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CHAPTER THREE
常用语法点
教学时数：
8
学时
课题名称：常用语法点
特别说明：
本课程全部选用原版经贸类文章，
旨在培养学生独立阅读理解翻译经
贸类英语报刊文章的能力，
因而有相当的阅读难度。
在正式开始阅读之前，
有必
要加强学生的商务英语语法基础。本部分按照常见语法现象，共分为十个专题。
教学目标：
通过本部分学习，
要
求学生熟悉并掌握常见的各种语法现象，
为下一
部分学习打下基
础。
教学内容：常用语法点
重点难点：各专题常见语法现象易犯的错误
教学方法：课堂讲授、例句分析
一、
名词与主谓一致
（一）名词单复数
1
、不规则名词的单复数形式
1
）单复数相同的名词主要有：
species,
means,
fish,
deer,
sheep,
series,barracks,aircr
aft,swine
?
2
）以
-sis
结尾的名词通常为单数，复数应为<
/p>
ses:
Chinese,
Japanese,
crisis
—
crises
analysis
—
analyses basis--
bases
3
）以
-um
结尾的名词通常为单数，其复数形式应将
-um
改
为
-a:
bacterium
—
bacteria
datum
—
data medium--media
4
）以
-o
结
尾的词多数加
es
，但也有例外：
<
/p>
A
．词末为两个元音字母的词：
bamb
oos, radios, studios, zoos, cuckoos
B
．某些外来词：
photos,
solos, piano, kilos,
5
）以
-f
或
-fe
结尾的
词，多数变
f
为
v
再加
es
，但也有例外：
roofs, cliffs, proofs, hoofs, chiefs,
gulfs, beliefs
6
）其他不规则名词的单复数
形式主要有：
phenomenon
—
phenomena
ox
—
oxen
mouse
—
mice
criterion
—
criteria
goose
—
geese
formula--formulae
7
）不可数名词没有复数变化，注意：
A
．不可数名词的修饰语主要有：
Little,
a
little,
few,
a
few,
a
great
deal
of,
a
great
amount
of
，
much
?
B
．不可数名词作主语时，谓语形式为单数。
C
．常用的不可数名词有：
Advice,
baggage,
luggage,
equipment,
furniture,
information,
news,
progress, weather,
experience, money, rain, damage, work,
food
?
1
8
）部分以
ics
结尾表示学科的名词，只用作单数。这些词主要有：
acoustics,
economics,
electronics,
ethics,
mathematics,
statistics,
mechanics
9
）有些名词形
式上是复数（意义上是单数）
，表示成双的东西，注意加量词，这
些词主要有：
scissors, glasses,
trousers, shoes, shorts, spectacles
10<
/p>
）有些名词，其复数形式可以表示特别的意思：
minutes
记录
papers
文件，证件
authorities
当局
greens
青菜
looks
外貌
times
时代
manners
礼貌
grounds
围院
ruins
废墟
damages
赔偿费
brains
头
脑
imports
进口货物
troops
军队
2
、名词的格
1
）复合名词作为一个整体的词组，其所有格在最后一个词尾加’s
< br>
Eg: the editor-
in-
chief’s office
; my
brother-
in law’s friend; a cat &
dog’s life
2
）注意名词所有格的省略是指省略’s
后的名词，保留’s
Eg:
In
spite
of
his
appearance,
his
movements
were
as
spirited
as
a
young
man’s. (not “young man
”)
3
、
名词用作形容词作定语，使用原形。
Eg: To take
space in the bedroom, she put away her winter
clothes in the
upstairs bedroom.
(not “winter’s”)
Eg: She is going to the to
buy some shoes.
（选
A
）
A.
shoe
store B.
shoes
store C.
shoe’s
store D.
shoes’
store
4
、名词的性
阳性：
God
神
Emperor
皇帝
King
国王
Prince
王子
Actor
演员
Waiter
饭馆服务员
Host
男主人（对客人而言）
Heir
继承人
Shepherd
牧羊人
阴性：
Goddess
女神
Empress
女皇帝
Queen
女王
Princess
公主
Actress
女演员
Waitress
饭馆女服务员
Hostess
女主人（对客人而言）
Heiress
女继承人
Shepherdess
牧羊女
2
Master
男主人（对仆人而言）
Mistress
女主人（对仆人而言）
Widower
鳏夫
Lad
少年
Hero
英雄
Nephew
侄儿
Bridegroom
新郎
Lion
狮子
Tiger
老虎
Bull
公牛
Horse
马
Cock
公鸡
Widow
寡妇
Lass
少女
Heroine
女英雄
Niece
侄女
Bride
新娘
Lioness
母狮子
Tigress
雌老虎
Cow
母牛
Mare
母马
Hen
母鸡
（二）主谓一致
1
< br>、不定代词作主语或修饰语时，谓语动词常是单数
Eg:
The
father
writes
in
his
will
that
every
son
and
daughter
has
a
share
of his property.
2
、主语不受其定语及状语修饰语的影响
Eg: The president, along with his wife
and daughter, is returning from
a
brief
vacation
at
Sun
Valley
in
order
to
attend
a
press
conference
this
afternoon.
（本句中
along
with
引导状语）
类似的短语还有：
as
well
as,
besides,
except,
in
addition
to,
no
less
than,
rather
than, together with
3
、带有量词的主谓一致
1
）句中主语的数取决于介词后面的数
Eg: Nearly half of the ancient meteor
crater have been found in central
and
eastern Canada.
2
）
The number of
+
可数名词，谓语动词为单数
A
number of +
可数名词，谓语动词为复数
The amount of
+
不可数名词，谓语动词为单数
A
large amount of
+
不可数名词，谓语动词为单数
Eg: A large of
people
come from all parts
of the country
to see
exhibition.
