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英语中
8
种时态的主动语态和被动语态
1
、一般现在时
(1)
一
般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态,常
和副
词
usually
,
often
,
always
sometimes
,
every year, every
week
等连用。
例如:
1)The
moon moves round the
earth..
(2)
在由
after
,
until
,
before
,
once
,
when
,
eve
n if
(
即使
,
虽然
),
in case
(
conj.
万一
,
如
果
)
,
as long
as
(
和
...
一样长
)
,
as soon as
(
conj.
一
...
就
)
,
the
moment
(
一
...
就
...,
这一刻
)以及
if
,
unless
(
conj.
除非
,
如果不
prep.
除
...
外
)等引导的时间状语从句或条件<
/p>
状语从句中,通常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如:
1)I will tell him the news
as soon as I see him.
(3)
p>
某些表示起始的动词,可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,这类动
词有:
be
,
go<
/p>
,
come
,
s
tart
,
depart
(
vt.
离开
vi.
离开
,
死亡
),
a
rrive
(
vi.
到达
,
到来
,
成
功
),
begin
(
p>
v.
开始
,
着手
),
l
eave
(
v.
委托
< br>,
离开
,
留给
,
遗留
,
遗赠
,
听任
n.
许可
,
准假
,
告
别
vi.
生出叶子
)等。例如:
1)The
plane leaves at three
sharp
(
adv.
正好
,
(
时间
)
准
,
尖锐地
)
.
(4)
在由
why
,
what
,
where
,
whoever
(
p
ron.
无论是谁
,
不管谁
,
任何人
),
who
,
that
,
as
等引导的从句中,也常用一般现在时代替将
来时。例如:
1)Free
tickets will be given to whoever comes first.
2.
一般过去时
英语中
8
种
时态的主动语态和被动语态
(1)
表
示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态,常与表示确切过去时间的词、
短语
或从句连用。例如:
We went to the pictures last night and
saw a very interesting film.
(2)
表示过去习惯性动作。例如:
1)He always
went to class last
(
迟到
)
.
2)I used to do my homework in the
library.
3.
一般将来时
1)
表示
将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如:
I shall graduate
(
/
'gr?
djueit/
vt.
毕业
)
next year.
2)
几种替代形式:
1)be going to
+v
在口语中广泛使用,表示准备做或将发生的事情。例如:
I’m going to
buy a house when we’ve saved en
ough
money.
2)be to
+v
表示计划安排要做的事,具有
“
必
要
”
的强制性意义。例如:
I am to play
tennis this afternoon.
3)be about to
+v
表示即将发生的事情。例如:
He was about to start.
4)be due to
+v
表示预先确定了的事,必定发生的事。例如:
The train is
due to depart in ten minutes.
5)be on the point/verge of
+v
–
ing
强调即将发生的某种事态。例如:
The baby was on
the point of crying when her mother finally came
home.
二、进行时态
1.
现在进行时
(1)
表
示现在正在进行的动作,常与
now
,
right now
,
at the
mother
,
for the time
being
,
for the
present
等连用。例如:
Don’t disturb her. She is
reading a newspaper n
ow.
(2)
表示现阶段经常发生的动作,
常与
always
,
continua
lly
,
forever
,
constantly
等连用。
例如:
My
father is forever criticizing me.
(3)
表示根据计划或安排在最近要
进行的事情。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动
词。
即表
示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。
常用的有:
< br>go
,
come
,
leave
,
start
,
arrive
,
return
等。例如:
They are leaving for Hong Kong next
month.
(4)
有些动词不能用进行时,这是一类表示
“
感觉,感
情,存在,从属
”
等的动词。如:
se
e
,
hear
,
smell
,
taste
,
feel
,
notice
,
look
,
appear
,
(
表示感觉的词
)<
/p>
;
hate
,
l
ove
,
fear
,
< br>like
,
want
,
wish
,
prefer
,
refuse
,
forgive(
表示感情的动词
)
;
< br>be
,
exist
,
remain
,
stay
,
obtain(
表
示存在状态的动词
)
;
have
,
possess
,
own
,
contain
,
be
long
,
consist of
,<
/p>
form(
表示占
有与从属的动词
)
;
understand
< br>,
know
,
believe<
/p>
,
think
,
doubt
,
forget
,
remember(
表示
思考理解的动词
)
。但是如果它们词义改变,便也可用进行时态。例如:
1)Tom
looks pale. What’s wrong with him?
