step by step 3000第一册答案及原文

2021年2月8日发(作者：orenda)

Unit 1 Part I

A

1. Oxford / commitment / academic record

2. oldest/ largest / reputation / research / science

3. first / Australia / 150 years / excels

4. excellence / 17.000 / location

5. largest / 1883 / situated / 26,000

6. 1636 / enrollment / 18,500/ schools

7. awards / degrees / 20,000

8. located / 135 / third

B

1.

2,700 languages / 7,000 dialects / regional / pronunciation

2.

official / language

3.

One billion / 20 percent

4.

Four hundred million / first / 600 million / second / foreign

5.

500,000 words / Eighty percent / other

6.

Eighty percent / computers

7.

African country / same

8.

1,000 / Africa

9.

spaceship / 1977 / 55 / message / the United States

C

1

–

(a)

2

–

( c)

3

–

( d)

4

–

(b )

All right, class. Today we

’

re going to be looking at different language learning styles. You may be

surprised to find that there are different ways of going about learning languages, none of which is

necessarily

better

than

the

others.

Researchers

have

identified

four

basic

learner

―

types

‖

–

the

communicative

learner,

the

analytical

learner,

the

authority-oriented

learner

and

the

concrete

learner.

Communicative

learners

like

to

learn

by

watching

and

listening

to

native

speakers.

At

home,

they

like

to

learn

by

watching

TV

and

videos.

They

like

to

learn

new

words

by

hearing

them. In class, they like to learn by having conversations. Now, concrete learners like to lean by

playing

games,

by

looking

at

pictures

and

videos

in

class,

talking

in

pairs,

and

by

listening

to

cassettes at home and school. Now, authority-oriented learners, on the other hand, like the teacher

to explain everything. They like to write everything down in their notebook, and they like to have

a textbook. They like to learn new words by seeing them. And finally, we have analytical learners.

These learners like to learn by studying grammar. At home, they like to learn by studying English

books, and they like to study by themselves. They like to find their own mistakes. Now, of course,

it

’

s unusual for a person to be exclusively one

―

type

‖

rather than another. Most of us are mixtures

of styles. What type of learner do you think you are?

Part II

A3

GCSE examinations

students / higher education

student/ second year / high school / college

general exam / School Certificate

sitting University Entrance Examination

bachelor

’

s degree: 3/ 4 years

master

’

s degree: another year or two

doctorate: a further 3-7 years

Well, in Britain, from the ages of five to about eleven you start off at a primary school, and then

from eleven to sixteen you go on to a secondary school or a comprehensive school and at sixteen

you take GCSE examinations. After this, some children take vocational courses or even start work.

Others stay on at school for another two years to take A levels. And at the age of eighteen, after A

levels, they might finish their education or go on to a course of higher education at a college or

university, and that

’

s usually for three years.

Well, it depends on what state you

’

re in but most kids in the United States start school at about six

when they go to elementary school and that goes from the first grade up to the sixth grade. Some

1

kids go to a kindergarten the year before that. Then they go on to junior high school, that

’

s about

eleven, and that

’

s the seventh, eighth and ninth grades. And then they go on to senior high school

around age fourteen starting in the tenth grade and finishing in the twelfth grade usually. Some

students will leave school at sixteen and they

’

ll start work, but most of them stay on to graduate

from

high

school

at

age

eighteen.

In

the

first

year

at

high

school

or

college

students

are

called

―

freshmen< /p>

‖

, in the second they

’

re called

―< /p>

sophomores

‖

, in the third year we call them

―

juniors

‖

and

in

the

fourth

year

they

’

re

called

―

seniors

‖

.

Now

a

lot

of

high

school

graduates

then

go

to

college or university and they do a four-year first degree course. Some of them might go to junior

college which is a two- year course.

Well,

in

Australia,

well

most

states

anyway,

children

start

their

primary

education

at

five

after

perhaps a brief time in kindergarten. They will stay at primary school until they

’

re about eleven,

then they

’

ll either stay there or go to an intermediate school for a couple of years. Then they start

high school usually twelve or thirteen, which you start in the third form. Now, after three years at

high

school

you

sit

a

general

exam,

some

states

call

it

School

Certificate

and

that

is

a

sort

of

general qualification and that if a sort of general qualification. After that you can leave school at

sixteen

or

you

can

go

on

and

sit

your

University

Entrance

Examination,

which

then

gives

you

entré

e

into

a

university

or

it

’

s

another

useful

qualification,

and

from

then

on

you

go

to

various

sorts of higher education.

Education in Canada is a provincial responsibility, but schools are administered by

local school

boards.

Kindergarten

is

for

children

who

are

four

or

five

years

old.

Children

begin

formal

full-day

schooling in Grade 1, when they are about six years old. They must stay in school at least until

they are sixteen. However,

most students continue to finish high school.

Some go to college or

university.

Each

year

of

schooling

represents

one

grade.

(The

school

year

extends

from

the

beginning

of

September

to

the

end

of

June.)

Elementary

school

includes

kindergarten

to

about

Grade 8. Secondary school (or high school) may start in Grade 8, 9, or 10 and it usually continues

until Grade 12.

In Canada, students may go to university or to a community college. If they want to learn skills for

specific job, they attend college for one or four years to get a diploma or certificate. For example,

lab

technicians,

child-care

workers,

and

hotel

managers

go

to

college.

Universities

offer

degree

programs as well as training professions, such as law, medicine, and teaching.

Universities

offer

three

main

levels

of

degrees.

Students

earn

a

bachelor

’

s

degree

after

three

or

four years of study. A master

’

s degree can take another year or two. A doctorate may take a further

three to seven years to complete.

B1

Idioms / vocabulary / French / spelling / pronunciation

B2

1. F

2. T

3. F

I

–

Interviewer

P

–

Professor

I: And now we have an interview with Professor J. T. Lingo, Professor of Linguistics at Chimo

University,

who

is

here

to

talk

to

us

about

the

growing

business

of

teaching

English.

Good

morning, professor Lingo.

P: Good morning.

I: I understand that teaching English is becoming

―

big business

‖

all around the world.

P: It seems that language schools are springing up everywhere.

I: Why is that?

2

P: With the move toward a global economy, English has become the most widely used language in

the world. It is the language of business, aviation, science and international affairs and people find

that they must learn English to compete in those fields.

I: And do people find English an easy language to learn?

P: Well, every language has something about it that other people find difficult to learn. English is

such a hodgepodge of different languages

–

it

’

s essentially Germanic but a lot of its vocabulary

comes from French, and technical words stem from Latin and Greek. This feature makes English

fairly adaptable

–

which is a good thing for a world language

–

but it causes irregularity in spelling

and pronunciation.

I: English spelling baffles me, too.

P:

English

also

has

the

largest

vocabulary.

Often

there

are

words

for

the

same

thing,

one

is

Anglo-Saxon and one from the French

–

like

―

buy

‖

which is Anglo-Saxon and

―

pu rchase

‖

which

is from the French. The French word often has more prestige.

I: Anglo-Saxon?

P: That

’

s the word for Old English. The Norman Conquest in 1066 brought the French language to

Britain and helped English evolve into the English it is today.

I: Is there anything else particularly difficult about English?

P: Well, the idioms in informal English pose a problem for some students.

I: Informal English?

P: As with any language, there are different varieties: slang, colloquial. Formal, written, as well as

the different dialects

–

British, American and Canadian English.

I: And how is Canadian English different from American and British?

P: Canadian English is closer to American in pronunciation and idiom. Some of our words and our

spellings do reflect British usage, however. We wouldn

’

t use the British term

―

lorry

‖

< p>
for truck, but

we have kept the

―

o-u-r

‖

spellings in words such as

―

honour

‖

and

―

colour

‖

.

I: This has been very interesting.

I’

m afraid we

’

re out of time. It has been a pleasure talking to

you.

Part III University Life

A1

I. Age / Foreign student population

II. 15 hrs (+2 or 3 for

lab) / Discussion group: 15-20 / much smaller / informal, friendly / 2-3 hrs: 1 hr

Today

I’

d like to give you some idea about how life at an American university or college might be

different from the way it is in your country. To be sure, the student body on a U. S. campus is a

pretty

diverse

group

of

people.

First

of

all,

you

will

find

students

of

all

ages.

Although

most

students start college at around the age of 18, you will see students in their 30s and 40s and even

occasionally

in

their

60s

and

70s.

Students

on

a

U.S.

campus

come

from

a

wide

variety

of

socioeconomic backgrounds. Many students work at least part-time, some of them work full-time.

Many students live in dormitories on campus, some have their own apartments usually with other

students,

and

others

live

at

home.

Some

colleges

and

universities

have

a

very

diverse

student

population

with

many

racial

and

ethnic

minorities.

Some

schools

have

a

fairly

large

foreign

student

population.

So

you

can

see

that

one

meets

all

kinds

of

people

on

a

U.S.

college

or

university campus. Now that you have some general idea of differences in the student population,

I’

d like to talk a few minutes about what I think an average student is and then discuss with you

what a typical class might be like.

Let

’

s begin my talking about an average student entering his or her freshman year. Of course, such

a

person

never

really

exists,

but

still

it

’

s

convenient

to

talk

about

an

―

average

‖

student

for

our

3

purposes. Foreign students are often surprised at how poorly prepared American students are when

they enter a university. Actually, at very select schools the students are usually very well prepared,

but

at

less

selective

schools,

they

may

not

be

as

well

prepared

as

students

in

your

country

are.

Schools in the States simply admit a lot more students than is usual in most other countries. Also,

most

young

American

university

students

have

not

traveled

in

other

countries

and

are

not

very

well- versed

in

international

matters

and

do

not

know

a

lot

about

people

from

other

countries.

Foreign

students

usually

find

them

friendly

but

not

very

well-informed

about

their

countries

or

cultures.