A.
number B.
amount
C.
deal D.
lot
(answer
is
A)
3
）
More than
+
单数名词，谓语动词为单数
+
复数名词，谓语动词为复数
Eg: More than one person was involved
in this case.
Eg:
More
than
one
hundred
men
and
women
are
working
in
this
working
shop.
3
Eg: Many a man like is
meaningless without a purpose.
A.
think B.
have
thought C.
thinks D.
thinking (answer
is
C)
4
、由
or, either
?
or
?
, neit
her
?
nor
?
, not only
?
but
also
?
连接两个
主语时，谓语与最近的主语取得一致，即就近原则。
Eg: On most America farms, one or two
principal products are raised for
a
cash crop. (not “is”)
5
、在
one of +
n
的结构中，名词后的定语从句中的谓语动词要用复数形式。
Eg: She is one of the girls who play in
the band.
但
one of
结构前有
the
only
修饰时，从句中的谓语动词要用单数。
Eg: She is the only one of the girls
who plays in the band.
6
、非谓语动词，主语从句作主语时，谓语从句用单数。
Eg:
Setting
fires
to
public
buildings
is
highly
dangerous
and
punishable.
Eg: What happened in New York was a
reaction from city workers who had
been
laid off from their jobs.
7
、表示时间、金钱、距离的名词作主语时，谓语动词用单数。
Eg:
A
thousand
miles
no
longer
means
much
to
us
today
for
modern
jets
can
easily
get
us
over
this
long
distance
within
a
matter
of
a
few
hours.
(not
“mean”)
（三）常用的前缀与后缀
1
、名词后缀
后缀
-er
-or
-ist
-ee
-ess
-ian
-ese
-ant
-ism
-ness
-ment
-ion
例词
thinker
actor
Marxist
employee
hostess
magician
Chinese
harvester
sailor
scientist
trainee
actress
musician
Japanese
pain-killer
eye-opener
transistor
semi-conductor
detist
referee
waitress
Buddhist
trustee
lioness
technician
physician
Portuguese
Pekinese
dependant
optimism
coldness
repetition
government
decision
heroism
greatness
judgment
inhabitant
contestant
lubricant
socialism
racism
illness
movement
happiness
agrument
-(a)tion
dictation
preparation
exception
expansion
discussion
revision
4
-ing
-ship
-hood
-age
-ure
-dom
-ty
-ity
-y
-th
-al
-ance
-ence
-ful
后缀
-en
building
feeling
painting
wedding
leadership
friendship
scholarship
hardship
childhood
falsehood
shortage
failure
freedom
loyalty
activity
modesty
truth
refusal
marriage
pressure
kingdom
curelty
reality
warmth
denial
likelihood
motherhood
leakage
pleasure
martyrdom
safety
humidity
health
approval
shrinkage
seizure
officialdom
penalty
possibility
inquiry
length
arrival
difficulty
discovery
acceptance
allowance
mouthful
handful
assistance
reliance
plateful
boxful
dependence
confidence
difference
reference
2
、动词、数词后缀
例词
widen
hasten
strengthen
lengthen
diversify
twelfth
ninth
例词
useful
homeless
reddish
collective
famous
agreeable
poetic
significant
leisurely
accidental
handy
dependent
grateful
fearless
selfish
decisive
faithful
motherless
Swedish
destructive
动词
-ize
realize
modernize
mechanize
normalize
-ify
simplify
beautify
amplify
-th
数词
-teen
fourteen
fifteen
-ty
forty
fifty
3
、形容词后缀
后缀
-ful
cheerful
-less
careless
-ish
childish
-ive
active
-ous
courageous
-able
acceptable
-ic
-ly
-al
-y
realistic
friendly
critical
rainy
continuous
erroneous
applicable
comfortable
responsible
permissible
historic
defiant
lively
continual
thirsty
energetic
observant
daily
exceptional
dirty
secondary
-ible
contemptible
sensible
-ant
ignorant
-ent
different
-ary
imaginary
consistent
obedient
revolutionary
honorary
5
-some
troublesome
burdensome
-like
childlike
-en
-ed
-an
后缀
-ly
really
happily
-ward
onward
5
、反义词前缀
前缀
意思
例词
un-
不或做相反的动作
unhappy
dis-
不或做相反的动作
dislike
in
不
informal
immoral
irregular
illegal
decode
im-
不
ir-
不
il-
不
Non-
不
de-
不
6
、其他前缀
前缀
re-
mis-
co-
counte
r-
anti-
pro-
over-
意思
重新
错误地
共同
反
retell
misspell
co-exist
counteract
golden
landed
European
womanlike
wooden
moneyed
Indian
例词
simply
lonesome
warlike
earthen
cultured
American
tiresome
manlike
woolen
talented
Canadian
4
、副词后缀
terribly
backward
eastward
homeward
-wise
likewise
clockwise
otherwise
lengthwise
untrue
dishonest(y)
impolite
irresistible
illogical
decentralize
uncomfortable
disagree(ment)
impossible
irresponsible
illegitimate
demobilize
inaccurate(cy)
inconvenient(ce)
Non-
existent
Non-conductor
Non-
interference
例词
redesign
misinform
co-operate
counter-
att
ack
anti-
fascis
t
over-
estima
te
under-
estim
ate
ex-
presiden
t
rewrite
misunderstand
co-editor
counter-revolutionar
y
anti-clockwise
反（对）
，防
anti-tank
亲
过于
pro-French
overdo
underfeed
ex-husband
pro-British
pro-Common Market
over-
simplify
underpay
ex-
serviceman
under-
不够
ex-
前
6
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