(look
在此为联系动词,意为<
/p>
“
显得,看上去
”)
2)Tom is
looking for his books.
(look
在此为实义动词,意为
“
寻找
”)
2.
过去进行时
过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发
生时或发生后,另一个过去的动作正在进行,或表示过
去反复的习惯,常与
always
,
continually
,
constantly
等动词连用。例如:
p>
1)We
were discussing the matter when the headmaster
entered.
2)Whenever I visited him, he was always
writing at the desk.
3.
将来进行时
将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻
正在进行的动作,或表示要在将来某一时刻开始,并继
续下去的动作。常用来表示礼貌的
询问、请求等。例如:
1)This time next day they will be
sitting in the cinema.
2)What will you be doing at six
tomorrow evening?
4.
完成进行时
(
现在、
过去、将来
)
完成进行时是
(
现在、过去、将来
)
完成时的强调形式,将放在
完成时态
部分讲述。
三、完成时态
完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作。它可分为:
1.
现在完成时
(1)
现
在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的,刚刚完成的动作
(
常
与
yet
,
already
,
just
连用
)
,或者过去某一时刻发生的,持续到现在的情况
(
常与
for
,
since
连用
)
。例如:
1)I have just
finished my homework.
2)Mary has been ill for three days.
(2)
常
与现在完成时连用的时间状语有:
since, for, during,
over
等引导出的短语;副词
already, yet,
just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently
p>
等;
状语词组
this week
(morning,
month, year), so far, up to
now, many times, up to the
present
等。例如:
1)I haven’t been there for
five years.
2)So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer
vacation.
3)There have been a lot of changes
since 1978.
(3)
完成时态可用在下列结构中:
This (That, It)
is (was) the first (second…) time
+
定语从句;
This (That, It) is
(was) the only
(last) + n
+
定语从句;
This (That, It) is
(was) +
形容词最高级
+ n +
定语从句。如果主句的谓
语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时;如
果主句谓语动词是一般过去
时,从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如:
(1)This is
one of the rarest questions that have ever been
raised at such a meeting.
(2)There was a knock at the door. It
was the second time someone had interrupted me
that evening.
2.
过去完成时
(1)
表
示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况,
这个过去的时间可以用
by
,
before
等介词短
语或一个时间状语从句来表示;
或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前
已经完成。
例如:
1)We had just had our
breakfast when Tom came in.
2)By the end of last year
they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles.
(2)
动词
expect,
hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, des
ire
等用过去完成时,
表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等
没有实现。例如:
I had meant to take a good holiday
th
is year, but I wasn’t able to get
away.
另外两种表示
“
过去想做而未做的事
”
的表达方式是:
1)was / were + to have done
sth,
例如:
We were to have come
yesterday, but we couldn’t.
2)intended (expected, hope,
meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired)
+ to
have done
sth,
例如:
I meant to have told you
about it, but I forgot to do so.
(3)
过去完成时常用于以下固定句
型:
1)hardly, scarcely, barely +
过去完成时
+ when +
过去时。例如:
Hardly had I got on the bus
when it started to move.
2)no sooner
+
过去完成时
+ than
+
过去时。例如:
No sooner had I gone out
than he came to see me.
3)by (the end of )
+
过去时间,主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如:
The experiment
had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday
afternoon.
3.
将来完成时
将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将
完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作;
也可以用来表示一种猜测。
常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有:
by (the time /
the end of )
+
表示将来时间的短语和句子;
before (the
end of ) +
表示将来时间的词语或句子;
when,
after
等加上表示将来动作的句子等。例如:
1)By this time
tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai.
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