB's

chairman,

cried

out

against

those

who

our

motives.

Yet

bank

shares

rose

and

the

changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls

European ministers instantly demanded that the

International

Accounting Standards Board (IASB)

do likewise. The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when

it

completes

it

reconstruction

of

rules

later

this

year

is

strong.

Charlie

McCreevy,

a

European

commissioner, warned the IASB that it did

Europe could yet develop different rules.

It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets. Today they

argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets,

not the likely extent of bad debts. The truth will not be known for years. But bank's shares trade below

their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical. And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of

banks which will not

sell assets

for fear of booking losses,

yet

are

reluctant

to

buy

all those supposed

bargains.

To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with. America's new plan to

buy

up

toxic

assets

will

not

work

unless

banks

mark

assets

to

levels

which

buyers

find

attractive.

Successful markets require independent and even combative standard-setters. The FASB and IASB have

been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options

and pensions, for example, against hostility from

special interests. But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.

36. Bankers complained that they were forced to

[A] follow unfavorable asset evaluation rules

[B] collect payments from third parties

[C] cooperate with the price managers

[D] reevaluate some of their assets.

37. According to the author , the rule changes of the FASB may result in

[A] the diminishing role of management

[B] the revival of the banking system

[C] the banks' long-term asset losses

[D] the weakening of its independence

38. According to Paragraph 4, McCreevy objects to the IASB's attempt to

[A] keep away from political influences.

[B] evade the pressure from their peers.

[C] act on their own in rule- setting.

[D] take gradual measures in reform.

39. The author thinks the banks were

[A] misinterpreted market price indicators

[B] exaggerated the real value of their assets

[C] neglected the likely existence of bad debts.

[D] denied booking losses in their sale of assets.

40. The author's attitude towards standard-setters is one of

[A] satisfaction.

[B] skepticism.

[C] objectiveness

[D] sympathy

Part B

Directions:

For Questions 41-45, choose the most suitable paragraphs from the list A-G and fill them into the

numbered boxes to form a coherent text. Paragraph E has been correctly placed. There is one paragraph

which does not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)

[A]

The

first

and

more

important

is

the

consumer's

growing

preference

for

eating

out;

the

.

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consumption

of

food

and

drink

in

places

other

than

homes

has

risen

from

about

32

percent

of

total

consumption

in

1995

to

35

percent

in

2000

and

is

expected

to

approach

38

percent

by

2005.

This

development is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a year across

Europe, compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile, as the recession is looming

large, people are getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse and consider eating at

home a realistic alternative.

[B] Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill, leaving European

grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow. Most leading retailers have already tried e-commerce,

with limited success, and expansion abroad. But almost all have ignored the big, profitable opportunity in

their

own

backyard:

the

wholesale

food

and

drink

trade,

which

appears

to

be

just

the

kind

of

market

retailers need.

[C] Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food and drink market?

Definitely not. The functioning of the market is based on flexible trends dominated by potential buyers. In

other words, it is up to the buyer, rather than the seller, to decide what to buy .At any rate, this change will

ultimately

be

acclaimed

by

an

ever-growing

number

of

both

domestic

and

international

consumers,

regardless of how long the current consumer pattern will take hold.

[D] All in all, this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers could profitably apply their

scale,

existing

infrastructure

and

proven

skills

in

the

management

of

product

ranges,

logistics,

and

marketing intelligence. Retailers that master the intricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to

rake

in

substantial

profits

thereby.

At

least,

that

is

how

it

looks

as

a

whole.

Closer

inspection

reveals

important

differences

among

the

biggest

national

markets,

especially

in

their

customer

segments

and

wholesale structures, as

well as

the

competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories. Big

retailers must understand these differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling

in

which

their

particular

abilities

might

unseat

smaller

but

entrenched

competitors.

New

skills

and

unfamiliar business models are needed too.

[E]

Despite

variations

in

detail,

wholesale

markets

in

the

countries

that

have

been

closely

examined

—

France,

Germany,

Italy,

and

Spain

—

are

made

out

of

the

same

building

blocks.

Demand

comes

mainly

from

two

sources:

independent

mom-and-pop

grocery

stores

which,

unlike

large

retail

chains, are two small to buy straight from producers, and food service operators that cater to consumers

when they don't eat at home. Such food service operators range from snack machines to large institutional

catering ventures, but most of these businesses are known in the trade as

cafes. Overall, Europe's wholesale market for food and drink is growing at the same sluggish pace as the

retail market, but the figures, when added together, mask two opposing trends.

[F]

For

example,

wholesale

food

and

drink

sales

come

to

$$268

billion

in

France,

Germany,

Italy,

Spain, and the United Kingdom in 2000

—

more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover, average overall

margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the food service sector is growing

quickly

as

more

Europeans

eat

out

more

often;

and

changes

in

the

competitive

dynamics

of

this

fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers to consolidate.

[G]

However,

none

of

these

requirements

should

deter

large

retailers

(and

even

some

large

good

producers

and

existing

wholesalers)

from

trying

their

hand,

for

those

that

master

the

intricacies

of

wholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.

41

→

42

→

43

→

44

→

E

→

45

Part C

Directions:

.

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Read

the

following

text

carefully

and

then

translate

the

underlined

segments

into

Chinese.

Your

translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

One

basic

weakness

in

a

conservation

system

based

wholly

on

economic

motives

is

that

most

members of the land community have no economic value. Yet these creatures are members of the biotic

community and, if its stability depends on its integrity, they are entitled to continuance.

When

one

of

these

noneconomic

categories

is

threatened

and,

if

we

happen

to

love

it .We

invert

excuses

to

give

it

economic

importance.

At

the

beginning

of

century

songbirds

were

supposed

to

be

disappearing. (46) Scientists jumped to the rescue with some distinctly shaky evidence to the effect that

insects would eat us up if birds failed to control them. the evidence had to be economic in

order to be

valid.

It is painful to read these round about accounts today. We have no land ethic yet, (47) but we have at

least drawn near the point of admitting that birds should continue as a matter of intrinsic right, regardless

of the presence or absence of economic advantage to us.

A

parallel

situation

exists

in

respect

of

predatory

mammals

and

fish-eating

birds.

(48)

Time

was

when biologists somewhat over worded the evidence that these creatures preserve the health of game by

killing the physically weak, or that they prey only on

Some species of tree have been read out of the party by economics-minded foresters because they

grow too slowly, or have too low a sale vale to

pay as timber crops. (49) In Europe, where forestry is

ecologically more advanced, the non- commercial tree species are recognized as members of native forest

community, to be preserved as such, within reason.

To sum up: a system of conservation based solely on economic self-interest is hopelessly lopsided.

(50) It tends to ignore, and thus eventually to eliminate, many elements in the land community that lack

commercial

value,

but

that

are

essential

to

its

healthy

functioning.

It

assumes,

falsely,

I

think,

that

the

economic parts of the biotic clock will function without the uneconomic parts.

Section

Ⅲ

Writing

Part A

51. Directions:

You

are

supposed

to

write

for

the

postgraduate

association

a

notice

to

recruit

volunteers

for

an

international conference on globalization, you should conclude the basic qualification of applicant and the

other information you think relative.

You

should

write

about

100

words.

Do

not

sign

your

own

name

at

the

end

of

the

letter.