What

kind

of

academic

experiences

will

this

so-called

―< /p>

average

‖

student

have?

The

average

undergraduate student takes five classes a semester and is in class for 15 hours a week. If her or

she

takes

a

class

that

has

a

laboratory,

this

will

require

tow

or

three

more

hours.

Many

introductory undergraduate classes are given in large lectures of 100 or more students. However,

many

of

these

classes

will

have

small

discussion

groups

of

15

to

20

students

that

meet

once

a

week. In these smaller groups, a teaching assistant will lead a discussion to help classify points in

the lectures. Other kinds of classes

–

for example, language classes

–

will be much smaller so that

students

can

practice

language.

In

general,

American

professors

are

informal

and

friendly

with

their

students,

and,

as

much

as

possible,

they

expect

and

invite

participation

in

the

form

of

discussion. A large amount of reading and other work is often assigned to be done outside class,

and students are expected to take full responsibility for completing these assignments and asking

questions in class about those areas they don

’

t understand. As a rule of thumb, students spend two

to three hours preparing for each hour they spend in class. American professors often encourage

their students to visit them during office hours, especially if the students are having problems in

the class.

A2 II. Examinations / quizzes

III. Graduate school / Seminars / some area of interest / a research paper

Let

’

s move on now to discuss student obligations in a typical American class. These obligations

are usually set down in the course syllabus. A syllabus is generally handed out to students on the

first or second class meeting. A good syllabus will give students a course outline that mentions all

the topics to be covered in class. It will also contain all the assignments and the dates they should

be completed by. An average university course of one semester might have three examinations or

two

examinations

and

a

paper.

The

dates

of

the

examinations

and

what

the

examinations

will

cover

should

be

on

the

syllabus.

If

a

paper

id

required,

the

date

it

is

due

should

also

be

in

the

syllabus. The professor may also decide that he or she will be giving quizzes during the semester,

either

announced

or

unannounced.

For

students

coming

from

a

system

where

there

is

one

examination in each subject at the end of the year, all this testing can be a little surprising at first.

By the by, maybe this would be a good place for me to mention the issue of attendance. Another

real difference in our system is out attendance policies. Perhaps you come from a system where

attendance

is

optional.

Generally

speaking,

American

professors

expect

regular

attendance

and

may even grade you down if you are absent a lot. All this information should be on your syllabus,

along with the professor

’

s office number and office hours.

I have only a couple of hours left, and

I’

d like to use them to talk about how graduate school is

somewhat

different

from

undergraduate

school.

Of

course,

it

’

s

much

more

difficult

to

enter

graduate school, and most students are highly qualified and high motivated. Students in graduate

school are expected to do much more independent work than those in undergraduate schools, with

4

regularly scheduled exams, etc. some classes will be conducted as seminars. In a seminar class,

there may be no exams, but students are expected to read rather widely on topics and be prepared

for thorough discussion of them in class. Another possibility in graduate classes is that in addition

to

readings

done

by

all

students,

each

student

may

also

be

expected

to

work

independently

in

some area of interest and later make a presentation that summarizes what her or she has learned.

Usually each student then goes on to write a paper on what he or she has researched to turn in to

the professor for a grade.

I hope that today

’

s lecture has given you some idea about student life on an American campus and

that you have noticed some difference between our system and yours.

B2

to make mistakes / every new thing / the language/ Working outside the classroom

Passive / the teach / stick his neck out / more likely to be right than himself

How would you describe a good student or a bad student, sort of things they do or don

’

t do in the

classroom?

He

’

s

eager

to

experiment

with

every

new

thing

that

he

learns,

whether

it

be

a

structure

of

a

function or a new word, he immediately starts trying to use it.

He

’

s interested in the mistakes he makes, he

’

s not afraid to make them.

He

’

s not simply interested in having it corrected and moving on?

He plays with language.

I’

ve

done

this

chapter

I

know

this,

without

trying

to

experiment

at

all,

without

really

testing

himself.

He

’

s usually passive, he won

’

t speak up much in the classroom. He

’

ll rarely ask you why this

…

Just sort of accepts what you give him and doesn

’

t do anything more with it.

…

and in a test he

’

s the one person who

’

s likely to suddenly realize that he wasn

’

t too sure about

that after all.

And peep over at his neighbor

’

s paper.

An alternative learning strategy.

He invariably decides that the other person is more likely to be right than himself. That

’

s the result

of this sort of unwillingness to make mistakes and stick his neck out.

That characterizes the good or bad learner?

He

’

ll do more off his own bat as well, he won

’

t rely entirely on the teacher.

He

’

ll work outside the classroom as well as in it.

Students who make most progress are first of all those who experiment and secondly those who

read books.

Part IV University Campus

A

2. the History Department

3. the Psychology Department

4. the Library

5. the Education Department

6. the Philosophy Department

7. the Geography Department

8. the Sports Ground

9. the Foreign Languages Department

10. the Chinese Department

11. the Physics Department

12. the Mathematics Department

13. the Chemistry Department

14. the Clinic

15. the Auditorium

16. the Administration Building

Look at the map. At the bottom of the page, fine the gate (1). Now locate 16. It is between the

river and the lake, close to the Main Road. The building behind the Administration is 15. Where is

4? It

’

s on the right-hand side of the Main Road, close to the river. Across the Main road from the

Library, the building by the river is 5. The first building on the left-hand side of the Main Road is

7. 6 is between the Education and the Geography. The building at the end of the Main Road is 12.

5

on its left is 11 and on its right, near the lake, is 13. Another building behind the like is 14. 10 is

facing the lake, across the Main Road. The building between the Chinese Department and the river

is 9. 2 is the first building on the right of the Main Road. Next to the History Department is 3. And

last, 8 is behind the Education, Philosophy and Geography Departments.

B

Robert Martin / biology / next fall / six years in a public school in the hometown; two years in

a military school, high school in the hometown / science (biology in particular), sports

So I had to earn a little money to help pay my way.

It sounds as if you

’

re a pretty responsible fellow. I see that you attended two grade schools.

I don

’

t find a transcript among your papers.

But it

’

s hard to keep up with both sports and studies.

I’

ll hold your application until we get the transcript.

What did your guidance counselor tell you?

He told me I had a real knack for scientific things. I have been fascinated with science since I was

a child.

An interest of that kind really signifies something.

Unit 2 Colorful lands, colorful people

16,998,000

/

64,186,300/

840,000

/

1,000,000

/

3,320,000

/

143,244

/

32,483

/

2,966,000

/

5,105,700 / 29,028 / -1,312 / 5,315 / 36,198 / 4,145 /

The biggest continent in the world is Asia. It covers 16,998,000 square miles.

The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean with 64,186,300 square miles.

Which is the biggest island? It

’

s Greenland. It occupies an area of 840,000 square miles.

The Arabia Peninsula is the largest peninsula and has an area of 1, 000,000 square miles.

Do you know which is the largest desert? Yes, it

’

s the Sahara Desert in North Africa. It covers

3,320,000 square miles.

The biggest saltwater lake is the Caspian Sea, which is 143,244 square miles large.

Lake Superior is the biggest fresh water lake and it covers a total area of 32,483 square miles.

The smallest continent is Oceania, with an area of 2,966,000 square miles, and the smallest ocean

is the Arctic Ocean with 5,105,700 square miles.

You all know the world

’

s highest peak, don

’

t you? Mt. Qomolangma (or Mt. Everest) is 29,028

feet above sea level. In contrast, the lowest altitude in the world is the Dead Sea, 1,312 feet below

sea level, or you can say -1,312 feet.

The deepest lake is Baykal in Russia. The depth is 5,315 feet.

Mariana Trench near the Philippines is the deepest oceanic trench, with a depth of 36, 198 feet.

The longest river in the world is the Nile in Africa. It is 4, 145 miles long.

B

1,243,738,000

/

955,220,000

/

267,901,000

/

199,867,000

/

159,884,000

/

147,105,000

/

138,150,000 / 125,638,000 / 122,013,000 / 118,369,000 / 96,400,000 / 82,071,000

1.

The country with the largest population in the world is China. According to the 1997 census,

the total population was 1,243,738,000.

2.

The second largest in population is India. It listed a population of 955,220,000 in 1997.

3.

And

the

third

largest

is

the

United

States,

with

its

estimated

population

of

267,901,000

in

1997.

4.

Which country is the fourth largest in population? It

’

s Indonesia. About 199,867,000 people

live there.

6

5.

6.

7.

8.

Brazil ranks the fifth in its population. There the population was 159,884,000.

Next comes the Russian Federation, with a population of 147,105,000.

The seventh in line is Pakistan, with an estimated population of 138,150,000.

Japan

is

the

country

with

the

eighth

largest

population.

Its

population

estimated

in

1997

reached 125,638,000.

9.

The

next

larges

country

in

population

is

Bangladesh.

The

estimated

population

was

122,013,000 in 1997.

10.

Nigeria in Africa ranks the tenth in its population. There are about 118,369,000 people living

there.

11.

The eleventh? Mexico. According to statistics, its population was 96, 400, 000 in 1997.

12.

And

last,

the

twelfth

larges

is

Germany.

Its

1997

census

showed

it

had

a

population

of

82,071,000.

C

Chinese

1,300

million

/

Spanish

332

million

/English

322

million

/

189

million

/

182

million / 170 million /

Russian

170 million / Japanese

125 million / German

98 million /

75.5

million

/

Korean

75

million

/

French

72

million

/

Vietnamese

67

million

/

66

million

/

64

million

/

63

million

/

Turkish

59

million

/

58

million

/

44

million

/

Polish

44 million / Arabic

42.5 million / 41 million

Do you know which languages are spoken by more than 40 million people?

Chinese

has

the

largest

number

of

speakers,

more

than

1,300

million.

