英美文学名词解释(1)

1puritanism

清教主义

The

dogmas

教

条

preached

by

Puritans.

They

believed

that

all

men

were

predestined

命中注定

and the individual

‘

s free will played no part in his quest for

salvation.

This

was

a

rejection

of

the

dogmas

preached

by

the

Roman

Catholic

Church

and

its

rites

仪式

.

The

Puritans

also

advocated

a

strict

moral

code

which

prohibited many earthly pleasures such as dancing and other merry- makings.

清教

徒提倡严格的道德准则禁止如跳舞和其他 许多世俗的快乐的气质。

They

stressed

the

virtues of self- discipline,

自律

thrift

节俭

and

hard work as evidence that one was

among the

“

elect

”

to be chosen to go to Heaven after death

2Romanticism

The term refers to the literary and artistic movements of the late 18

th

and early 19

th

century. Romanticism rejected the earlier philosophy of the Enlightenment, which

stressed that logic and reason were the best response humans had in the face of

cruelty,

残忍的

stupidity, superstition,

迷信的

and barbarism. Instead, the Romantics

asserted that reliance

依赖

upon emotion and natural passions provided a valid and

powerful

means

of

knowing

and

a

reliable

guide

to

ethics

伦理

and

living.

The

Romantic movement typically asserts

声称，

代言

the unique nature of the individual,

the

privileged

status

特权地位

of

imagination

and

fancy

想象和幻想

,

the

value

of

spontaneity over

“

artifice

”

and

“< /p>

convention

”价值的理解

“技 巧”

和

“公约”

，

the

human need for emotional outlets, the spiritual destruction

精神上的摧残

of urban

life.

城市生活。

Their writings are often set in rural, or Gothic settings and they show

an

obsessive

强迫性的

concern

with

“innocent”

characters—

children,

young

lovers,

and

animals.

The

major

Romantic

poets

included

William

Blake,

William

Wordsworth, John Keats, Percy Bysshe Shelley, and Lord Gordon Byron.

3Epic

史诗

An epic is a long oral narrative poem that operates on a grand scale

大尺度

and

deals with legendary

传奇

or historical events of national or universal significance.

意义

Most epics deal with the exploits

利用

of a single individual and also interlace

the

main

narrative

with

myths,

legends,

folk

tales

and

past

events;

there

is

a

composite effect, the entire culture of a country cohering in the overall experience

of

the

poem.

Epic

poems

are

not

merely

entertaining

stories

of

legendary

or

historical

heroes;

they

summarize

and

express

the

nature

or

ideals

of

an

entire

nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.

4Transcendentalism

Transcendentalism

is

a

philosophical

and

literary

movement,

flourishing

in

New

England from the 1830s to the Civil War.

It is the summit of

American is strongly against Rationalism and

Materialism (

物质享乐主义）

.What is popularly called Transcendentalism among us is

idealism, idealism as appears in 1842. Transcendentalism was a romantic idealism,

or philosophical romanticism. It is also regarded as a considerable-scale ideological

and

cultural

revolution

after

American

people

struggled

to

get

free

from

the

English colonial rule

5Realism

Realism is the trend, beginning with mid nineteenth-century French literature and

extending

to

late-nineteenth-

and

early-twentieth-century

authors,

toward

depictions

描写

of

contemporary

life

当代生活

and

society

as

it

was,

or

is.

In

the

spirit of general

选择

for depictions of everyday and

banal

平庸的

activities

and

experiences,

instead

of

a

romanticized

or

similarly

stylized presentation.

In England, the French realists were imitated consciously and notably

值得注意的是

by

George

Edward

Moore

(1873-1958)

and

Arnold

Bennett

1867-1931),

but

the

English novel from the time of Defoe (18th cent.) had had its own unlabelled strain

of realism, and the term is thus applied to English literature in varying senses and

contexts,

语境

sometimes qualified as 'social' or Psychological' realism etc.

6lost generation

It is applied to the generation of American writers who came of age during or just

after WW one and who fought in the war. The terms derives from Gertrude Stein

’

s

comment

to

Ernest

Hemingway,

“

you

are

all

a

lost

generation

”

.

Hemingway,

himself a memeber of the lost generation, used the phrase as a motto and theme

for

his

novel

“

the

sun

also

rises

’

.

Members

of

this

lost

generation,

who

fund

themselves without emotional or cultural stability in a time of social upheaval and

to

whom

the

traditional

values

made

mo

sense

as

a

result

of

the

war,

included

Fitzgerald

,

Louis

Bloomfield,

Hart

Crane

,Malcolm

Cowley

and

John

Dos

Passos. Although many of them spent much of their time in Paris, others lived and

worked in New York and some remained in the middle west and the South. They

constituted a group reacting against certain tendencies of older writers.