Use

Part B

52. Directions:

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should

1) describe the drawing briefly,

2) explain its intended meaning, and then

3) give your comments.

You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

2010

年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语 试题答案

Section I: Use of English (10 points)

.

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1.

A

6.

B

11. C

16. A

2.

B

7.

D

12. A

17. D

3.

C

8.

A

13. A

18. C

4.

B

9.

C

14. D

19. B

5.

C

10. D

15. B

20. D

Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)

Part A (40 points)

21. B

26. D

31. B

36. A

22. C

27. D

32. D

37. D

23. D

28. C

33. A

38. C

24. A

29. B

34. C

39. B

25. A

30. A

35. C

40. A

Part B (10 points)

41. B

42. F

43. D

44. G

45. A

Part C (10 points)

46.

科 学家们提出一些明显站不住脚的证据迅速来拯救，其大意是：如果鸟类无法控制害虫，

那 么这些害虫就会吃光我们人类。

47.

但我们至少几乎也承认这样一点：不管鸟类是否给我们带来经济上的好处，但鸟类作为生

物其固有的权利应该继续存在。

48.

曾几何时，生物学家们有点过度使用这个证据，即这些物种通过杀死体质弱者来保持猎物

的正常繁衍或

者这些生物捕杀的仅仅是毫无价值的物种。

49.

在欧洲，林业在生态方面更加发达，无商业价值的树种 被看作是原生森林群落的一部分，

而得到合理的保护。

50.

这一系统易于忽视，因而最终会消除掉这个土地共同体里的许多要素

(

< br>成员

)

，虽然这些要

素

(

成员

)

缺乏商业价值 ，但这些要素

(

成员

)

对这个共同体的健康运行来说是必要的。

Section III: Writing (30 points)

Part A (10 points)

51.

参考范文

V

olunteers Wanted/Needed

An international conference on globalization will be held in the coming winter vacation. This

conference will be organized by the Postgraduates

’

Association

。

At present we will recruit 10 volunteers to work as assistants for this conference. The applicants

are required to speak English fluently. Those who can speak another foreign language such as French or

Japanese are preferable.

In addition

to

the language skills,

those volunteers are expected to

be patient,

helpful, open-minded with a loving heart. The volunteers will be provided free three meals a day as well

as transportation from and back to the conference site

。

Those

who

are

interested

in

working

as

volunteers,

please

send

your

resume

and

application

letter to the e-mail address postgradua teassociation@

Postgraduates

’

Association will contact those chosen candidates for an interview before Febulary, 1th

。

We are sincerely waiting for you to join us!

.

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Postgraduates

’

Association

Part B (20 points)

52.

参考范文

As is vividly depicted in the drawing, in the middle of the cartoon stands a hot pot, containing

many Chinese cultural symbols, such as Beijing operas, Daoism, and some foreigh cultural symbols, etc.

How impressive the drawing is in describing the common phenomenon that Chinese culture is becoming

increasingly integrated into the world. The drawer

’

s intention seems to be highly self-evident and the

meaning causes us to be thought- provoking

。

It holds to be apparent that the cartoon is indicative of a pervasive phenomenon with regard to

culture. When it comes to(

一谈到

) culture

，

its

great impacts and benefits can

’

t be too estimated. As

China opens to the outside world, our traditional culture is embracing the foreign culture, thus making our

Chinese culture more diversified, colorful and internationalized just like a melting pot. What the picture

conveys goes far beyond this. The fact

that people from

different

countries

are attracted to

each other,

indicating

that

to

some

extent

different

cultures

can

be

accepted

，

respected

，

< br>appreciated

and

shared

internationally.

Or

put

it

in

another

way,

Chinese

unique

culture

can

become

international

through

worldwide

cultural

exchanges.

Since

the

trend

of

globalization

become

irresistible,

cultural

integration

can effectively improve mutual understanding and friendship among different countries.

In

my

personal

sense,

Chinese

national

culture

as

priceless

spiritual

treasure

should

be

preserved and cherished. Meanwhile

，

there are good reasons to embrace foreign cultures on the ground

that those ideas from other cultures can provide different perspectives for us to observe the world in the

long

run.

However

，

confronted

with

a

different

culture

，

we

should

be

sensible

enough

to

absorb

its

essence and to resist its dark side. Only in this way can we promote cultural integration positively, thus

making our motherland dimensional, colorful and vigorous. (298 words)

2009

年全国硕士研究生入学统一 考试

英语试题

Section I

Use of English

Directions:

Research

on

animal

intelligence

always

makes

me

wonder

just

how

smart

humans

are.

1

the

fruit-

fly experiments described in Carl Zimmer’s piece in the Science Times on Tuesday. Fruit flies who

were taught to be smarter than the average fruit fly

2

to live shorter lives. This suggests that

3

bulbs

burn longer, that there is an

4

in not being too terrifically bright.

Intelligence, it

5

out, is a high-priced option. It takes more upkeep, burns more fuel and is slow

6

the starting line because it depends on learning

—

a gradual

7

—

instead of instinct. Plenty of other

species are able to learn, and one of the things they’ve apparently learned is when to

8

.

Is there an adaptive value to

9

intelligence? That’s the question behind this new research. I lik

e it.

Instead of casting a wistful glance

10

at all the species we’ve left in the dust I.Q.

-wise, it implicitly

asks what the real

11

of our own intelligence might be. This is

12

the mind of every animal I’ve

ever met.

Research

on

animal

intelligence

also

makes

me

wonder

what

experiments

animals

would

13

on

humans if they had the chance. Every cat with an owner,

14

, is running a small-scale study in operant

conditioning.

we

believe

that

15

animals

ran

the

labs,

they

would

test

us

to

16

the

limits

of

our

patience, our faithfulness, our memory for terrain. They would try to decide what intelligence in humans

is really

17

, not merely how much of it there is.

18

, they would hope to study a

19

question:

Are humans actually aware of the world they live in?

20

the results are inconclusive.

.

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1. [A] Suppose

2. [A] tended

[B] Consider

[C] Observe

[B] feared

[D] Imagine

[C] happened

[D] threatened

3. [A] thinner

[B] stabler

[C] lighter

[D] dimmer

[D] puts forward

4. [A] tendency

[B] advantage

[C] inclination

[D] priority

5. [A] insists on

[B] sums up

[C] turns out

6. [A] off

[B] behind

[C] over

[B] doubt

[D] along

[D] think

7. [A] incredible

[B] spontaneous [C]inevitable

[D] gradual

8. [A] fight

9. [A] invisible

10.[A] upward

12. [A] outside

13. [A] deliver

15. [A] if

[C] stop

[B] limited

[C] indefinite

[D] different

[B] forward

[C] afterward

[D] backward

[B] influences

[B] on

[C] results

[D] costs

[C] by

[D] across

[D] for instance

11. [A] features

[B] carry

[C] perform

[D] apply

[C] as usual

[C] as

[D] lest

[D] with

[D] Otherwise

[D] Better still

14. [A] by chance

16. [A] moderate

17. [A] at

18. [A] Above all

20. [A] By accident

Part A

Directions:

[B] in contrast

[B] overcome

[B] unless

[B] for

[C] determine

[D] reach

[C] after

[B] After all

[C] However

[B] In time

[C] So far

19. [A] fundamental

[B] comprehensive

[C] equivalent

[D] hostile

Section II

Reading Comprehension

Read

the

following

four

texts.

