-
大学英语读写译
(1)
期末测试题
及答案
2
大学英语读写译（一）
期末测试题（
2
）
Part I. Reading Comprehension (50%)
Section A. Skimming and Scanning (10%)
Directions:
In this part,
you will have 15 minutes to go
over the
passage quickly and answer the questions
on Answer Sheet.
For
questions 1-7, mark
Y (for YES)
if
the
statement
agrees
with
the
information given in the passage;
N (for NO)
if
statement
contradicts
the
information given in the
passage;
NG (for NOT GIVEN)
if
the
information
is
not
given in
the passage.
For
question
8-10,
complete
the
sentences
with
the information given
in the passage.
If
it
weren’t
for
nicotine,
people
wouldn’t
smoke tobacco. Why? Because of the more
than
4000 chemicals in tobacco smoke,
nicotine is the
primary
one
that
acts
on
the
brain,
altering
people’s
moo
ds, appetites and alertness in ways
they find pleasant and beneficial.
Unfortunately,
as it is widely known,
nicotine has a dark side: it
is
highly
addictive.
Once
smokers
become
hooked
on
it,
they
must
get
their
fix
of
it
regularly,
sometimes several dozen times a day.
Cigarette smoke contains 43 known
carcinogens,
which
means
that
long-term
smoking
can
amount
to
a
death
sentence.
In
the
US
alone,
420,000
Americans
die
every
year
from
tobacco-related illnesses.
Breaking
nicotine
addiction
is
not
easy.
Each
year,
nearly
35
million
people
make
a
concerted effort to quit smoking.
Sadly, less than
7 percent succeed in
abstaining for more than a
year; most
start smoking again
within
days.
So
what is
nicotine and how does it insinuate itself
into the smoker’s bra
in and
very being?
The
nicotine
found
in
tobacco
is
a
potent
drug and smokers, and even some
scientists, say
it
offers
certain
benefits.
One
is
enhance
performance.
One
study
found
that
non-smokers given doses of nicotine
typed about
5
percent
faster
than
they
did
without
it.
To
greater or lesser
degrees, users also say nicotine
helps
them
to
maintain
concentration,
reduce
anxiety,
relieve
pain,
and
even
dampen
their
appetites
(thus
helping
in
weight
control).
Unfortunately,
nicotine
can
also
produce
deleterious
effects
beyond
addiction.
At
high
doses, as are achieved
from tobacco products, it
can
cause
high
blood
pressure,
distress
in
the
respiratory and gastrointestinal
systems and an
increase
in
susceptibility
to
seizures
and
hypothermia.
First isolated
as a compound in 1828, in its
pure
form
nicotine
is
a
clear
liquid
that
turns
brown
when
burned
and
smells
like
tobacco
when
exposed
to
air.
It
is
found
in
several
species of plants, including tobacco
and, perhaps
surprisingly, in tomatoes,
potatoes, and eggplant
(though
in
extremely
low
quantities
that
are
pharmacologically
insignificant for humans).
As simple as
it looks, the cigarette is highly
engineered nicotine delivery device.
For instance,
when
tobacco
researchers
found
that
much
of
the nicotine in a
cigarette
wasn’t released when
burned
but
rather
remained
chemically
bound
within
the
tobacco
leaf,
they
began
adding
substances such as ammonia to cigarette
tobacco
to
release
more
nicotine.
Ammonia
helps
keep
nicotine in its basic
form, which is more readily
vaporised
by
the
intense
heat
of
the
burning
cigarette
than
the
acidic
form.
Most
cigarettes
for sale in the
US today contain 10 milligrams or
more
of
nicotine.
By
inhaling
smoke
from
a
lighted
cigarette, the average smoker takes 1 or
2 milligrams of vaporised
nicotine per cigarette.
Today we know
that only a miniscule amount of
nicotine
is
needed
to
fuel
addiction.
Research
shows
that
manufacturers
would
have
to
cut
nicotine
levels
in
a
typical
cigarette
by
95%
to
forestall
its
power
to
addict.
When
a
smoker
puffs
on
a
lighted
cigarette,
smoke,
including
vaporised nicotine, is drawn into the
mouth. The
skin and lining of the mouth
immediately absorb
some nicotine, but
the remainder flows straight
down into
the lungs, where it easily diffuses into
the blood vessels lining the lung
walls. The blood
vessels
carry
the
nicotine
to
the
heart,
which
then
pumps it directly to the brain. While most
of the effects a smoker seeks occur in
the brain,
the heart takes a hit as
well.