Next,

Spanish

is

spoken by 332 million people. The next on the line is English, which has more than 322 million

speakers. Number 4, Bengali is spoken by 189 million people. Next comes Hindi, the language

spoken chiefly in India, which has 182 million speakers. Portuguese and Russian are next on the

line and they are both spoken by 170 million people. Number 8, Japanese is spoken by 125 million.

Next, German has 98 million speakers, while Javanese has 75.5 million. We have Korean on the

list

with

75

million,

and

it

is

followed

by

French,

which

is

spoken

by

72

million.

Number

13,

Vietnamese is spoken by 67 million and Telugu is spoken by 66 million. Next, we have Marathi on

the list and it has 64

million speakers. Marathi is followed by Tamil,

with 63

million speakers.

Next comes Turkish, the language spoken in Turkey, and it has 59 million speakers. Number 18,

Urdu is spoken by 58 million people. Gujarati has 44 million speakers, and Polish is also spoken

by 44 million people. Number 21, which 42.5 million people speak, is Arabic and last, the number

of people who speak Ukrainian is 41 million.

Part II

1.

A baby boy

2.

social/ ecological/ populations

3.

longer/ healthier

A baby boy born in Bosnia-Herzegovina overnight has officially been named the world

’

s six

billionth inhabitant.

Although several other babies are likely to have been born at the same time elsewhere in the

world, the United Nations had declared that the first child to be delivered at the Kosovo Hospital

in Sarajevo today would symbolize the passing of the mark.

The U Secretary General is visiting the mother and her son as a UN attempt to draw attention

to the social and ecological problems of rapidly expanding populations

The boy who came into the world a short time ago in Bosnia to such international acclaim will

7

be

sharing

a

birthday

with

a

few

hundred

thousand

people

and

in

the

next

year

another

eighty

million will be joining him on the planet. The earth

’

s population has doubled since 1960 and with

more than a billion young people just entering their productive years. The population growth has

plenty of momentum. But birth control programs are beginning to have an impact. Demographers

predict that by the middle of the new century the global count will level off at something under ten

billion. The UN population agency has presented today

’

s achievement as a success for humanity,

pointing out that people are living longer and healthier lives than any generation in the history.

B

b

c

a

The

boy

will

be

sharing

a

birthday

with

a

few

hundred

thousand

people

and

in

the

next

year,

another eighty million will be joining him on the planet.

The

earth

’

s

population

has

doubled

since

1960

and

with

more

than

a

billion

young

people

just

entering their productive years.

Demographers

predict

that

by

the

middle

of

the

new

century,

the

global

count

will

level

off

at

something under ten billion.

Part III

A

water/ 70%

red or

brown/ plant cover

snow/ continents

islands

arms of

the ocean

connecting

a channel

valleys

plains

B

12 million / 2/ 10 million/ 10/ 3/ 6/ 4/16 million/ 18 million

1. Mexico City

2. Sao Paulo

3. Rio de Janeiro

4. Bombay

5. Delhi

6. Shanghia

7. Seoul

I-Interview

E-Expert

I: In Britain we are often told that people are leaving the big cities to live in the countryside but is

this the case worldwide?

E:

Not

at

all.

If

you

look

at

the

biggest

cities

in

1950,

seven

out

of

the

top

ten

were

in

the

developed countries but by the year 2000, the developing countries will have eight out of the top

ten. New York, which in 1950 was number one with a population of around 12 million, will only

be the sixth largest city in the world but with an extra 2 million.

I: And London?

E: London, which was number two, won

’

t even be in the top ten. Its population in 1950, by the

way, was about 10 million.

I: And why is this happening? Why are people moving to the big cities from the country in the

developing countries?

E: The reasons are complex but many are moving to look for work. And the problems this creates

are enormous. It

’

s estimated that 26 million people will be living in Mexico City by the year 2000,

with Sao Paulo in Brazil not far behind.

I: I

t’

s difficult to believe.

E: I know. Rio de Janeiro will have a population of a mere 13 million. Well, just imagine the kinds

of difficulties this is going to cause in terms of health, transport and education.

I: Yes. What about the cities of Asia? Will they be experiencing a similar sort of growth?

E: In some cases, yes. Calcutta in India which was No. 10 in the league in 1950 is expected to be

the fourth biggest city in the world with a population of 16 million- quadrupling its size in just 50

years. Bombay and Delhi too are expected to be in the top ten.

I: What about Japan?

E: Ah! Well, Tokyo was number three in 1950 and that

’

s where it

’

ll be at the beginning of the next

8

century, although its population will have trebled to about 18 million. Looking at the other major

cities

in

Asia,

Shanghai

and

Seoul

will

be

in

the

top

ten

as

well

but,

perhaps

surprisingly,

not

Beijing or Hong Kong.

I: Now, if we could turn our attention to home, what about the trend of people moving out of the

cities

…

Part

IV

skills

/the

main

idea/what/recognize/central

/

important/direction/

purpose/inform/compare/answer/stated/a

topic

sentence/

first/

details/

difficult/

persuade/

end/

implied/ hinted at/a whole

Unit 3 Traveling from Place to Place

Part

Ⅰ

A

BA912/11:20/17

BA877/11:20/14

BA292/11:25/19

TW695/11:30/16

4

EA831/11:35/24

BA838/9

IB290/11:35/15

LH039/11:40/9

BA666/11:40/18

AI141/6

BA560/22

Last call for British airways flight BA912 for Tokyo. BA912 for Tokyo due to depart at 11:20

boarding at gate 17.

British airways flight BA877 to Boston. British airways flight BA877 to Boston duo to depart at

11:20 boarding now at gate 14.

British airways flight BA292 for Frankfurt, Athens and Karachi. Flight BA292 for Frankfurt,

Athens and Karachi duo to depart at 11:25 now board at gate 19.

TWA flight, TW695to New York. TWA flight TW695 to New York departing at 11:30 boarding at

gate 16.

B

Tea,

soft

drinks,

coffee,

Egg

and

tomato,

ham

and

tomato,

egg

and

chips,

roast

chicken,

cheeseburgers

Tape script:

Chief Steward: may I have your attention please, ladies and gentlemen? This is the chief steward

speaking. We would like to inform all passengers that the buffet car is now open. The buffet car is

situated towards the middle of the train. On sale are tea, coffee and soft drinks, a selection of fresh

and toasted sandwiches including egg and tomato, ham and tomato, egg and cress, roast chicken

and toasted cheese; cheeseburgers, beef burgers and sausages and a licensed bar. The buffet car is

situated towards the middle of the train. Thank you.

Part

Ⅱ

9:15/10:30

10:30

/

13:30

Quick/beautiful view /frequent service (hourly)/modern/comfortable/lovely view from dining car

Have to get Gatwick airport/ expensive

quite crowded/quite expensive

A-Annabel

C-Charles

D-Douglas

D: Ah! That

’

s much better!

C: Ah! That

’

s yours, I think

…

er

…Doug

.

D: Thank you very much, Charles.

C: Right. You have a good journey then, Douglas?

D: Yes I did, I did. I must say the plane was marvelous, marvelous.

C: Very quick, then?

D: Er

…

the plane journey was terrifically quick

…

er

…I

mean, you

…

er

…

what

…

you met me about

9

…

er

…

what

…

< p>
er

…

10

…

< p>
10:45.

C: About 10:30.

9

D: Yes, the plane got in at

…

er< /p>

…

10:30 and we left at 9:15.

C: What time didi you have to start though in the morning?

D: Well, that

…

er

…

that wa a different story, because I had to get to

Victoria…

um

…

at

…

you know,

to get to Gatwick and it

’

s

…

er

…

from

…

er

…Vi ctoria

to Gatwick three quarters of an hour. Then

I had to leave home at 7:30 and get up at 6:30.

C: Oh, gracious me!

D: So

I’

m not sure if you save much really.

C: Jet travel, my goodness me! It was worth the experience, though?

D:

Oh,

I

mean,

you

know,

I’

ve

never

flown

across

the

south

of

England

and

it

really

looked

absolutely

fantastic,

especially

as

we

approach

…

approach ed Plymouth,

you

know,

with

this

sunshine and it looked really

marvelous…marvelous

.

C: Well, when you come up next time, would you be coming the same way?

D: Oh, t don

’

t think so. I don< /p>

’

t

…

to be honest

…

hallo, isn

’

t that

…Annabel

!

C: Oh it is. It

’

s Annabel!

D: Over here, over here!

A: Hallo!

C: Nice to see you, my dear.

A: Hallo there, how are you?

C: Want a drink, my dear?

A: Yes, please.

C: Right,

I’

ll..er

…

fix them. You had a good journey?

A: Yes, I had a lovely time, I came by train

…

er

…

it was

…

er

…

C: What time did you start then?

A: Oh, about 10:30 I think. Got here about 1:30. so

it’s

only

…

what

…

three hours. Very quick.

C: Very good. Douglas came up by plane!

A:

Oh,

how

fancy!

Well,

this

was

…

er

…

this

was

a

nice

train,

you

know,

very

modern

and

comfortable. And of course loads of trans-about every hour I think.

C: Oh, great. Did you get something to eat on the train?

A: Yes thanks, yes. Had a nice lunch. Oh, it

’

s wonderful, you can sit there drinking your soup and

watching the view go by. I like it

…

D: I bet it

’

s a

…

it

’

s a hell of a lot of cheaper than the plane.

A: Well, actually, I thought it was quite expensive

…

um

…

unless you

’

ve got, you know, a student

card or something.

D: Oh, those days are long gone!

A: But it was quite

…

quite

…

c rowded. I was

…I

was glad

I’

d booked a seat, you know.