Answer

the

questions

below

each

text

by

choosing

A,

B,

C

or

D.

Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)

Text1

Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing

into

the

unconscious

comfort

of

familiar

routine.

“Not

choice,

but

habit

rules

the

unreflecting

herd,”

William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-

changing 21st century, even the word “habit”

carries a negative connotation.

So

it

seems

antithetical

to

talk

about

habits

in

the

same

context

as

creativity

and

innovation.

But

brain

researchers

have

discovered

that

when

we

consciously

develop

new

habits,

we

create

parallel

synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative

tracks.

But

don’t

bother

trying

to

kill

off

old

habits;

once

those

ruts

of

procedure

are

worn

into

the

hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create

parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.

“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,” says Dawna Markova,

author of

“The Open Mind” and an executive change consultant for Professional Thinking Partners. “But

we are

.

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taught instead to ‘decide,’ just as our president calls himself ‘the Decider.’

” She adds, however, that “to

decide is to kill off all possibilities but one. A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many

other possibilities.”

All of us work through problems in ways of which we’re unaware, she says. Researchers in the late

1960

covered

that

humans

are

born

with

the

capacity

to

approach

challenges

in

four

primary

ways:

analytically,

procedurally,

relationally

(or

collaboratively)

and

innovatively.

At

puberty,

however,

the

brain

shuts down half of that capacity, preserving only those modes of thought

that have seemed most

valuable during the first decade or so of life.

The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of

us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought. “This breaks the major rule in the

American belief system

—

that anyone can do anything,” explains M. J. Ryan, author of the 2006 book

“This Year I Will...” and Ms. Markova’s business partner. “That’s a lie that we have perpetuated, and it

fosters commonness. Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.”

This is

where developing new habits comes in.

21. The view of Wordsworth habit is claimed by being

A. casual

B. familiar

C. mechanical

D. changeable.

22. The researchers have discovered that the formation of habit can be

A. predicted

B. regulated

C. traced

D. guided

23.

“

< p>
ruts

”

(in line one, paragraph 3) has closest meaning to

A. tracks

B. series

C. characteristics

D. connections

24.

Ms. Markova’s

comments suggest that the practice of standard testing

?

A, prevents new habits form being formed

B, no longer emphasizes commonness

C, maintains the inherent American thinking model

D, complies with the American belief system

25. Ryan most probably agree that

A. ideas are born of a relaxing mind

B. innovativeness could be taught

C. decisiveness derives from fantastic ideas

D. curiosity activates creative minds

Text 2

It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom

–

or at least confirm that he

’

s the kid

’

s dad. All he needs to do is shell our $$30 for paternity testing kit

(PTK) at his local drugstore

–

and another $$120 to get the results.

More

than

60,000

people

have

purchased

the

PTKs

since

they

first

become

available

without

prescriptions last

years, according to Doug Fog, chief operating

officer of Identigene, which makes the

over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests Directly to the public , ranging in

price from a few hundred dollars to more than $$2500.

Among the most popular : paternity and kinship testing , which adopted children can use to find their

biological relatives and latest rage a many passionate genealogists-and supports businesses that offer to

search for a family

’

s geographic roots .

Most tests require collecting cells by webbing saliva in the mouth and sending it to the company for

testing.

All tests require a potential candidate with whom to compare DNA.

But

some observers

are

skeptical,

“

There is

a kind

of false precision being hawked by people

claiming they are doing ancestry testing,

”

says Trey Duster, a New York University sociologist. He notes

.

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that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back. Yet most

ancestry

testing

only

considers

a

single

lineage,

either

the

Y

chromosome

inherited

through

men

in

a

father

’

s

line

or

mitochondrial

DNA,

which

a

passed

down

only

from

mothers.

This

DNA

can

reveal

genetic

information

about

only

one

or

two

ancestors,

even

though,

for

example,

just

three

generations

back

people

also

have

six

other

great-grandparents

or,

four

generations

back,

14

other

great-great-grandparents.

Critics also argue that commercial genetic testing is only as good as the reference collections to

which

a

sample

is

compared.

Databases

used

by

some

companies

don

’

t

rely

on

data

collected

systematically but

rather lump together information from

different

research

projects.

This means that a

DNA database may differ depending on the company that processes the results. In addition, the computer

programs

a

company

uses

to

estimate

relationships

may

be

patented

and

not

subject

to

peer

review

or

outside evaluation.

paragraphs 1 and 2 , the text shows PTK

’

s ___________.

[A]easy availability [B]flexibility in pricing [C] successful promotion[D] popularity with households

27. PTK is used to __________.

[A] locate one

’

s birth place

[B] promote genetic research

[C] identify parent- child kinship

[D] choose children for adoption

28. Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to__________.

[A]trace distant ancestors

[B]rebuild reliable bloodlines

[D]achieve the claimed accuracy

[C]fully use genetic information

29. In the last paragraph ,a problem commercial genetic testing faces is __________.

[A]disorganized data collection

[B]overlapping database building

30. An appropriate title for the text is most likely to be__________.

[A] Fors and Againsts of DNA testing

[C] DNA testing outside the lab

Text 3

The

relationship

between

formal

education

and

economic

growth

in

poor

countries

is

widely

misunderstood by economists and politicians alike progress in both area is undoubtedly necessary for the

social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional

view

that

education

should

be

one

of

the

very

highest

priorities

for

promoting

rapid

economic

development

in

poor

countries

is

wrong.

We

are

fortunate

that

is

it,

because

new

educational

systems

there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or

three

generations.

The

findings

of

a

research

institution

have

consistently

shown

that

workers

in

all

countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher

standards of living.

Ironically, the first

evidence

for this

idea appeared in

the

United States.

Not

long ago, with

the

country entering a recessing and Japan at its pre-bubble peak. The U.S. workforce was derided as poorly

educated and one of primary cause of the poor U.S. economic performance. Japan was, and remains, the

global

leader

in

automotive-assembly

productivity.

Yet

the

research

revealed

that

the

U.S.

factories

of

Honda Nissan, and Toyota achieved about 95 percent of the productivity of their Japanese countere pants

a result of the training that U.S. workers received on the job.

More

recently,

while

examing

housing

construction,

the

researchers

discovered

that

illiterate,

.

[B] DNA testing and It

’

s problems

[D] lies behind DNA testing

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non-English-

speaking

Mexican

workers

in

Houston,

Texas,

consistently

met

best-practice

labor

productivity standards despite the complexity of the building

industry’

s work.

What is the real relationship between education and economic development? We have to suspect that

continuing economic growth promotes the development of education even when governments don’t force

it. After all, that’s how education got started.

When our ancestors were hunters and gatherers 10,000 years

ago

, they didn’t

have time to

wonder much about

anything besides

finding food. Only when humanity

began to get its food in a more productive way was there time for other things.

As education improved, humanity’s productivity potential, they could in turn affo

rd more education.

This increasingly high level of education is probably a necessary, but not a sufficient, condition for the

complex political systems required by advanced economic performance. Thus poor countries might not be

able to escape their poverty traps without political changes that may be possible only with broader formal

education. A lack of formal education, however, doesn’t constrain the ability of the developing world’s

workforce to

substantially

improve productivity

for the forested future.