Studies
have
shown
that
a
smoker
’s
first
cigarette of the day
can increase his or her heart
rate by
10 to 20 beats a minute. Scientists have
found
that
a
smoked
substance
reaches
the
brain
more quickly than one swallowed, snorted
(such
as
cocaine
powder)
or
even
injected.
Indeed,
a
nicotine
molecule
inhaled
in
smoke
will
reach
the
brain
within
10
seconds.
The
nicotine
travels
through
blood
vessels,
which
branch
out
into
capillaries
within
the
brain.
Capillaries
normally
carry
nutrients
but
they
readily
accommodate nicotine molecules as well.
Once
inside
the
brain,
nicotine,
like
most
addictive drugs, triggers the release
of chemicals
associated with euphoria
and pleasure. Just as it
moves
rapidly
from
the
lungs
into
the
bloodstream,
nicotine
also
easily
diffuses
through
capillary
walls.
It
then
migrates
to
the
spaces
surrounding
neurones
–
ganglion
cells
that
transmit
nerve
impulses
throughout
the
nervous system. These
impulses are the basis for
our
thoughts,
feelings,
and
moods.
To
transmit
nerve
impulses
to
its
neighbour,
a
neurone
releases
chemical
messengers
known
as
neurotransmitters.
Like
nicotine
molecules,
the
neurotransmitters
drift
into
the
so-called
synaptic space
between neurones, ready to latch
onto
the
receiving
neurone
and
thus
deliver
a
chemical
“message”
that
triggers
an
ele
ctrical
impulse.
The
neurotransmitters
bind
onto
receptors
on
the
surface
of
the
recipient
neurone.
This
opens channels in the cell surface
through which
enter
ions,
or
charged
atoms,
of
sodium.
This
generates a current
across the membrane of the
receiving
cell,
which
completes
delivery
of
the
“message”.
An
accomplished
mimic,
nicotine
competes
with
the
neurotransmitters to bind
to
the
receptors.
It
wins
and,
like
the
vanquished
chemical,
opens
ion
channels
that
let
sodium
ions
into the cell. But there’s a
lot more
nicotine
around than the original
transmitter, so a much
larger
current
spreads
across
the
membrane.
This
bigger
current
causes
increased
electrical
impulses to
travel along certain neurones. With
repeated
smoking,
the
neurones
adapt
to
this
increased
electrical
activity,
and
the
smoker
becomes dependent on
the nicotine.
Questions 1
–
7
1. Although
nicotine is probably the well-known
chemical in cigarettes, it is not
necessarily the
one
that
changes
the
psyche
of
the
smoker
when cigarettes are
smoked.
2.
In
spite
of
the
difficulties,
according
to
the
text
more
than
thirty-
five
million
people
a
year
give up
smoking.
3.
It
has
been
shown
that
nicotine
in
cigarettes
can
improve
people’s
abilities
to
perform
some
actions more quickly.
4.
Added ammonia in cigarettes allows smokers
to inhale more nicotine.
5.
Snorted
substances
reach
the
brain
faster
than injected
substances.
6. Nicotine dilates the
blood vessels that carry it
around the
body.
7.
Nicotine
molecules
allow
greater
electrical
charges to pass between neurones.
Questions 8
–
10
8.
Cigarette
companies
would
have
to
cut
the
nicotine content in
cigarettes by _________ to
prevent them
from being addictive.
9. According to
the passage, a cigarette can raise
a
smoker’s heart rate by _________ a
minut
e.
10.
In
order
to
transmit
nerve
impulses
to
its
neighbour, a neurone
sends _________ known
as
neurotransmitters
Section
B. Reading Comprehension (30%)
Directions:
In
this
section,
there
are
3
passages.
Each
passage
is
followed
by
some
questions
or
unfinished statements. For each of them
there are
four
choices
marked
A,
B,
C
and
D.
You
should
decide
on
the
best
choice
and
mark
the
corresponding
letter
on
the
Answer
Sheet
with
a
single line through the
center.
Passage One
Questions
11
to
15
are
based
on
the
following
passage.