D: Yes, yes

Part

Ⅲ

A

Sep.4-sep.17/aug.5-aug.18

2double and 1single/1double and 1 big bedroom with 2single beds and a sofa

3/1full bathroom

3 (kitchen, dining room, sitting- room)/2kitchen, living-sitting room

√

/

×

√

(six days a week)/

×

￡

80 for a fiesta/

￡

98 for a fiesta

√

/

√

￡

570/

￡

27 0

B

b. terrace/ sea view

d. swimming-pool

Conversation 1

10

T- Travel agent

C1-customer 1

(Telephone ringing)

T:

Hello, villa rentals, can t help you?

C1: Oh, hello. I do hope so. You see my husband and I are looking for a holiday villa and we

’

ve

heard that you have some nice places in Italy, Iniscia.

T:

Oh yes, madam. We

’

ve got several villas on offer in Iniscia. How many people would there

be in your party?

C1: Well, it

’

s just the family. You know, my husband and

…

the three children.

T:

A party of five then, yes. And er

…

when would you want to be there?

C1: When? Erm

…

oh well, it would have to be in September.

T:

In September. for how many weeks?

C1: For two actually, the first two in September.

T:

The first two in September. Oh, well, we

’

ve only got one place free then, madam. Oh, but it

’

s

a very beautiful one, the villa Delmonti.

C1: And it

’

s nice, is it?

T:

Oh, it

’

s an absolute dream, madam. It

’

s set on a hilltop with a big garden and beautiful view

out over the sea towards Naples.

C1: It sounds as if you

’

ve been there.

T:

Yes, for a couple of days last October on an inspection tour. And I fell in love with it at first

sight.

C1: Er, how many rooms has it got?

T:

Well, on the ground floor there are two double bedrooms, both of them beautifully decorated,

a single bedroom and all three have their own bathroom and toilet facilities. Then still on the

ground floor there

’

s a large kitchen, a large dining room and a very big outside terrace. And

then upstairs it

’

s got a very large sitting-room with windows all around and a back garden

with a big swimming pool.

C1: Mm, it dose sound nice, yes. There is a maid or cleaner or something, is there?

T:

Oh, yes, madam, six days a week.

C1: Oh, well, I dare say we can manage for the seventh. Em

…

what about distances? Is it far from

the town and all that? Do you think we

’

d need a car?

T:

Actually we do normally advise people to hire a car.

C1:

And how much would a smallish car cost?

T:

Oh well for a

…

C1: You know, for a metro or a Renault five or a ford fiesta, nothing grand.

T:

Ah, for a fiesta, it would be about

￡

80 a week.

C1: And for the house for those two weeks?

T:

For the period of September 4

th

till the 17

th

inclusive, it would cost, mm, you

’

re five people,

let me see, um,

￡

570 per person for the two weeks, including the return airfare.

C1: Mm, well, it would be worse. Yes well,

I’

d really like to see some photographs of this place or

something. Can you arrange that?

T:

Oh, of course, madam. We

’

ve got a video of it, so any time you care to come in, you could

see it.

C1: Oh, right.

I’

ll be in this afternoon. Thank you for your help.

T:

Don

’

t mention it, Madam.

I’

ll look forward to seeing you.

C1: Good-bye.

T:

Bye.

Conversation 2

T- Travel agent

C2-customer 2

(Telephone ringing)

11

T:

Hello, villa rentals. Can I help you?

C2:

Oh,

hello.

Em

…I…I…I’

m

just

calling

because

I’

ve,

er

…I’

ve

just

seen

your

advert

about

apartments and villas for rent. And erm

…

what

…

could you tell me more about them please?

T:

Of

course,

madam.

But

could

you

tell

me

something

about

what

you

’

re

looking

for?

And< /p>

…

where

’

d you like to go? How many bedrooms you would need and so on ?

C2: Ah, yes, well, erm. There

’

ll be the five of us. I mean, er, my husband and I and the two kids

and my mother because she lost dad last year and it

’

s her first year without.

T:

Fine, I see. And would you want a house or an apartment?

C2: Well, we

’

d like a house of course, if we can afford one, but

I…

T:

And whereabouts? Did you have any particular place in mind?

C2: Well, we wanted the Mediterranean, like Spain. Actually we thought of Minorca.

T:

Well, we

’

ve got some lovely places in Minorca, madam.

C2: Oh!

T:

For five you said?

C2: Uh-huh.

T:

And when would you want to be there?

C2:

Well,

it

would

have

to

be

in

august

because

we

are

both

off

work

then

and

it

’

s

the

school

holidays, too.

T:

Well, how about this?

C2: Uh-huh?

T:

Minorca, adia. Oh, that

’

s a beautiful place.

C2: Oh.

T:

A little fishing village. A house for five for two weeks in august from august 5

th

to august 18

th

inclusive (

uh-huh

) per person,

￡

270 including return flight from Gatwick.

C2: Oh! Well, that

’

s not bad. Ho

…

how many rooms has it got?

T:

One

double

bedroom,

then

a

big

bedroom

with

two

single

beds

and

a

sofa,

you

know,

a

convertible

divan

downstairs,

full

bathroom,

kitchen

and

a

large

living-sitting

room,

and

a

beautiful terrace with a sea view.

C2: Oh! Have you got any photographs of it?

T:

Yes! Actually we

’

ve got a video of it. So if you

’

d like to come into the agency

…

C2: Yes, I would. In fact

I’

ll drop in this afternoon. Mm, when are you open until?

T:

We close at eight tonight, madam.

C2: Right.

I’

ll be in about six, I expect. Oh, um, just one more thing. To hire a car on the island,

how much would it cost, you know, for

…

for a smallish one?

T:

Well, for a fiesta. It would cost you

￡

98 a week.

C2: Phew! Well, it

’

s probably worth it if you

’

re five. Well,

I’

ll

…

I’

ll be in this afternoon then. Er,

see you then. Er, bye-bye. Oh, and er, thanks.

T:

Not at all, madam. Bye.

Unit 4 Approaching Culture

Part I Section A

1. Argentina

Woman: This is interesting. Did you know that in Argentina you should never give clothing unless

you know the person really well?

Man:

Don't give clothing? Why not?

Woman: Clothing ---- even things like ties ----- are too personal. Only good friends give them.

Man:

Huh? I never thought of a tie as being personal ... Just uncomfortable. What should you

bring?

Woman: I don't know. Maybe something for the house.

12

2. Switzerland

Man:

We're meeting Mr Mertz and his wife for dinner. Maybe I should bring flowers or

something. ... Yeah, I'll pick up some red roses.

Woman: You don't want to bring roses. In Switzerland, they could be a symbol of love and

romance.

Man:

Oh, I didn't know that.

Woman: I think candy or chocolate might be better.

3. Italy

Woman: I'd like some flowers. Uh ... Those. About ten, I guess.

Man:

Ma'am, I don't think you should give ten flowers. In Italy, even numbers ---- 2, 4, 6, and

so on ---- are bad luck.

4. Japan

Woman: May I help you?

Man:

I'm going to stay with a family in Japan. I need to get something for them.

Woman: Pen sets are always a good gift.

Man:

Oh, that's a good idea. Let's see ... There are sets with a pen and pencil ... And bigger sets

with four pens.

Woman: Don't give a set of four pens ---- in fact, don't give four of anything. It's bad luck. The

Japanese word for

Man:

Thanks for telling me. I'll take the pen and pencil set.

Woman: Good choice. These sets make very good gifts. After all, pens write in any language.

Man:

Uh ... Yeah. Right.

Part I Section B

1.

A

bow

Around

the

world,

there

are

many

different

ways

to

greet

people.

Bowing

is

the

traditional way of greeting in Northeast Asian countries like Korea and Japan. This picture, for

example, shows how Japanese women bow. In Japan, when you bow, you don't look directly at the

other person's eyes. But in Korea, it's important to see the other person's face when you bow. In

both countries, people bow to show respect.

2. A hug

When good friends meet in Russia, they often hug each other. This is true for both

women and men. Russia isn't the only place where friends hug. In Brazil, for example, friends also

hug each other in greeting. In Brazil, the hug is called an abraco.

3.

A

strong,

short

handshake

You

know

how

to

shake

hands.

This

is

common

in

many

countries. But it isn't always done the same way. In the United States and Canada, for example,

people usually give a strong, short handshake. It's short but rather firm.

4. A softer, longer handshake

In many other countries, people also shake hands. But they do it

differently from in the U.S. and Canada. In Mexico and in Egypt, for example, many people ----

especially men ---- shake hands. Mexican and Egyptian handshakes usually last a little longer. The

handshake is softer ---- not as strong.

Part I Section C

The word

or religious days. Nowadays holidays include national, seasonal and historical days of celebration.

Here are some traditional holidays in some countries.

●

February

14

is

Valentine's

Day.

It

is

observed

in

some

European

and

North

American

countries. People send cars or gifts expressing love and affection sometimes anonymously to their

13

sweethearts or friends.

●

Feast of Dolls in Japan falls on March 2. It is observed there in honor of girls.

●

Feast of Banners in Japan is on May 5. It is observed in honor of boys.

●

May

5

is

Dragon

Boat

Festival

in

China

and

is

held

according

to

the

Chinese

Lunar

Calendar. People eat rice cakes and hold dragon boat races to commemorate the ancient scholar

---- statesman Qu Yuan.

●

August

15

is

Mid-Autumn

Festival

in

China.

It

is

held

according

to

the

Chinese

Lunar

Calendar. People eat moon cakes while looking at the bright full moon.

●

April Fools

’

Day is on April 1. In some European countries and in North America, people

play practical jokes or tricks on each other and those unsuspecting victims are called April fools.

●

July 14 is Bastille Day. It is an annual holiday in France to commemorate the fall of the

Bastille.

●

December 26 is Boxing Day in Britain, Canada, and the U. S. It is observed as a holiday

from the custom of giving Christmas boxes to the tradesmen and staff on this day.