On the contrary,

constraints

on

improving productivity explain why education isn’t developing more quickly there than it

is.

31. The author holds in paragraph 1 that the important of education in poor countries

___________.

[A] is subject groundless doubts

[B] has fallen victim of bias

[C] is conventional downgraded

[D] has been overestimated

32. It is stated in paragraph 1 that construction of a new education system

__________.

[A]challenges economists and politicians

[B]takes efforts of generations

[C] demands priority from the government

[D] requires sufficient labor force

33.A major difference between the Japanese and U.S workforces is that __________.

[A] the Japanese workforce is better disciplined

[C]the U.S workforce has a better education

[B] the Japanese workforce is more productive

[D] ]the U.S workforce is more organize

34. The author quotes the example of our ancestors to show that education emerged __________.

[A] when people had enough time

[B] prior to better ways of finding food

[C] when people on longer went hung

[D] as a result of pressure on government

35. According to the last paragraph , development of education __________.

[A] results directly from competitive environments [B] does not depend on economic performance

[C] follows improved productivity

Text 4

The most thoroughly studied in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of

seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere

else in colonial America was

“

So much important attached to intellectual pursuits

”

According to many

books

and

articles,

New

England

’

s

leaders

established

the

basic

themes

and

preoccupations

of

an

unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.

To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritan

s’

theological

innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church-important subjects that we may not neglect. But

in

keeping with

our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans

as

carriers of European culture adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the

scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.

The

early

settlers

of

Massachusetts

Bay

included

men

of

impressive

education

and

influence

in

.

[D] cannot afford political changes

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England.

`Besides the ninety or so

learned ministers who came to

Massachusetts

church in

the decade

after 1629,There were political leaders like John Winthrop, an educated gentleman, lawyer, and official of

the

Crown

before

he

journeyed

to

Boston.

There

men

wrote

and

published

extensively,

reaching

both

New World and Old World audiences, and giving New England an atmosphere of intellectual earnestness.

We should not forget , however, that most New Englanders were less well educated. While few crafts

men

or

farmers,

let

alone

dependents

and

servants,

left

literary

compositions

to

be

analyzed,

The

in

thinking often had a traditional superstitions quality. A tailor named John Dane, who emigrated in the late

1630s,

left

an

account

of

his

reasons

for

leaving

England

that

is

filled

with

signs.

sexual

confusion,

economic frustrations , and religious hope-all name together in a decisive moment when he opened the

Bible, told his father the first line he saw would settle his fate, and read the magical words:

“

come out

from among them, touch no unclean thing , and I will be your God and you shall be my people.

”

One

wonders what Dane thought of the careful sermons explaining the Bible that he heard in puritan churched.

Mean

while

,

many

settles

had

slighter

religious

commitments

than

Dane

’

s,

as

one

clergyman

learned in

confronting folk

along the coast

who mocked that

they had not

come to

the New world

for

religion .

“

Our main end was to catch fish.

”

36. The author notes that in the seventeenth-century New England___________.

[A] Puritan tradition dominated political life. [B] intellectual interests were encouraged.

[C] Politics benefited much from intellectual endeavors.

[D] intellectual pursuits enjoyed a liberal environment.

37. It is suggested in paragraph 2 that New Englanders__________.

[A] experienced a comparatively peaceful early history.

[B] brought with them the culture of the Old World

[C] paid little attention to southern intellectual life[D] were obsessed with religious innovations

38. The early ministers and political leaders in Massachusetts Bay__________.

[A] were famous in the New World for their writings

[B] gained increasing importance in religious affairs

[C] abandoned high positions before coming to the New World

[D] created a new intellectual atmosphere in New England

39. The story of John Dane shows that less well-educated New Englanders were often __________.

[A] influenced by superstitions

[B] troubled with religious beliefs

[C] puzzled by church sermons

[D] frustrated with family earnings

40. The text suggests that early settlers in New England__________.

[A] were mostly engaged in political activities[B] were motivated by an illusory prospect

[C] came from different backgrounds.

[D] left few formal records for later reference

Part B

Directions:

Directions: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions (41-45), choose

the most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices,

which do not fit in any of the gaps.

Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Coinciding

with

the

groundbreaking

theory

of

biological

evolution

proposed

by

British

naturalist

.

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Charles Darwin in the 1860s, British social philosopher Herbert Spencer put forward his own theory of

biological and cultural evolution. Spencer argued that all worldly phenomena, including human societies,

changed over time, advancing toward perfection. 41.____________.

American social scientist Lewis Henry Morgan introduced another theory of cultural evolution in the

late 1800s. Morgan, along with Tylor, was one of the founders of modern anthropology. In his work, he

attempted

to

show

how

all

aspects

of

culture

changed

together

in

the

evolution

of

societies.42._____________.

In the early 1900s in North America, German-born American anthropologist Franz Boas developed a

new theory of culture known as

historical particularism.

Historical particularism, which emphasized the

uniqueness of all cultures, gave new direction to anthropology. 43._____________ .

Boas felt that the culture of any society must be understood as the result of a unique history and not

as

one

of

many

cultures

belonging

to

a

broader

evolutionary

stage

or

type

of

culture.

44._______________.

Historical

particularism

became

a

dominant

approach

to

the

study

of

culture

in

American

anthropology, largely through the influence of many students of Boas. But a number of anthropologists in

the early 1900s also rejected the particularist theory of culture in favor of diffusionism. Some attributed

virtually every important cultural achievement to the inventions of a few, especially gifted peoples that,

according to diffusionists, then spread to other cultures. 45.________________.

Also

in

the

early

1900s,

French

sociologist

?

mile

Durkheim

developed

a

theory

of

culture

that

would greatly influence anthropology. Durkheim proposed that religious beliefs functioned to reinforce

social solidarity. An interest in the relationship between the function of society and culture

—

known as

functionalism

—

became a major theme in European, and especially British, anthropology.

[A] Other anthropologists believed that cultural innovations, such as inventions, had a single origin

and passed from society to society. This theory was known as

diffusionism.

[B] In order to study particular cultures as completely as possible, Boas became skilled in linguistics,

the study of languages, and in physical anthropology, the study of human biology and anatomy.

[C] He argued that human evolution was characterized by a struggle he called the “survival of the

fittest,”

in

which

weaker

races

and

societies

must

eventually

be

replaced

by

stronger,

mor

e

advanced

races and societies.

[D] They also focused on important rituals that appeared to preserve a people’s social structure, such

as initiation ceremonies that formally signify children’s entrance into adulthood.

[E] Thus, in his view, diverse aspects of culture, such as the structure of families, forms of marriage,

categories

of

kinship,

ownership

of

property,

forms

of

government,

technology,

and

systems

of

food

production, all changed as societies evolved.

[F]Supporters of the theory viewed as a collection of integrated parts that work together to keep a

society functioning.

[G] For example, British anthropologists Grafton Elliot Smith and W. J. Perry incorrectly suggested,

on

the

basis

of

inadequate

information,

that

farming,

pottery

making,

and

metallurgy

all

originated

in

ancient

Egypt

and

diffused

throughout

the

world.

In

fact,

all

of

these

cultural

developments

occurred

separately at different times in many parts of the world.

Part C

Directions:

.

