-
Chapter 2
Peter Newmark
Semantic and Communicative Translation
Guided Reading
Peter Newmark
(1916) is an accomplished translation scholar as
well as an experienced translator. He
has translated a number of
books and
articles and published extaensively on
translation. His
publications
on
translation
include
Approaches
to
Translation
(1981),
About
Translation(1983),
Paragraphs
on
Tra
nslation
段
落翻译
(1985
), A Textbook of
Translation
翻译教程
(1988), and
More Paragraphs on Translation(1993).
In his work Approaches to Translation,
Newmark proposes two
types
of
translation:
semantic
translation
< br>语
义
翻
译
and
communicative
< br>translation
交
际
翻
译
.
Semantic
translation
focuses
primarily
upon the semantic content of
the source text
whereas communicative
translation focuses essentially upon the
comprehension
and
response
of
receptors.
This
distinction
results from his
disapproval of Nida's assumption
假定，假设，<
/p>
设想；
假装；
承担，
担任
that all translating is
communicating,
and
the
overriding
最主要的，最优先的
principle
of
any
translation is to achieve
success of equivalent effect is
of
loyalties,
the
gap
between
emphasis
on
source
and
target
languages
will
always
remain
as
the
overriding
problem
in
translation
theory
and
practice
To
narrow
the
gap,
Newmark
系统地阐述，
确切地
表达；
规划，
构想出
formulat
es
his
concepts
of
translation
and
translation
which
in
a
sense
从某种意义上说
are
similar
to
Nida's
translation
common method and
could be used in many types of translation.
Nevertheless, he justifies
证明
……正当
/
有理，
为……辩护
the
legitimacy
合法性，正当；合理性，妥当；嫡出，正统
of
translations depend on the
three
一分为二，
二分法；
本质
对立
dichotomies,
namely,
the
foreign
and
native
cultures,
the
two
languages, the writer and the
translator. Hence, it is unlikely to
have
a
universal
theory
that
could
include
all
these
factors.
Secondly, previous
discussions on methods of translation, either
Nida's
does not reflect the
actual reality of translation method, for each
of
them
either
recommends
one
or
贬低，轻视
disparages
the
other.
Thirdly,
the
social
factors,
especially
the
readers
of
the
second language, only play a partial
部分的；
偏爱
/
袒<
/p>
/
心的
role
发挥部分作用
in translation. Some texts, such as an
expressive
one,
require
a
translation
It
can
be
seen
that
可以看出
by proposing the coexistence of
translation
and
translation
Newmark
suggests
a
correl
ation
相互关系，关联；相关性
between
translation
method and text type.
It
should
be
pointed
out
that
应
< br>该
指
出
的
是
Newmark's
semantic translation differs from
literal translation
直译
because
the former
the latter
sticks very
closely to source text at word and
syntax
level(1981:62).
Literal
translation,
however,
is
held
to
be
the
best approach in both semantic and
communicative translation,
that
如果
equivalent
effect
is
secured,
the
literal
word-for-word
translation is not only the best, it is the only
valid
method of
translation
take account
of
考虑到，顾及，体谅
literary translation rather
than
non-literary
translation,
which
is
often
rendered
more
freely in order to
communicate the meaning. But he also states
that
when
there
is
a
conflict
between
semantic
and
communicative
translation,
the
latter
would
win
out
胜出
.
For
instance, it is better
to render communicatively the
public
sign
公共标志
bissiger
Hund
and
chien
mechant
into
beward
the