●

May

Day,

known

as

International

Labor

Day,

is

a

public

holiday

in

many

European

countries, the Canal Zone, Philippine islands, and the Latin American countries. It falls on May 1,

and is celebrated especially by the working people.

●

November 25 is Saint Catherine's Day. The French celebrate this playful holiday in honor

of Saint Catherine, the patroness of spinsters, or unmarried women. The day is observed mainly by

the Parisian sewing girls who are over 25 and unmarried. It is a day for fun, parades, dances, and

receptions.

●

March 17 is Saint Patrick's Day. This is Ireland's greatest national holiday. The date marks

the anniversary of the death of the missionary who became the patron saint of Ireland. Green is the

color of the day.

●

Mother's Day is a movable holiday. It falls on the 2

nd

Sunday in May. Mother's Day was

founded by missing Anna M. Jarvis of Philadelphia. It is now observed in countries all around the

world, including England, France, Sweden, Denmark, India, china, and Mexico.

Part II Section A

A1

1. changed/ few / bored / rainy

2. museum directors / what they

are seeing

3. Provide fun / feel at home

A2

electricity / pass / body

17

th

century instruments / music

put on costumes / Stockholm Opera

bone-by-bone reproduction / stegosaurus

A3

I. new audiences / the young / the less educated members

II. rebuilt / modern / lighting, color and sound / fewer objects

III. guided / touch, listen, operate, and experiment /scientific principles

IV. film / dance

Museums

have

changed.

They

are

no

longer

places

for

the

privileged

few

or

for

bored

vacationers to visit on rainy days.

At a science museum in Ontario, Canada, you can feel your hair stand on end as harmless

electricity passes through your body. At the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, you

can

look

at

17

th

century

instruments

while

listening

to

their

music.

At

the

Modern

Museum

in

Sweden, you can put on costumes provided by the Stockholm Opera. At New York's American

Museum of natural History recently, you can have helped make a bone-by-bone reproduction of

the museum's stegosaurus, a beast that lived 200 million years ago.

As these examples show, museums are reaching out to new audiences, particularly the young,

the poor, and the less educated members of the population. As a result, attendance is interesting.

14

Many

museums

have

changed

in

appearance.

Some

of

the

old,

gray

museums

have

been

rebuilt,

and

the

newer

ones

are

open

and

modern

in

their

architecture.

Inside,

there

is

modern

lighting,

color,

and

sound.

Instead

of

displaying

everything

they

own,

museum

directors

show

fewer

objects

and

leave

open

spaces

where

visitor

can

gather

and

sit

down.

They

also

bring

together in one display a group of objects drawn from various parts of the museum in an effort to

represent the whole lifestyle of region or a historical period. In one room, for instance, you may

find materials, clothing, tools, cooking pots, furniture, and art works of a particular place and time.

More

and

more

museum

directors

are

realizing

that

people

learn

best

when

they

can

somehow become part of what they are seeing. In many science museums, for example, there are

no

guided

tours.

The

visitor

is

encouraged

to

touch,

listen,

operate,

and

experiment

so

as

to

discover scientific principles for himself. He can have the experience of operating a spaceship or a

computer.

He

can

experiment

with

glass

blowing

and

papermaking.

The

purpose

is

not

only

to

provide fun but also to help people feel at home in the world of science. The theory is that people

who do not understand science will probably fear it, and those who fear science will not use it to

the best advantage.

Many museums now provide educational services and children's department. In addition to

the usual displays, they also offer film showings and dance programs. Instead of being places that

one

Part II Section B

●

Well, i had quite an amusing time in Greece on one holiday because i confused the words for

morning

which

is

and

which

is

So

for

several

days

I

was

going

around

smiling

broadly

at

people,

saying

to

them,

and

I

couldn't

understand

why they looked at me as if I was totally crazy until someone pointed it out.

●

I was in France on holiday, staying in a friend's cottage and one day we decided to go for a trip

on the river. So we went along to a place on the river where you could hire canoes. And a friend,

who

prided

himself

on

being

rather

good

at

speaking

French,

went

in

to

hire

the

canoes;

we

decided we needed three, so he asked for

canoes

We

got

our

canoes;

we

spent

the

afternoon

on

the

river;

we

came

back.

And

Stephen went in to return the canoes and collect the deposit he's paid on them. And as he walked

in the door, they said

Part II Section C

C1

vendors / fortune / eating / street performers / portrait painting

C2

1. a. special powders / attract men

b. objects for snake bites

2. shells / on a cloth / the way they land

3. round cakes / bean flour / hot spices / fried

4. a. folk singers / guitars

b. classical musicians

c. actors

5. practice drawing and painting

F -- friend

C -- Cathy

F: Hi, Cathy! Welcome back. How was your trip to Brazil?

C:

Oh,

I

loved

every

minute

of

it!

Brazil

is

so

different

from

any

place

I've

ever

been

to,

and

there's so much to see there.

F: Yeah? Well, how's it different?

C: Well, you can find all sorts of street vendors in the cities. I went to some street markets where

they sold really unusual things, like special powders that attract men ... Or objects to cure snake

bites.

F: Wow!

C: And in one city I went to, I got my fortune told on the street.

F: Oh, yeah?

C: Yeah! The fortune-tellers use shells to tell your fortune. They throw the shells on a cloth, and

15

the way they land tells about your future.

F: Huh! I've never heard of that before.

C:

Mmm,

but

my

favorite

street

activity

was

eating!

In

Bahia,

you

can

buy

these

round

cakes

made of bean flour and filled with hot spices. They're fried ad they're delicious. They're a specialty

there.

F: Well, that sounds great. You know, I remember that when I went to France two years ago, I saw

some pretty unusual things on the city streets, too.

C: Really? Like what?

F:

Well,

in

Paris,

you

could

watch

all

kinds

of

street

performers.

There

were

folk

singers

with

guitars, classical musicians ... Sometimes you could even see actors performing in plays.

C: That sounds like a lot of fun.

F: Oh, it is. You really see all sorts of things on the streets of Paris. In fact, you can even have your

portrait painted right on the street. Yeah, the art students do them to practice drawing and painting.

C: Did you have your portrait done there?

F: Yeah, I did. In fact, i had it done twice.

Part III Section A

A2

1. much busier / Monday / Saturday

2. humid and hot

4. much colder / -30°

C

5. much flatter / beautiful

6. mountainous

7. higher / rocky

8. more crowded

9. smaller

10. taller

J -- John

E -- Etsuko

J: I found that living in Japan, people were busier. They seem to work the whole day.

E: Yes, that's right. We work from Monday through Saturday, even in summer. You know, summer

in Japan is just horrible. It's very, very humid and hot, and you need to take showers three

times a day.

J: So you find it cooler in England?

E: Yes, that's right.

J: Where I was living in Japan, in the north, it was cooler than England, especially in winter ----

minus thirty degrees centigrade. Does the winter in Osaka last longer than the winter in

England?

E: No, I don't think so. December, January, February, March ...

J: Yes. It's a little bit shorter if anything.

E: Ever since I came here, I noticed that the countryside here in England is really beautiful.

J: It's much flatter than in Japan.

E: Yes, Japan is a mountainous country and our cities are full of people. There are lots of people in

a limited flat area.

J: Yes, I found Japan much more mountainous than Britain, especially in the north. The mountains

are much higher and much more rocky. I fount it more beautiful than Britain, I think.

E: Yes, if you like mountains.

J: And so therefore the towns and villages tend to be more crowded.

E: Yes, that's right.

J: Yes. So because the cities are more crowded, the houses tend to be smaller, don't they?

E: Yes, they are very compact, and we don't have a lot of space. In bit cities you have a lot of taller

buildings now.

J: Is this a problem because there are more earthquakes in Japan?

E: Yes, that's right, and ... er ...

Part III Section B

1 France / Latin American

2 Kenya / Tunisia / Greece

3 Lebanon / Tonga

4 Italy / Europe and Latin America

5 Mexico, Costa Rica, and Japan / Bolivia, Honduras and Lebanon

6 Barbados / Bangladesh

7 Greece, Iran and Italy

Did you know that ... you can give the

16

elsewhere would be obscene?

●

passing objects or gesturing with your left hand is an offense in many countries?

●

you are expected to smack and suck loudly at dinner in some culture>

●

you'd not talk with your hand in your pockets?

●

pointing with your index finger is impolite in most cultures?

These

and

many

other

small

but

important

facts

are

contained

in

the

nonverbal

world

of

gestures. Let's start with gestures of approval and disapproval.

Gestures of approval

The OK sign (an

goodness in North American culture. However, as mentioned earlier it is obscene or rude in many

parts of Latin America, Europe, Asia, and elsewhere. To the French, the OK gesture means

or

Many cultures, including France and a number of Latin American countries, show approval

by the thumb-up gesture. But in Bangladesh, the same sign means rejection, not approval! Two

thumbs are better than one in Kenya, where this double sign means approval. The thumb and all

fingertips

pulled

together

(

hand

purse

while

waving

toward

the

body,

means

in

Tunisia. Unfortunately, the same sign can also mean

In

many

parts

of

the

world,

people

often

use

hand

clapping

to

show

thanks

or

positive

feelings. Greeks indicate approval or

can mean approval in Lebanon and Iran. In Tonga, raising the eyebrows indicates agreement or

liking.

An Italian gesture of praise or happiness is he

finger into the cheek and twists it.

Kissing one's own fingertips is a sign of happiness, joy, and

utter approval of something or someone especially in Europe and Latin America.

Gesture of Disapproval

Gestures of disapproval, dislike, or

gesture of shaking the whole hand from side to side with the index finger extended and the palm

outward. A similar gesture is used all the way in Japan.

In

Bolivia

and

Hunduras,

people

wave

the

index

finger

as

a

negative

sign.

In

labanon,

negativity can also be expressed by shaking the index finger from side to side.