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Read

the

following

text

carefully

and

then

translate

the

underlined

segments

into

Chinese.

Your

translation should be written carefully on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)

There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others,

and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and

important,

but

it is

not

the express

reason of the association.46

It

may be said that the measure

of the

worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a

part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of

overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure

family

perpetuity;

systematic

labor,

for

the

most

part,

because

of

enslavement

to

others,

etc.

47Only

gradually

was

the

by- product

of

the

institution

noted,

and

only

more

gradually

still

was

this

effect

considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart

from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of

human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with

physical output.

But

in

dealing with

the

young, the fact

of association itself as an immediate human fact,

gains

in

importance.48

While

it

is

easy

to

ignore

in

our

contact

with

them

the

effect

of

our

acts

upon

their

disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to

accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of

account. 49Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help

considering whether or no we are forming the powers which will secure this ability.

If humanity has made

some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we

may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.

50 We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far

considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social

groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed

dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.

Section

Ⅲ

Writing

Part A

51. Directions: Restrictions on the use of plastic bags have not been so successful in some regions.

“

White pollution

”

is still going on. Write a letter to the editor(s) of your local newspaper to

give your opinions briefly and

make two or three suggestions

You

should

write

about

100

words.

Do

not

sign

your

own

name

at

the

end

of

the

letter.

Use

Ming

Part B

52. Directions:

In your essay, you should

1) describe the drawing briefly,

2) explain its intended meaning, and then

3) give your comments.

You should write neatly on ANSHWER SHEET 2. (20 points)

51

：在某些地区塑料袋的禁止使用并不是很 成功，因此白色污染仍然继续

.

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给当地报纸的编辑写一封信，信内包括

1

给出自己简短的看法和观点

2

给出

2 -3

条建议

【范文】

Dear Editors,

I, as your faithful reader, am writing this letter to suggest that plastic bags should be restricted in our

daily life. However, to my surprise and sadness, I have found that disposable plastic bags are still widely

used

in

some

areas

just

because

people

are

unwilling

to

change

their

old

habits,

thus

causing

their

surroundings to be even worse.

To solve this serious problem, I would like to put forward a couple of practical suggestions. Above

all, our country should establish a strong agency to limit the production of those bags and monitor the use

of

them.

Furthermore,

some

other

choices

should

be

adovcated

to

replace

plastic

bags

with

paper

or

bamboo

ones.

Finally,

consumers

should

pay

for

the

use

of

plastic

bags

so

as

to

enhance

their

consciousness of environmental protection.

I really hope my suggestions would attract your due attention and receive an early reply.

Yours Sincerely,

Li Ming

52

< br>：用网络使我们看不见的东西能听见，远隔千山万水但能联系，意思就是网络的远与近

大作文是：网络的近与远

一

客观描述图

二

说明意思

三

给出观点

【范文】

As is vividly depicted in the drawing, in front of computers and in narrow spaces are sitting many

people, exchanging their views with each other by surfing the Internet. How impressive the drawing is in

describing the people’s addiction to the Internet. The drawer’s intention seems to be highly self

-evident

and the meaning causes us to be thought-provoking.

It holds apparent that the cartoon is indicative of a pervasive problem with regard to Internet. When

it comes to(

一谈到

) Internet

，

its great impacts and benefits can’t be too estimated. It is the Internet that

makes our big world become a global village. However, as a growing number of individuals are addicted

to (

沉溺于

) the Internet, they forget doing other important work and are gradually indulged in(

沉溺在

)

the virtual world, unwilling to go into the real society. As a consequence(

因此

), they close their doors and

never go out as soon as they return home from work, reluctant to have any face-to-face connection even

with

other

folks

except

on

line.

What’s

worse,

they

become

indif ferent

（漠不关心）

to

their

friends,

neighbours, as well as relatives.

This phenomenon is harmful to us and our community too. As the pressure in life and work increases,

we should learn to

use proper ways to

relieve it.

It’s time that we took some measures to

improve the

situation.

People

can

be

organized

to

hold

some

activities

together

to

develop

some

good

hobbies.

Consequently, we must make full use of Internet to do everything beneficial to make our daily life both

joyful and meaningful.

（

272 words

）

.

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2008

年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题

Section I

Directions:

The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of those hypotheses

that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is

大

1

家

to say it anyway. He is that

大

2

家

bird,

a

scientist

who

works

independently

大

3

家

any

institution.

He

helped

popularize

the

idea

that

some

diseases

not

大

4

家

thought

to

have

a

bacterial

cause

were

actually

infections,

which

aroused

much

controversy when it was first suggested.

大

5

家

he, however, might tremble at the

大

6

家

of what he is about to do. Together with another

two

scientists,

he

is

publishing

a

paper

which

not

only

大

7

家

that

one

group

of

humanity

is

more

intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought this about. The group in

大

8

家

are

a particular people originated from central Europe. The process is natural selection.

This

group

generally

do

well

in

IQ

test,

大

9

家

12-15

points

above

the

大

10

家

value

of

100,

and have contributed

大

11

家

to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the

大

12

家

of their

elites,

including

several

world-renowned

scientists,

大

13

家

.

They

also

suffer

more

often

than

most

people

from

a

number

of

nasty

genetic

diseases,

such

as

breast

cancer.

These

facts,

大

14

家

,

have

previously

been

thought

unrelated.

The

former

has

been

大

15

家

to

social

effects,

such

as

a

strong

tradition

of

大

16

家

education.

The

latter

was

seen

as

a

(an)

大

17

家

of

genetic

isolation.

Dr.

Cochran

suggests

that

the

intelligence

and

diseases

are

intimately

大

18

家

.

His

argument

is

that

the

unusual history of these people has

大

19

家

them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in

this

大

20

家

state of affairs.

1.

[A] selected

[B] prepared [C] obliged

[D] pleased

2.

[A] unique

[B] particular

3.

[A] of

[B] with

5.

[A] Only

.

Use of English

[C] special

[D] rare

[C] in

[D] against

4.

[A] subsequently[B] presently [C] previously

[D] lately

[B] So

[C] Even

[D] Hence

[C] cost

[D] risk

6.

[A] thought

[B] sight

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7.

[A] advises

[B] suggests

[

C] protests

[D] objects

8.

[A] progress [B] fact

[C] need

10. [A] normal

[B] common

11. [A] unconsciously

[C] indefinitely

[D] unaccountably

12. [A] missions

[B] fortunes

14. [A] moreover

16. [A] assessing

[C] interests

[D] careers

[C] observe

[D] approve

[D] put down

[D] valuing

13. [A] affirm

[B] witness

[D] question

[D] calculating

[D] total

9.

[A] attaining

[B] scoring

[C] reaching

[B] disproportionately

[C] mean

[B] therefore

[

C] however [D] meanwhile

[B] supervising

[C] administering

15. [A] given up [B] got over [C] carried on

17. [A] development [B] origin

18. [A] linked

[B] integrated

19. [A] limited

[B] subjected

[C] consequence [D] instrument

[C] woven

[D] combined

[C] converted

[D] directed

[D] continuous

20. [A] paradoxical

[B] incompatible [C] inevitable

Section II

Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark

your answers on

ANSWER SHEET 1

. (40 points)

Text 1

While still catching-up to men in some spheres of modern life, women appear to be way ahead in at

least one undesirable category.

