-
笔者一直被一个问题所困扰:
“
从初中到高中,
学生积累了一定的词汇和语法知识,经历了
数次考试,学习也可谓勤奋,但为何依旧成效
甚微,不该犯的错误却屡见不鲜
”
?其具体表
< br>现为:词汇方面词义范围不分,词性不分,忽视搭配等;语法上主谓不一致,粘连句,虚
< br>词错误等;语用上忽视语境,中英文一一对应等。长期教学实践中,笔者终于找到其症结
< br>所在
------
汉语固有的逻辑思维模式。汉语作为一
种东方语言,英语作为一种西方语言,它
们之间所蕴涵的逻辑思维是截然相反的。如对地
址的表达,汉语的逻辑思维是从大到小,
如:某省某市某县某镇;而英语的逻辑思维是从
小到大,如:某镇某县某市某省。认真分
析的话,我们会发现:从简单的词汇,到复杂的
语句成分构成,再到地道的语用,两种语
言的逻辑思维完全是南辕北辙!正是如此,从而
导致了解题和语用中错误不断。为此,经
过探讨和总结,特将英语中常用的几种逻辑思维
模式总结如下,以达抛砖引玉。
一
分隔
“
”
分隔是指在两个本应紧紧相连的两
个成分或两个分句之间,插入其它成分从而被隔开的一
种语序变动现象。分隔现象是英语
和汉语之间的一个显著区别,因此最容易干扰我们对句
意,文意的理解,打断正常的解题
思路。能起分隔作用的有短语(介词短语,分词短语和
不定式短语等)
< br>,从句和附加成分(插入语,同位语,独立成分等)
。常见分隔方式如下:
1
主谓分隔
⑴
He, however,
didn’t understand at all the theory on which I
based my invention.
(然而,他对我发明的理论基础一窍不通。<
/p>
)
⑵
Helen was much kinder to her youngest
son than to the others, which, of course,
made the others envy him.
(海伦
对她小儿子比对其他孩子和善得多,当然这遭到其他孩
子的嫉妒。
)
⑶
Anyway, that evening, which I’ll tell
you more about later, ended up staying at
Rachel’s
place.
(不
管怎样,那天晚上我就呆在了
Rachel
的住所,这件事我以
后还会和
你讲。
)
2
动宾分隔
It is better for you to take with you
whatever you need most anytime.
(你最好把你最<
/p>
需要的任何东西都带走。
)
All of us demanded of him whether he
had heard from her recently.
(我们大家都问他
最近是否收到她的来信。
)
3
系表分隔
Einstein was in the eyes of a young
friend, a simple, modest and ordinary man.
< br>(在
青年朋友眼里,爱因斯坦是位纯朴,谦逊的普通人。
)
4
定语分隔
There is no
report to us of any accident.
(没有向我们作任何有
关事故方面的报道。
)
5
定语从句与先行词分隔
The
days are gone when we Chinese were bullied by the
invaders.
(中国人受侵略者
欺负的日子一去不复返了
。
)
6
同位语与先行词分隔
The
question sometimes comes to my mind whether it was
worth the effort.
(有时我
会想到这样一个
问题:是否值得花这么大力气。
)
Ther
e is no doubt, in my
opinion, that what matters is not one’s looks, but
one’s
inner thoughts.
(我深信,不是
一个人的外表重要,而是他的内在。
)
7
介宾分隔
I am not interested in, to tell the
truth, this town and its people.
(实话告诉你,
我对这
座城市及城里人不感兴趣。
)
二
前移
“
”
英文中,为了增强语言表达力,丰
富表达思想,往往会打破常规,通常将宾语,宾语补足
语,主语补足语,状语等前移到句
首,给人一种突然的感觉。如下示例:
1 Upon the
education of the people of this country the fate
of this country depends.
(宾语前移)一个国家的命运决定
于这个国家全体国民所受的教育。
Her
appearance all admired, while her personality few
praised.
大家都羡慕她长得漂
亮,但很少有人称赞她
的个性。
Whatever trouble Mr.
White had dealing with the case, he would stick to
his own
opinion.
无论史密斯先生在解决此
事中有多大麻烦,他都将坚持自己的观点。
2 A
scandal I call
it.
(宾补前移)我把这叫丑闻。
3 So angry was he that he couldn’t
speak a word.
(表语前移)他如此生气以至于一句
话也说不出来。
Raining hard as it
is, I’m g
oing out for a walk.
4 Here are some letters for you to
type.
(地点状语前移)这有几封信要你给打印出来。
From the valley came a tinkling sound.
从山谷穿来叮叮的驼铃声。
5 To
sleep late in the morning, he switched off the
alarm o’clock.
(目的状语前移)为
了早上晚起
,他关掉了闹钟。
Rather than take a
bus, he prefers to go to work on foot.