Folks in Barbados express disgust by puckering their lips and making a sound (chupse). In

Bangladesh, the thumbs-up sign is used to show disapproval or rejection, not approval. In Greece,

Iran, and Italy, a slight upward not (the head toss) shows

In

many countries around the globe, a common sigh for saying

fingers or the hand toward the irritating person or thing. No wonder it is called the

Part IV

China is the biggest market in the world, and many countries such as Germany, the USA, the

UK and Russia do a lot of business there. Let's have a look at some important tips to help you be

successful with these nationalities.

Firstly,

you must be punctual with Germans. Even 5 minutes late makes a bad impression.

Being

punctual

is

also

very

important

in

the

USA.

In

the

UK,

it's

important

to

be

punctual

for

business meetings, but nobody expects you to be on time for a social event. Half past seven really

means

quarter

to

eight,

or

even

eight

o'clock!

With

Russians,

always

be

on

time,

but

don't

be

17

surprised if

your Russian contact is very late!

It is not

unusual for them to be one or even two

hours late!

In

all

four

countries,

it

is

best

to

dress

formally

and

use

dark

colors.

In

Russia,

designer

clothes are very common. Don't be surprised if you go to an office in the UK on a Friday and find

everyone

wearing

jeans.

Many

companies

have

down

Friday

when

people

wear

casual

clothes.

In Germany, first names are only used with family members and close friends, so be prepared

to

use

titles

and

last

names.

In

the

USA

you

will

usually

be

invited

to

use

first

names

almost

immediately. The British are quite informal and using first names in business is more and more

common, especially among younger people. In Russia, however, nobody uses first names, so use

titles and last names.

In conversation, the British and the Americans value humor, and both like to talk about sport.

The weather is also a good topic of conversation with the British. The Germans, however, prefer

to get strait down to business!

Finally,

when

doing

business

in

all

countries

make

sure

you

have

a

lot

of

business

cards.

Remember that in Germany, once a deal has been agreed, you can

’

t change it! In the USA, money

is more important than relationships, whereas in Russia it

’

s important to get to know your contact

well.

Finally,

don

’

t

be

surprised

if

a

British

meeting

seems

like

chaos,

with

everybody

participating and giving opinions!

So, use these tips, and you will be on your way to s successful international business career!

18

Unit 12

Item one

Different

people

have

different

ways

of

learning.

We

call

this

your

―

learning

style

‖

,

and

it

’

s

based on your senses. To learn, you need to use your different senses

–

hearing, seeing, touching,

etc., to bring information to your brain. Now, most people use one of their senses more than the

others.

Some people learn best by listening. They are called hearing learners. And others learn best by

reading or looking at pictures. They are called visual learners. And some learn best by touching

and doing things. They are called tactile learners. Now scientists don

’

t know why people use one

sense more than the others. Maybe the sense they use most just works best for them.

Item two

Today, we tell about one of the most famous national parks in the United States. It is one of the

most beautiful places in the country. Yosemite National Park is a place of extremes. It has high

mountains. It has valleys formed by ancient ice that cut deep into the earth millions of years ago.

Water from high in the mountains falls in many places to the green valley far below.

There are

thirteen beautiful waterfalls in Yosemite Valley. One of these waterfalls, Yosemite Falls, is the fifth

highest on Earth. Yosemite has a beautiful slow-moving river and large grassy areas where you

can see wild animals.

Item three

America

’

s

national

road

system

makes

it

possible

to

drive

coast

to

coast.

From

the

Atlantic

Ocean in the east to the Pacific Ocean in the west is a distance of more than 4,000 kilometers. Or

you could drive more than two thousand kilometers and go from the Canadian border south to the

Mexican border. The highway system has made it possible for people to work in a city and live

outside it. And it has made it possible for people to travel easily and quickly from one part of the

country to another.

Item four

The

way

you

look

at

someone

conveys

important

cultural

messages.

Without

your

even

knowing it, your gaze speaks volumes.

―T

he eyes are the window of the soul,

‖

according to the

old

sayings.

Staring

is

acceptable

in

some

cultures

but

not

in

others.

A

wink

can

mean

a

compliment or an insult, depending on the cultures. A direct gaze can be a sign of honesty or an

indication of disrespect and rudeness, according to the culture that surrounds the gazer. The way a

person

gazes

thus

expresses

a

strong

message-but

this

message

can

be

easily

misunderstood

if

cultural norms are not shared.

Item five

This time of the year Americans spend lots of time shopping for holiday gifts for their family

members and friends. Many people visit a lot of stores in large shopping centers to buy their gifts.

Others order goods by telephone from catalogues, the magazines that offer company

’

s products.

And

many

are

doing

their

holiday

shopping

on

the

Internet.

Industry

experts

say

American

business should have about 184,000 million dollars in sales during November and December. 63%

of people who use the Internet say they expect to buy at least some gifts there.

19

Item six

IOC

stands

for

International

Olympic

Committee,

which

governs

the

Olympics

in

general.

It

was

founded

in

Paris

on

23

June

1894.

Its

headquarters

are

in

the

Swiss

city

of

Lausanne.

Its

official

languages

are

English

and

French.

IOC

members

come

from

five

different

continents-Africa, America, Asia, Europe and Oceania. They choose Olympic cities six years in

advance. All the Olympic movement

’

s rules are contained in a book called

The Olympic Charter

.

There

is

an

Olympic

Museum

and

Studies

Center

in

Lausanne.

It

contains

posters,

documents,

medals, books, photos, paintings, films and sculptures.

Item seven

There are far too many road accidents in this country, too many deaths and too many people

injured. One wonders who most to blame, drivers or pedestrians. Some people say that the blame

can not be put fairly without considering the state of the roads and the whole transport system. On

the other hand, many experts are convinced that the larger part of the blame for the death toll must

be put on persons and persons alone. To be fair, pedestrians, drivers and road conditions are all to

blame.

One

looks

forward

to

the

day

when

the

motor-car

has

been

replaced

by

some

less

dangerous means of transport.

Item eight

Petroleum

has

been

important

since

ancient

times.

In

Latin,

the

name

means

―

rock

oil.

‖

Petroleum

is

a

fossil

fuel.

The

liquid

comes

from

the

remains

of

plants

and

animals

that

died

millions of years ago. These remains were buried deep below levels of rock over time and under

great pressure. This geological process created complex molecules of hydrogen and carbon.

Oil

can

also

contain

other

elements.

Crude

oil,

or

unprocessed

petroleum,

is

called

sour

when

it

contains a lot of sulfur, an impurity. Sour crude requires more refining than sweet crude, which is

often more valuable.

Item nine

In

September

of

2000,

world

leaders

set

eight

goals

for

bringing

millions

of

people

out

of

poverty. These became known as the United Nations millennium development goals. Among them:

cut in half the number of people living on less than one dollar a day and halt the spread of AIDS

and

malaria.

The

goals

also

include

improving

survival

rates

for

pregnant

women

and

young

children, and educating all children. Working for equality between women and men and dealing

with environmental needs like safe water also are included. The target date for reaching the goals

is 2015.

Item ten

One way to think about time is to imagine a world without time. There could be no movement,

because time and movement cannot be separated. A world without time could exist only as long as

there

were

no

changes.

For

time

and

change

are

linked.

We

know

that

time

has

passed

when

something

changes.

In

the

real

world-the

world

with

time-changes

never

stop.

Some

changes

happen only once in a while, like an eclipse of the moon. Others happen repeatedly, like the rising

and setting of the sun. Humans always have noted natural events that repeat themselves.

When

20

people began to count such events, they began to measure time.

Item eleven

The World Future Society has published a special report about forces changing the world. One

of

them

is

population

growth.

The

report

says

the

world

is

expected

to

have

more

than

nine

thousand

million

people

by

the

middle

of

this

century.

Population

growth

in

many

industrial

nations, however, is expected to drop. But medical progress helps their people to live longer lives.

International migration is also shaping the future. The report says there is some resistance, but also

growing acceptance of cultural differences. The world economy is also becoming more integrated.

On the issue of energy, the use of oil is expected to reach 110 million barrels a day by 2020.

Unit 1 Education Is Key

Part I

C

All right, class. Today we

’

re going to be looking at different language learning styles.

You may be surprised to find that there are different ways of going about learning languages, none

of

which

is

necessarily

better

than

the

others.

Researchers

have

identified

four

basic

learner

―

types

‖

–

the communicative learner, the analytical learner, the authority-oriented learner and the

concrete

learner.

Communicative

learners

like

to

learn

by

watching

and

listening

to

native

speakers. At home, they like to learn by watching TV and videos. They like to learn new words by

hearing them. In class, they like to learn by having conversations. Now, concrete learners like to

lean by playing games, by looking at pictures and videos in class, talking in pairs, and by listening

to

cassettes

at

home

and

school.

Now,

authority-oriented

learners,

on

the

other

hand,

like

the

teacher to explain everything. They like to write everything down in their notebook, and they like

to have a textbook. They like to learn new words by seeing them. And finally, we have analytical

learners. These learners like to learn by studying grammar. At home, they like to learn by studying

English books, and they like to study by themselves. They like to find their own mistakes. Now, of

course, it

’

s unusual for a person to be exclusively one

―

type

‖

rather than another. Most of us are

mixtures of styles. What type of learner do you think you are?

Part II

A3

Well, in Britain, from the ages of five to about eleven you start off at a primary school, and then

from eleven to sixteen you go on to a secondary school or a comprehensive school and at sixteen

you take GCSE examinations. After this, some children take vocational courses or even start work.

Others stay on at school for another two years to take A levels. And at the age of eighteen, after A

levels, they might finish their education or go on to a course of higher education at a college or

university, and that

’

s usually for three years.