“

Women are particularly susceptible to developing depression and anxiety

disorders

in

response

to

stress

compared

to

men,

”

according

to

Dr.

Yehuda,

chief

psychiatrist

at

New

York

’

s Veteran

’

s Administration Hospital.

Studies

of

both

animals

and

humans

have

shown

that

sex

hormones

somehow

affect

the

stress

response, causing females under stress to produce more of the trigger chemicals than do males under the

same

conditions.

In

several

of

the

studies,

when

stressed-out

female

rats

had

their

ovaries

(the

female

reproductive organs) removed, their chemical responses became equal to those of the males.

Adding to a woman

’

s increased dose of stress chemicals, are her increased

“

opportunities

”

for stress.

“

It

’

s not necessarily that women don

’

t cope as well. It

’

s just that they have so much more to cope with,

”

says Dr. Yehuda.

“

Their capacity for tolerating stress may even be greater than men

’

s,

”

she observes,

“

it

’

s

just that they

’

re dealing with so many more things that they become worn out from it more visibly and

sooner.

”

Dr. Yehuda notes another difference between the sexes.

“

I think that the kinds of things that women

are

exposed

to

tend

to

be

in

more

of

a

chronic

or

repeated

nature.

Men

go

to

war

and

are

exposed

to

combat

stress.

Men

are

exposed

to

more

acts

of

random

physical

violence.

The

kinds

of

interpersonal

violence that women are exposed to tend to be in domestic situations, by, unfortunately, parents or other

family members, and they tend not to be one-shot deals. The wear-and-tear that comes from these longer

relationships can be quite devastating.

”

.

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Adeline

Alvarez

married

at

18

and

gave

birth

to

a

son,

but

was

determined

to

finish

college.

“

I

struggled a lot to get the college degree. I was living in so much frustration that that was my escape, to go

to school, and get ahead and do better.

”

Later, her marriage ended and she became a single mother.

“

It

’

s

the hardest thing to take care of a teenager, have a job, pay the rent, pay the car payment, and pay the debt.

I lived from paycheck to paycheck.

”

Not everyone experiences the kinds of severe chronic stresses Alvarez describes. But most women

today are coping with a lot of obligations, with few breaks, and feeling the strain. Alvarez

’

s experience

demonstrates

the

importance

of

finding

ways

to

diffuse

stress

before

it

threatens

your

health

and

your

ability to function.

21. Which of the following is true according to the first two paragraphs?

[A] Women are biologically more vulnerable to stress.

[B] Women are still suffering much stress caused by men.

[C] Women are more experienced than men in coping with stress.

[D] Men and women show different inclinations when faced with stress.

22. Dr. Yehuda

’

s research suggests that women

[A] need extra doses of chemicals to handle stress.

[B] have limited capacity for tolerating stress.

[C] are more capable of avoiding stress.

[D] are exposed to more stress.

23. According to Paragraph 4, the stress women confront tends to be

[A] domestic and temporary.

[B] irregular and violent.

[C] durable and frequent.

[D] trivial and random.

24. The sentence

“

I lived from paycheck to paycheck.

”

(Line 6, Para. 5) shows that

[A] Alvarez cared about nothing but making money.

[B] Alvarez

’

s salary barely covered her household expenses.

[C] Alvarez got paychecks from different jobs.

[D] Alvarez paid practically everything by check.

25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?

[A] Strain of Stress: No Way Out?

[B] Responses to Stress: Gender Difference

[C] Stress Analysis: What Chemicals Say

[D] Gender Inequality: Women Under Stress

Text 2

It

used

to

be

so

straightforward.

A

team

of

researchers

working

together

in

the

laboratory

would

submit the results of their research to a journal. A journal editor would then remove the authors

’

names

and affiliations from the paper and send it to their peers for review. Depending on the comments received,

the editor would accept the paper for publication or decline it. Copyright rested with the journal publisher,

and researchers seeking knowledge of the results would have to subscribe to the journal.

No longer. The Internet

–

and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial

publishers are making money

from

government-funded research by restricting

access

to

it

–

is

making

access

to

scientific

results

a

reality.

The

Organization

for

Economic

Co-operation

and

Development

(OECD)

has

just

issued

a

report

describing

the

far-reaching

consequences

of

this.

The

report,

by

John

Houghton of Victoria University in Australia and Graham Vickery of the OECD, makes heavy reading for

.

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publishers who have, so far, made handsome profits. But it goes further than that. It signals a change in

what has, until now, been a key element of scientific endeavor.

The value of knowledge and the return on the public investment in research depends, in part, upon

wide distribution and ready access. It is big business. In America, the core scientific publishing market is

estimated at between $$7 billion and $$11 billion. The International Association of Scientific, Technical and

Medical

Publishers

says

that

there

are

more

than

2,000

publishers

worldwide

specializing

in

these

subjects. They publish more than 1.2 million articles each year in some 16,000 journals.

This

is

now

changing.

According

to

the

OECD

report,

some

75%

of

scholarly

journals

are

now

online.

Entirely

new

business

models

are

emerging;

three

main

ones

were

identified

by

the

report

’

s

authors. There is the so-called big deal, where institutional subscribers pay for access to a collection of

online

journal

titles

through

site-licensing

agreements.

There

is

open-access

publishing,

typically

supported by asking the author (or his employer) to pay for the paper to be published. Finally, there are

open-access

archives,

where

organizations

such

as

universities

or

international

laboratories

support

institutional repositories. Other models exist that are hybrids of these three, such as delayed open-access,

where

journals

allow

only

subscribers

to

read

a

paper

for

the

first

six

months,

before

making

it

freely

available to everyone who wishes to see it. All this could change the traditional form of the peer-review

process, at least for the publication of papers.

26. In the first paragraph, the author discusses

[A] the background information of journal editing.[B] the publication routine of laboratory reports.

[C] the relations of authors with journal publishers.[D] the traditional process of journal publication.

27. Which of the following is true of the OECD report?

[A] It criticizes government-funded research.[B] It introduces an effective means of publication.

[C] It upsets profit-making journal publishers.[D] It benefits scientific research considerably.

28. According to the text, online publication is significant in that

[A] it provides an easier access to scientific results.[B] it brings huge profits to scientific researchers.

[C] it emphasizes the crucial role of scientific knowledge.

[D] it facilitates public investment in scientific research.

29. With the open- access publishing model, the author of a paper is required to

[A] cover the cost of its publication.[B] subscribe to the journal publishing it.

[C] allow other online journals to use it freely.[D] complete the peer- review before submission.

30. Which of the following best summarizes the main idea of the text?

[A] The Internet is posing a threat to publishers.[B] A new mode of publication is emerging.

[C] Authors welcome the new channel for publication.

[D] Publication is rendered easier by online service.

Text 3

In

the

early

1960s

Wilt

Chamberlain

was

one

of

only

three

players

in

the

National

Basketball

Association (NBA) listed at over seven feet. If he had played last season, however, he would have been

one of 42. The bodies playing major professional sports have changed dramatically over the years, and

managers

have

been

more

than

willing

to

adjust

team

uniforms

to

fit

the

growing

numbers

of

bigger,

longer frames.

The trend in

sports, though, may be obscuring an unrecognized reality: Americans have

generally

.