他宁愿步行去上班也不愿乘
坐公交。
6 Only by hard study and much patience
can one master a foreign language.
(方式
p>
状语前移)一个人只有努力学习且有耐心才能掌握一门外语。
Tom, as does his brother, studies hard.
汤姆和弟弟一样学习努力。
7
Should
both
of
us
change
into
2
butterflies,
we
would
fly
away
with
the
wind
together.
(条件状语前移)
三
反说
“
”
英文中不难发现,当我们表达某种
意义时,有时不从正面着手,而是从反面或者侧面入手
进行阐述,笔者将其结构称为
p>
“
正话反说
”
:<
/p>
1
表达说话人强烈感情的疑问句含明显肯定意义。
Who does not know? (= Everybody knows.)
Why not do some shopping? (= Let’s do
some shopping.)
2
“
否定词
+
without…”
,双重否定,表肯定意义。
There is no smoke without fire.
无风不起浪。
I cannot
see the picture without thinking of my mother.
每次见到这张相片我都会想起
我妈妈。
3 cannot / never … too / over / enough…
表示
“
非常
”
。
You cannot be
too careful while driving.
开车时,你越小心越好。
He
cannot see you soon enough.
他想很快见到你。
The
importance cannot be over emphasized.
其重要性再怎么强调也不为过。
4
not …until …“
直到
…
才
…”
。
The bus didn’t leave until all the
seats were taken.
直到车上坐满了乘客,汽车才开走。
Not until he failed did he realize what
mistakes he had made.
直到失败了他才明白所
犯的错误是什么。
5
“no +
比较级
+
th
an”
结构(
= as +
比较级反义词的原级
+ as
)
“
与
…
一样
”
。
I
regret to tell you her English is no better than
yours.
很遗憾,她的英语和你一样差。
6 “
否定词(
no / not /
never / nothing …
)
+ v +
比较级
”
结构:
I
can’t agree more.
我完全同意。
Nothing is more important than
knowledge.
只是最重要。
7 “
否定词(
no / not /
nev
er / nothing
…
)
+ v + a / an +
比较级
+
单数名词
”
结构表示
“
最
…
的
”
。
We have never seen a
more interesting film than this one.
这是我们看过的最有趣的
电影。
8
其它一些结构:
①
--- What did
you say?
---
So you weren’t
listening to me.
②
The WTO cannot
live up to its name if it doesn’t include a
country that is home to
one
fifth of mankind.
如果世贸组织不包括一个拥有世界人口五分之一
的国家,那它就名
不副实。
③
Nowhere else in
the world can there be such a quiet, beautiful
place.
四
避免重复
“
”
避免用词重复是英语句子的又一大
特点,主要是通过使用代词,同义词,近义词和省略等
手段来避免重复的。从词类角度看
,重复的多是名词,动词和形容词这些实词,而词义较
抽象的代词,介词,助动词等虚词
则不怕重复,可谓
“
避实就虚
”
。受汉语表达习惯的影响,
中学生在表达时,常不自觉地加上不必要的
修饰语,这点虽符合汉语的表达习惯,但译成
英文,
则既累赘,
又失表达的准确。
如
“
请给我们多提宝贵意见
”
,
译
文不必说:
Please give
us
your
valuable
opinions
(valuable
多余
)
。正确的说法是:
Your
opinions
will
be
appreciated.
具体如下:
1
使用代词避免重复
Can you
mend this chair? I broke it yesterday.
2
使用同义词避免重复
The monkey
’s extraordinary
performance was learning to operate a
tractor. By the
age of nine,
the animal had learned to drive a vehicle.
这只猴子最出色的表演是学开
拖拉机。到
9
岁时,它已学会独自驾驶拖拉机了。
(第二句用
a
nimal
和
vehicle
代替上文
的
monkey
和
tractor
,虽前者意义宽泛,但在特定的上下文中不会引起误解,而且行文也
显得活泼了。
)
3
使用省略避免重复
①
He spoke for
the first motion and against the second. (the
second = the second
motion)
(省略名词)
②
Some books are
to be tasted, others (are) to be swallowed, and
some few (are) to
be chewed and digest.
书有可浅尝者,有可尽食者,少数则需咀嚼消化。
(省略动词)
③
Robert seemed angry, and George
certainly was (angry).
罗伯特似乎生气了,而乔
治肯定是生气了。
(省略形容词)
④
I didn’t notice
it until too late. (= until it was too late.)
等我注意这事时,已经太晚
了。
(省略从句)<
/p>
五
平行结构
“
”
平行结构指的是相同的语法结构,
它要求有同等重要的思想、概念,并列的句子成分要用
同类的语法形式来表达,要用并列
连词连接。平行结构是一种修辞手法,它可以使句子前
后保持平衡和协调,从而增加语言
的连贯性。
如:
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