Well, it depends on what state you

’

re in but most kids in the United States start school at about six

when they go to elementary school and that goes from the first grade up to the sixth grade. Some

kids go to a kindergarten the year before that. Then they go on to junior high school, that

’

s about

eleven, and that

’

s the seventh, eighth and ninth grades. And then they go on to senior high school

around age fourteen starting in the tenth grade and finishing in the twelfth grade usually. Some

students will leave school at sixteen and they

’

ll start work, but most of them stay on to graduate

from

high

school

at

age

eighteen.

In

the

first

year

at

high

school

or

college

students

are

called

―

freshmen< /p>

‖

, in the second they

’

re called

―< /p>

sophomores

‖

, in the third year we call them

―

juniors

‖

and

in

the

fourth

year

they

’

re

called

―

seniors

‖

.

Now

a

lot

of

high

school

graduates

then

go

to

college or university and they do a four-year first degree course. Some of them might go to junior

college which is a two- year course.

21

Well,

in

Australia,

well

most

states

anyway,

children

start

their

primary

education

at

five

after

perhaps a brief time in kindergarten. They will stay at primary school until they

’

re about eleven,

then they

’

ll either stay there or go to an intermediate school for a couple of years. Then they start

high school usually twelve or thirteen, which you start in the third form. Now, after three years at

high

school

you

sit

a

general

exam,

some

states

call

it

School

Certificate

and

that

is

a

sort

of

general qualification and that if a sort of general qualification. After that you can leave school at

sixteen

or

you

can

go

on

and

sit

your

University

Entrance

Examination,

which

then

gives

you

entré

e

into

a

university

or

it

’

s

another

useful

qualification,

and

from

then

on

you

go

to

various

sorts of higher education.

Education in Canada is a provincial responsibility, but schools are administered by

local school

boards.

Kindergarten

is

for

children

who

are

four

or

five

years

old.

Children

begin

formal

full-day

schooling in Grade 1, when they are about six years old. They must stay in school at least until

they are sixteen. However,

most students continue to finish high school.

Some go to college or

university.

Each

year

of

schooling

represents

one

grade.

(The

school

year

extends

from

the

beginning

of

September

to

the

end

of

June.)

Elementary

school

includes

kindergarten

to

about

Grade 8. Secondary school (or high school) may start in Grade 8, 9, or 10 and it usually continues

until Grade 12.

In Canada, students may go to university or to a community college. If they want to learn skills for

specific job, they attend college for one or four years to get a diploma or certificate. For example,

lab

technicians,

child-care

workers,

and

hotel

managers

go

to

college.

Universities

offer

degree

programs as well as training professions, such as law, medicine, and teaching.

Universities

offer

three

main

levels

of

degrees.

Students

earn

a

bachelor

’

s

degree

after

three

or

four years of study. A master

’

s degree can take another year or two. A doctorate may take a further

three to seven years to complete.

Part III University Life

A1

Today

I’

d like to give you some idea about how life at an American university or college

might

be

different

from

the

way

it

is

in

your

country.

To

be

sure,

the

student

body

on

a

U.

S.

campus is a pretty diverse group of people. First of all, you will find students of all ages. Although

most students start college at around the age of 18, you will see students in their 30s and 40s and

even occasionally in their 60s and 70s. Students on a U.S. campus come from a wide variety of

socioeconomic backgrounds. Many students work at least part- time, some of them work full-time.

Many students live in dormitories on campus, some have their own apartments usually with other

students,

and

others

live

at

home.

Some

colleges

and

universities

have

a

very

diverse

student

population

with

many

racial

and

ethnic

minorities.

Some

schools

have

a

fairly

large

foreign

student

population.

So

you

can

see

that

one

meets

all

kinds

of

people

on

a

U.S.

college

or

university campus. Now that you have some general idea of differences in the student population,

I’

d like to talk a few minutes about what I think an average student is and then discuss with you

what a typical class might be like.

Let

’

s begin my talking about an average student entering his or her freshman year. Of course, such

a

person

never

really

exists,

but

still

it

’

s

convenient

to

talk

about

an

―

average

‖

student

for

our

purposes. Foreign students are often surprised at how poorly prepared American students are when

they enter a university. Actually, at very select schools the students are usually very well prepared,

but

at

less

selective

schools,

they

may

not

be

as

well

prepared

as

students

in

your

country

are.

22

Schools in the States simply admit a lot more students than is usual in most other countries. Also,

most

young

American

university

students

have

not

traveled

in

other

countries

and

are

not

very

well- versed

in

international

matters

and

do

not

know

a

lot

about

people

from

other

countries.

Foreign

students

usually

find

them

friendly

but

not

very

well-informed

about

their

countries

or

cultures.

What

kind

of

academic

experiences

will

this

so-called

―< /p>

average

‖

student

have?

The

average

undergraduate student takes five classes a semester and is in class for 15 hours a week. If her or

she

takes

a

class

that

has

a

laboratory,

this

will

require

tow

or

three

more

hours.

Many

introductory undergraduate classes are given in large lectures of 100 or more students. However,

many

of

these

classes

will

have

small

discussion

groups

of

15

to

20

students

that

meet

once

a

week. In these smaller groups, a teaching assistant will lead a discussion to help classify points in

the lectures. Other kinds of classes

–

for example, language classes

–

will be much smaller so that

students

can

practice

language.

In

general,

American

professors

are

informal

and

friendly

with

their

students,

and,

as

much

as

possible,

they

expect

and

invite

participation

in

the

form

of

discussion. A large amount of reading and other work is often assigned to be done outside class,

and students are expected to take full responsibility for completing these assignments and asking

questions in class about those areas they don

’

t understand. As a rule of thumb, students spend two

to three hours preparing for each hour they spend in class. American professors often encourage

their students to visit them during office hours, especially if the students are having problems in

the class.

A2

Let

’

s

move

on

now

to

discuss

student

obligations

in

a

typical

American

class.

These

obligations

are

usually

set

down

in

the

course

syllabus.

A

syllabus

is

generally

handed

out

to

students on the first or second class meeting. A good syllabus will give students a course outline

that mentions all the topics to be covered in class. It will also contain all the assignments and the

dates they should be completed by. An average university course of one semester might have three

examinations

or

two

examinations

and

a

paper.

The

dates

of

the

examinations

and

what

the

examinations will cover should be on the syllabus. If a paper id required, the date it is due should

also be in the syllabus. The professor may also decide that he or she will be giving quizzes during

the semester, either announced or unannounced. For students coming from a system where there is

one examination in each subject at the end of the year, all this testing can be a little surprising at

first.

By

the

by,

maybe

this

would

be

a

good

place

for

me

to

mention

the

issue

of

attendance.

Another real difference in our system is out attendance policies. Perhaps you come from a system

where attendance is optional. Generally speaking, American professors expect regular attendance

and

may

even

grade

you

down

if

you

are

absent

a

lot.

All

this

information

should

be

on

your

syllabus, along with the professor

’

s office number and office hours.

I have only a couple of hours left, and

I’

d like to use them to talk about how graduate school is

somewhat

different

from

undergraduate

school.

Of

course,

it

’

s

much

more

difficult

to

enter

graduate school, and most students are highly qualified and high motivated. Students in graduate

school are expected to do much more independent work than those in undergraduate schools, with

regularly scheduled exams, etc. some classes will be conducted as seminars. In a seminar class,

there may be no exams, but students are expected to read rather widely on topics and be prepared

for thorough discussion of them in class. Another possibility in graduate classes is that in addition

to

readings

done

by

all

students,

each

student

may

also

be

expected

to

work

independently

in

some area of interest and later make a presentation that summarizes what her or she has learned.

23

Usually each student then goes on to write a paper on what he or she has researched to turn in to

the professor for a grade.

I hope that today

’

s lecture has given you some idea about student life on an American campus and

that you have noticed some difference between our system and yours.

Part IV University Campus

Section

A

Look at the map. At the bottom of the page, fine the gate (1). Now locate 16. It is between the

river and the lake, close to the Main Road. The building behind the Administration is 15. Where is

4? It

’

s on the right-hand side of the Main Road, close to the river. Across the Main road from the

Library, the building by the river is 5. The first building on the left-hand side of the Main Road is

7. 6 is between the Education and the Geography. The building at the end of the Main Road is 12.

on its left is 11 and on its right, near the lake, is 13. Another building behind the like is 14. 10 is

facing the lake, across the Main Road. The building between the Chinese Department and the river

is 9. 2 is the first building on the right of the Main Road. Next to the History Department is 3. And

last, 8 is behind the Education, Philosophy and Geography Departments.

Section B

So I had to earn a little money to help pay my way.

It sounds as if you

’

re a pretty responsible fellow. I see that you attended two grade schools.

I

don

’

t

find

a

transcript

among

your

papers.

But

it

’

s

hard

to

keep

up

with

both

sports

and

studies.

I’

ll

hold

your

application

until

we

get

the

transcript.

What

did

your

guidance

counselor tell you?

He told me I had a real knack for scientific things. I have been fascinated

with science since I was a child.

An interest of that kind really signifies something.

Unit 2 Colorful lands, colorful people

The biggest continent in the world is Asia. It covers 16,998,000 square miles.

The Pacific Ocean is the largest ocean with 64,186,300 square miles.

Which is the biggest island? It

’

s Greenland. It occupies an area of 840,000 square miles.

The Arabia Peninsula is the largest peninsula and has an area of 1, 000,000 square miles.

Do you know which is the largest desert? Yes, it

’

s the Sahara Desert in North Africa. It covers

3,320,000 square miles.

The biggest saltwater lake is the Caspian Sea, which is 143,244 square miles large.

Lake Superior is the biggest fresh water lake and it covers a total area of 32,483 square miles.

The smallest continent is Oceania, with an area of 2,966,000 square miles, and the smallest ocean

is the Arctic Ocean with 5,105,700 square miles.