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stopped

growing.

Though

typically

about

two

inches

taller

now

than

140

years

ago,

today

’

s

people

–

especially those born to families who have lived in the U.S. for many generations

–

apparently reached

their limit in the early 1960s. And they aren

’

t likely to get any taller.

“

In the general population today, at

this

genetic,

environmental

level,

we

’

ve

pretty

much

gone

as

far

as

we

can

go,

”

says

anthropologist

William

Cameron

Chumlea

of

Wright

State

University.

In

the

case

of

NBA

players,

their

increase

in

height

appears

to

result

from

the

increasingly

common

practice

of

recruiting

players

from

all

over

the

world.

Growth,

which

rarely

continues

beyond

the

age

of

20,

demands

calories

and

nutrients

–

notably,

protein

–

to

feed

expanding

tissues.

At

the

start

of

the

20th

century,

under-nutrition

and

childhood

infections got

in

the way.

But

as diet and health improved, children and adolescents

have, on average,

increased in height by about an inch and a half every 20 years, a pattern known as the secular trend in

height. Yet according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, average height

–

5

′

9

″

for men,

5

′

4

< p>
″

for women

–

hasn

’

t really changed since 1960.

Genetically speaking, there are advantages to avoiding substantial height. During childbirth, larger

babies have more difficulty passing through the birth canal. Moreover, even though humans have been

upright for millions of years, our feet and back continue to struggle with bipedal posture and cannot easily

withstand repeated strain imposed by oversize limbs.

“

There are some real constraints that are set by the

genetic architecture of the individual organism,

”

says

anthropologist

William

Leonard of

Northwestern

University.

Genetic

maximums

can

change,

but

don

’

t

expect

this

to

happen

soon.

Claire

C.

Gordon,

senior

anthropologist at the Army Research Center in Natick, Mass., ensures that 90 percent of the uniforms and

workstations

fit

recruits

without

alteration.

She

says

that,

unlike

those

for

basketball,

the

length

of

military uniforms has not changed for some time. And if you need to predict human height in the near

future to design a piece of equipment, Gordon says that by and large,

“

you could use today

’

s data and feel

fairly confident.

”

31. Wilt Chamberlain is cited as an example to

[A] illustrate the change of height of NBA players.

[B] show the popularity of NBA players in the U.S..

[C] compare different generations of NBA players.

[D] assess the achievements of famous NBA players.

32. Which of the following plays a key role in body growth according to the text?

[A] Genetic modification.

[B] Natural environment.

[C] Living standards.

[D] Daily exercise.

33. On which of the following statements would the author most probably agree?

[A] Non-Americans add to the average height of the nation.

[B] Human height is conditioned by the upright posture.

[C] Americans are the tallest on average in the world.

[D] Larger babies tend to become taller in adulthood.

34. We learn from the last paragraph that in the near future

[A] the garment industry will reconsider the uniform size.

[B] the design of military uniforms will remain unchanged.

.

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[C] genetic testing will be employed in selecting sportsmen.

[D] the existing data of human height will still be applicable.

35. The text intends to tell us that

[A] the change of human height follows a cyclic pattern.

[B] human height is becoming even more predictable.

[C] Americans have reached their genetic growth limit.

[D] the genetic pattern of Americans has altered.

Text 4

In 1784, five

years before he became president of the United States, George Washington, 52, was

nearly toothless. So he hired a dentist to transplant nine teeth into his jaw

–

having extracted them from

the mouths of his slaves.

That

’

s a far different image from the cherry-tree-chopping George most people remember from their

history books. But recently, many historians have begun to focus on the roles slavery played in the lives

of the founding generation. They have been spurred in part by DNA evidence made available in 1998,

which

almost

certainly

proved

Thomas

Jefferson

had

fathered

at

least

one

child

with

his

slave

Sally

Hemings. And only over the past 30 years have scholars examined history from the bottom up. Works of

several historians reveal the moral compromises made by the nation

’

s early leaders and the fragile nature

of the country

’

s infancy. More significantly, they argue that many of the Founding Fathers knew slavery

was wrong

–

and yet most did little to fight it.

More

than

anything,

the

historians

say,

the

founders

were

hampered

by

the

culture

of

their

time.

While Washington and Jefferson privately expressed distaste for slavery, they also understood that it was

part of the political and economic bedrock of the country they helped to create.

For one thing, the South could not afford to part with its slaves. Own

ing slaves was “like having a

large bank account,”

says Wiencek, author of

An Imperfect God: George Washington, His Slaves, and the

Creation of America

. The southern states would not have signed the Constitution without protections for

the

“peculiar

institution,

”

including a clause that counted a slave as three fifths of a man for purposes of

congressional representation.

And the statesmen

’

s political lives depended on slavery. The three-fifths formula handed Jefferson

his narrow victory in the presidential election of 1800 by inflating the votes of the southern states in the

Electoral

College. Once

in

office, Jefferson extended slavery

with

the

Louisiana Purchase in

1803;

the

new land was carved into 13 states, including three slave states.

Still,

Jefferson

freed

Hemings

’

s

children

–

though

not

Hemings

herself

or

his

approximately

150

other slaves. Washington, who had begun to believe that

all

men were created equal after observing the

bravery

of

the

black

soldiers

during

the

Revolutionary

War,

overcame

the

strong

opposition

of

his

relatives

to

grant

his

slaves

their

freedom

in

his

will.

Only

a

decade

earlier,

such

an

act

would

have

required legislative approval in Virginia.

36. George Washington

’

s dental surgery is mentioned to

[A] show the primitive medical practice in the past.

[B] demonstrate the cruelty of slavery in his days.

[C] stress the role of slaves in the U.S. history.[D] reveal some unknown aspect of his life.

37. We may infer from the second paragraph that

.

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[A] DNA technology has been widely applied to history research.

[B] in its early days the U.S. was confronted with delicate situations.

[C] historians deliberately made up some stories of Jefferson

’

s life.

[D] political compromises are easily found throughout the U.S. history.

38. What do we learn about Thomas Jefferson?

[A] His political view changed his attitude towards slavery.

[B] His status as a father made him free the child slaves.

[C] His attitude towards slavery was complex.[D] His affair with a slave stained his prestige.

39. Which of the following is true according to the text?

[A] Some Founding Fathers benefit politically from slavery.

[B] Slaves in the old days did not have the right to vote.

[C] Slave owners usually had large savings accounts.

[D] Slavery was regarded as a peculiar institution.

40. Washington

’

s decision to free slaves originated from his

[A] moral considerations. [B] military experience.[C] financial conditions.

[D] political stand.

Part B

Directions:

In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41

—

45, choose the most

suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices, which

do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on

ANSWER SHEET 1

. (10 points)

The

time

for

sharpening

pencils,

arranging

your

desk,

and

doing

almost

anything

else

instead

of

writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoiding the inevitable and sit,

stand up, or lie down to write. (41)

是大家网原创出品

Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but do not permit

it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it into the draft. (42)

是大家

网原创出品

Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until you revise. Concentrate on what you are

saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are in hot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous

search for errors.

(43)

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Your pages will be easier to

keep track of that way, and, if

you have to

clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.

If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to make additions

and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simple keyboard commands. Some

software programs can also check spelling and certain grammatical elements in your writing. (44)

是大

家网原创出品

These printouts are also easier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.

Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to your thesis and add

material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing. The student who wrote

“

The

A

&

P

as

a

State

of

Mind

”

wisely

dropped

a

paragraph

that

questioned

whether

Sammy

displays

chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45)

是大家网原创出品

Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper many times

–

and then

again

–

working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end up with several entire versions

.

精品文档

of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraph should be related to a single topic. Transitions

should

connect

one

paragraph

to

the

next

so

that

there

are

no

abrupt

or

confusing

shifts.

Awkward

or

wordy phrasing or unclear sentences and paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.

[A]

To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that you can easily

add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.

[B] After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particular attention

to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It

’

s probably best to write the introduction last, after you

know precisely what

you are introducing. Concluding paragraphs

demand equal

attention because they

leave the reader with a final impression.

[C] It

’

s worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may look terrific, it

will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Many writers prudently store their

data on disks and print their pages each time they finish a draft to avoid losing any material because of

power failures or other problems.

[D]

It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed a topic into a

tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whatever outline you have made.

[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explains how the

setting influences Sammy

’

s decision to quit his job. Instead of including that paragraph, she added one

that described Lengel

’

s crabbed response to the girls so that she could lead up to the A & P < /p>

“

policy

”

he

enforces.

[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in

“

A & P,

”

the student brings together

the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengel

’

s store policies.

[G]

By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will very likely

discover more than your notes originally suggested. Plenty of good writers don

’

t use outlines at all but

discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt to compose a perfectly correct draft the first

time around.

Part C

Directions:

Read

the

following

text

carefully

and

then

translate

the

underlined

segments

into

Chinese.

Your

translation should be written clearly on

ANSWER SHEET 2

. (10 points)

In his autobiography, Darwin himself speaks of his intellectual powers with extraordinary modesty.

He points out that he always experienced much difficulty in expressing himself clearly and concisely, but

(46)

he

believes

that

this

very

difficulty

may

have

had

the

compensating

advantage

of

forcing

him

to

think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in

his own observations. He disclaimed the possession of any great quickness of apprehension or wit, such

as distinguished Huxley. (47) He asserted, also, that his power to follow a long and purely abstract train of

thought

was

very

limited,

for

which

reason

he

felt

certain

that

he

never

could

have

succeeded

with

mathematics. His memory, too, he described as extensive, but hazy. So poor in one sense was it that he

never could remember for more than a few days a single date or a line of poetry. (48) On the other hand,

he

did

not

accept

as

well

founded

the

charge

made

by

some

of

his

critics

that,

while

he

was

a

good

observer,

he

had

no

power

of

reasoning.

This,

he

thought,

could

not

be

true,

because

the

“

Origin

of

Species

”

is one long argument from the beginning to the end, and has convinced many able men. No one,

he submits, could have written it without possessing some power of reasoning. He was willing to assert

that

“

I have a fair share of invention, and of common sense or judgment, such as every fairly successful

.

精品文档

lawyer or doctor must have, but not, I believe, in any higher degree.

”

(49) He adds humbly that perhaps

he

was

“

superior

to

the

common

run

of

men

in

noticing

things

which

easily

escape

attention,

and

in

observing them carefully.

”

Writing in the last year of his life, he expressed the opinion that in two or three respects his mind had

changed during the preceding twenty or thirty years. Up to the age of thirty or beyond it poetry of many

kinds gave him great pleasure. Formerly, too, pictures had given him considerable, and music very great,

delight. In 1881, however, he said:

“

Now for many years I cannot endure to read a line of poetry. I have

also almost lost my taste for pictures or music.

”

(50) Darwin was convinced that the loss of these tastes

was not only a loss of happiness, but might possibly be injurious to the intellect, and more probably to the

moral character.

Section III

Writing

Part A

51.

Directions:

You have just come back from

Canada and found a music CD in

your luggage that

you forgot

to

return to Bob, your landlord there. Write him a letter to

1) make an apology, and

2) suggest a solution.

You should write about 100 words on

ANSWER SHEET 2

.

Do not

sign your own name at the end of the letter. Use

“

Li Ming

”

instead.

Do not

write the address. (10 points)

Part B

52.

Directions:

Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay, you should

1) describe the drawing briefly,

2) explain its intended meaning, and then

3) give your comments.

You should write neatly on

ANSWER SHEET 2

. (20 points)

应用文范文

Dear Bob,

I am writing to express my apology to you.

Several days ago, I borrowed your music CD when I lived in your house. Unfortunately, after I came

back from Canada, I found it in my luggage. I was in such a hurry that I forgot to return it to you. I will

send it to you by post or express as soon as possible. If necessary, I will compensate for any troubles it

may cause.

Once again, I feel so sorry for any inconvenience caused. Please accept my apologies.

Sincerely yours,

Li Ming

大作文范文

As is illustrated in the picture, the two disabled persons whose crippled legs are bound together do a

lot of traveling. Accordingly, this far-

reaching picture reflects a common phenomenon in today’s society:

.

精品文档

the people who are in the dark want to turn the corner but they can not make it respectively and in turn

they have to choose to pull together in times of trouble.

There are several reasons accounting for this. Since we have to live in an on-the-move lifestyle, we

may

encounter

various

plights,

where

we

w

ould

be

at

a

loss

rather

than

to

seek

for

others’

assistance.

Further more, if we do not offer help to each other when we confront dilemma, we would not realize our

dream. And no issue in China is as basic to build up the society in harmony as to conduct coordination in

face of disasters.

Judging from what have been argued above, people have come to realize the value of mutual aid. It

is, therefore, necessary that some effective steps be made to advocate spirit of supporting each other. To

begin with, the government should make laws to encourage people to unite. In addition, people should

enhance the awareness of caring each other especially when they are in trouble. Only in those ways, can

we make people, even not being acquaintance, help each other.

2007

年全国硕士研究生入学统一 考试英语试题

Section I

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or

[D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

By 1830 the former Spanish and Portuguese colonies had become independent nations. The roughly

20 million

大

1

家

of these nations looked

大

2

家

to the future. Born in the crisis of the old regime

and

Iberian

Colonialism,

many

of

the

leaders

of

independence

大

3

家

the

ideals

of

representative

government, careers

大

4

家

to talent, freedom of commerce and trade, the

大

5

家

to private property,

and

a

belief

in

the

individual

as

the

basis

of

society.

大

6

家

there

was

a

belief

that

the

new

nations

should be sovereign and independent states, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a

大

7

家

set of laws.

On

the

issue

of

大

8

家

of

religion

and

the

position

of

the

church,

大

9

家

,

there

was

less

agreement

大

10

家

the

leadership.

Roman

Catholicism

had

been

the

state

religion

and

the

only

one

大

11

家

by

the

Spanish

crown.

大

12

家

most

leaders

sought

to

maintain

Catholicism

大

13

家

the

official religion of the new states, some sought to end the

大

14

家

of other faiths. The defense of the

Church became a rallying

大

15

家

for the conservative forces.

The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equality of everything.

Bolivar

had

received

aid

from

Haiti

and

had

大

16

家

in

return

to

abolish

slavery

in

the

areas

he

liberated.

By

1854

slavery

had

been

abolished

everywhere

except

Spain

’

s

大

17

家

colonies.

Early

.

Use of English