You all know the world

’

s highest peak, don

’

t you? Mt. Qomolangma (or Mt. Everest) is 29,028

feet above sea level. In contrast, the lowest altitude in the world is the Dead Sea, 1,312 feet below

sea level, or you can say -1,312 feet.

The deepest lake is Baykal in Russia. The depth is 5,315 feet.

Mariana Trench near the Philippines is the deepest oceanic trench, with a depth of 36, 198 feet.

The longest river in the world is the Nile in Africa. It is 4, 145 miles long.

Section B

13.

The country with the largest population in the world is China. According to the 1997 census,

the total population was 1,243,738,000.

14.

The second largest in population is India. It listed a population of 955,220,000 in 1997.

15.

And

the

third

largest

is

the

United

States,

with

its

estimated

population

of

267,901,000

in

1997.

24

16.

Which country is the fourth largest in population? It

’

s Indonesia. About 199,867,000 people

live there.

17.

Brazil ranks the fifth in its population. There the population was 159,884,000.

18.

Next comes the Russian Federation, with a population of 147,105,000.

19.

The seventh in line is Pakistan, with an estimated population of 138,150,000.

20.

Japan

is

the

country

with

the

eighth

largest

population.

Its

population

estimated

in

1997

reached 125,638,000.

21.

The

next

larges

country

in

population

is

Bangladesh.

The

estimated

population

was

122,013,000 in 1997.

22.

Nigeria in Africa ranks the tenth in its population. There are about 118,369,000 people living

there.

23.

The eleventh? Mexico. According to statistics, its population was 96, 400, 000 in 1997.

24.

And

last,

the

twelfth

larges

is

Germany.

Its

1997

census

showed

it

had

a

population

of

82,071,000.

Section C

Do you know which languages are spoken by more than 40 million people?

Chinese

has

the

largest

number

of

speakers,

more

than

1,300

million.

Next,

Spanish

is

spoken by 332 million people. The next on the line is English, which has more than 322 million

speakers. Number 4, Bengali is spoken by 189 million people. Next comes Hindi, the language

spoken chiefly in India, which has 182 million speakers. Portuguese and Russian are next on the

line and they are both spoken by 170 million people. Number 8, Japanese is spoken by 125 million.

Next, German has 98 million speakers, while Javanese has 75.5 million. We have Korean on the

list

with

75

million,

and

it

is

followed

by

French,

which

is

spoken

by

72

million.

Number

13,

Vietnamese is spoken by 67 million and Telugu is spoken by 66 million. Next, we have Marathi on

the list and it has 64

million

speakers. Marathi is followed by Tamil,

with 63

million speakers.

Next comes Turkish, the language spoken in Turkey, and it has 59 million speakers. Number 18,

Urdu is spoken by 58 million people. Gujarati has 44 million speakers, and Polish is also spoken

by 44 million people. Number 21, which 42.5 million people speak, is Arabic and last, the number

of people who speak Ukrainian is 41 million.

Part II

A baby boy born in Bosnia-Herzegovina overnight has officially been named the world

’

s six

billionth inhabitant.

Although several other babies are likely to have been born at the same time elsewhere in the

world, the United Nations had declared that the first child to be delivered at the Kosovo Hospital

in Sarajevo today would symbolize the passing of the mark.

The U Secretary General is visiting the mother and her son as a UN attempt to draw attention

to the social and ecological problems of rapidly expanding populations

The boy who came into the world a short time ago in Bosnia to such international acclaim will

be

sharing

a

birthday

with

a

few

hundred

thousand

people

and

in

the

next

year

another

eighty

million will be joining him on the planet. The earth

’

s population has doubled since 1960 and with

more than a billion young people just entering their productive years. The population growth has

plenty of momentum. But birth control programs are beginning to have an impact. Demographers

predict that by the middle of the new century the global count will level off at something under ten

billion. The UN population agency has presented today

’

s achievement as a success for humanity,

25

pointing out that people are living longer and healthier lives than any generation in the history.

Unit 3 Traveling from Place to Place

Part

Ⅰ

A

Last

call

for

British

airways

flight

BA912

for

Tokyo.

BA912

for

Tokyo

due

to

depart

at

11:20

boarding at gate 17.

British airways flight BA877 to Boston. British airways flight BA877 to Boston duo to depart at

11:20 boarding now at gate 14.

British

airways

flight

BA292

for

Frankfurt,

Athens

and

Karachi.

Flight

BA292

for

Frankfurt,

Athens and Karachi duo to depart at 11:25 now board at gate 19.

TWA flight, TW695to New York. TWA flight TW695 to New York departing at 11:30 boarding at

gate 16.

British Airways passengers for British Airways Super Shuttle flight to Edinburg; this flight is now

boarding

at

gate

No.

4.

British

Airways

Super

Shuttle

flight

to

Edinburg:

this

flight

is

now

boarding at gate No. 4.

East African Airlines flight EA831 to Nairobi, EA831 to Nairobi is due to depart at 11:35 boarding

Gate 24.

British Airways passengers wishing to travel to Cork ---- flight No. BA838 ---- this flight is now

checking in at gate No. 9. British airways passengers to Cork on flight No. BA838: this flight is

now checking in at gate No. 9.

Ibieria flight IB290 to Madrid, Ibieria flight IB290 to Madrid due to depart at 11:35 boarding gate

15.

Lufthansa

flight

LH039

to

Hamburg,

Lufthansa

flight

LH039

for

Hamburg

departing

at

11:40

boarding at gate 9.

Passengers for British Airways flight BA666 to Muscat, Kuala Lumpur and Singapore, BA666 for

Muscat, Kuala Lumpur and Singapore due to depart at 11:40 boarding gate 18.

Aer Lingus passengers to Dublin ---- flight number AI141: this flight is now closing at gate No. 6.

Aer Lingus passengers to Dublin ---- flight number AI141: this flight is now closing at gate No. 6.

British Airways passengers for flight number BA560 to Athens; this flight is now closing at gate

No. 32.

Part

Ⅰ

Section

B

Chief Steward: may I have your attention please, ladies and gentlemen? This is

the chief steward speaking. We would like to inform all passengers that the buffet car is now open.

The buffet car is situated towards the middle of the train. On sale are tea, coffee and soft drinks, a

selection

of

fresh

and

toasted

sandwiches

including

egg

and

tomato,

ham

and

tomato,

egg

and

cress, roast chicken and toasted cheese; cheeseburgers, beef burgers and sausages and a licensed

bar. The buffet car is situated towards the middle of the train. Thank you.

Unit 4 Approaching Culture

Part I Section B

1.

A

bow

Around

the

world,

there

are

many

different

ways

to

greet

people.

Bowing

is

the

traditional way of greeting in Northeast Asian countries like Korea and Japan. This picture, for

example, shows how Japanese women bow. In Japan, when you bow, you don't look directly at the

other person's eyes. But in Korea, it's important to see the other person's face when you bow. In

both countries, people bow to show respect.

2. A hug

When good friends meet in Russia, they often hug each other. This is true for both

26

women and men. Russia isn't the only place where friends hug. In Brazil, for example, friends also

hug each other in greeting. In Brazil, the hug is called an abraco.

3.

A

strong,

short

handshake

You

know

how

to

shake

hands.

This

is

common

in

many

countries. But it isn't always done the same way. In the United States and Canada, for example,

people usually give a strong, short handshake. It's short but rather firm.

4. A softer, longer handshake

In many other countries, people also shake hands. But they do it

differently from in the U.S. and Canada. In Mexico and in Egypt, for example, many people ----

especially men ---- shake hands. Mexican and Egyptian handshakes usually last a little longer. The

handshake is softer ---- not as strong.

Part I Section C

The word

or religious days. Nowadays holidays include national, seasonal and historical days of celebration.

Here are some traditional holidays in some countries.

●

February

14

is

Valentine's

Day.

It

is

observed

in

some

European

and

North

American

countries. People send cars or gifts expressing love and affection sometimes anonymously to their

sweethearts or friends.

●

Feast of Dolls in Japan falls on March 2. It is observed there in honor of girls.

●

Feast of Banners in Japan is on May 5. It is observed in honor of boys.

●

May

5

is

Dragon

Boat

Festival

in

China

and

is

held

according

to

the

Chinese

Lunar

Calendar. People eat rice cakes and hold dragon boat races to commemorate the ancient scholar

---- statesman Qu Yuan.

●

August

15

is

Mid-Autumn

Festival

in

China.

It

is

held

according

to

the

Chinese

Lunar

Calendar. People eat moon cakes while looking at the bright full moon.

●

April Fools

’

Day is on April 1. In some European countries and in North America, people

play practical jokes or tricks on each other and those unsuspecting victims are called April fools.

●

July 14 is Bastille Day. It is an annual holiday in France to commemorate the fall of the

Bastille.

●

December 26 is Boxing Day in Britain, Canada, and the U. S. It is observed as a holiday

from the custom of giving Christmas boxes to the tradesmen and staff on this day.

●

May

Day,

known

as

International

Labor

Day,

is

a

public

holiday

in

many

European

countries, the Canal Zone, Philippine islands, and the Latin American countries. It falls on May 1,

and is celebrated especially by the working people.

●

November 25 is Saint Catherine's Day. The French celebrate this playful holiday in honor

of Saint Catherine, the patroness of spinsters, or unmarried women. The day is observed mainly by

the Parisian sewing girls who are over 25 and unmarried. It is a day for fun, parades, dances, and

receptions.

●

March 17 is Saint Patrick's Day. This is Ireland's greatest national holiday. The date marks

the anniversary of the death of the missionary who became the patron saint of Ireland. Green is the

color of the day.

●

Mother's Day is a movable holiday. It falls on the 2

nd

Sunday in May. Mother's Day was

founded by missing Anna M. Jarvis of Philadelphia. It is now observed in countries all around the

world, including England, France, Sweden, Denmark, India, china, and Mexico.

Part II Section A

27