One
of
the
most
interesting
paradoxes
in
America
today
is
that
Harvard
University,
the
oldest university of higher learning in
the United
States,
is
now
engaged
in
a
serious
discussion
about what a
university should be, and whether
it is
measuring up.
Should
Harvard
—
or
any
other
university
—
be
an
intellectual
sanctuary(
圣地
),
apart
from
the
political and social revolution of the age, or
should it be a laboratory for
experimenting with
these political and
social revolutions; or even an
engine
of the revolution?
This
issue
was
defined
several
years
ago
by
Walter LippMann, a famous
Harvard graduate:
“If the universities
are to do their work,” he said,
“
they
must
be
independent
and
they
must
be
disinterested(
公正
)…The
y
are
places
to
which
men
can
turn
for
judgments
which
are
fair.
Obviously,
the
moment
the
universities
fall
under
political
control,
or
under
the
control
of
private interests, or the moment they
themselves
take
a
hand
in
political
affairs
and
leading
positions
in
government,
their
value
as
independent
as
disinterested
sources
of
judgment is
weakened…”
This is part of
the discussion that is going on
at
Harvard today. Another part is the discussion
of
the
militant(<
/p>
激
进
的
)
and
even
many
conservative
students
that
a
university
is
the
keeper of
our ideals and morals, and should not
be
“
disinterested
”
but
active
in
bringing
the
nation’s ideals and actions together.
Harvard’s
men
of
today
seem
more
troubled
and
less sure about personal, political and study
purposes
than
they
did
at
the
beginning.
They
are not even clear
about how they should discuss
and
resolve
their
problem,
but
they
are
struggling
with
them
privately,
and
how
they
come
out
is
sure
to
influence
American
university and
political life.
11.
According to Walter LippMann, a university
must _____.
A. depend on the
government
B.
take
active
part
in
political
affairs
and
social issues
C.
fall
under
the
control
of
special
and
private interests
D. remain
independent of our society
12.
Those who
disagree with
Walter
LippMann
argue that a university should_____.
A. be engaged in a serious discussion
on the
role it plays in the society
B.
support
our
old
and
established
universities
C.
take
an
active
part
in
solving
society’s
problems
D. not be
interested in social revolutions
13. In
regard to their goals and purposes in life,
Harvard men of today are becoming_____.
A.
more
sure
about
them
B.
less sure about them
C.
Class
interested
in
them
D.
completely lost
14.
The
word
“paradoxes”
underlined
in
the
first sentence of this passage
means______.
A.
a
difficult
problem
B.
an
out-of-the-ordinary condition
C.
a
self-
contradiction
(
矛盾
)
D.
an
unusual situation
15. According to the writer, the
discussion going
on at Harvard______.
A. will soon be over
B. will have
no
result
C. will influence future life in
America
D.
will
cause
little
influence
on
other
universities
Passage Two
Questions
16
to
20
are
based
on
the
following
passage.
Do parents owe
their children anything? Yes,
they owe
them a great deal.
One
of
their
chief
duties
is
to
give
their
children
a
sense
of
personal
worth,
for
self-
esteem is the basis of a good mental health.
A
youngster,
who
is
often
made
to
feel
stupid,
often
compared to
brighter
brothers,
sisters,
or
cousins,
will
not
feel
confident
and
become
so
afraid of failing, that he (or she)
won’t try at all.
Of
course,
they
should
be
corrected
when
they
do wrong: this is the
way children learn. But the
criticisms
should be balanced with praises.
Parents owe their children firm
guidance and
consistent
discipline.
It
is
frightening
for
a
youngster to feel that he is charge of
himself; it’s
like
being
in
a
car
without
brakes.
The
parent
who
says
“No”
when
other
parents
say
“Yes”
sends
a
double
message .He
is
also
saying:”
I
love
you,
and
I
am
ready
to
risk
your
anger,
because I don’t want you to get into
trouble.”
Parents
owe
their
children
a
comfortable
feeling
about
their
body,
and
enough
information
about
sex
to
balance
the
wrong
information
that
they
will
surely
receive
from
their friends.
Parents
owe
their
children
privacy
and
respect
for
their
personal
things.
This
means
not
borrowing
things
without
being
permitted,
not
reading
diaries
and
mail,
not
looking
through
pockets.
If
a
mother
feels
that
she
must
read
her
daughter’s
diary to know
what
is going on, the
communication
between
them
must
be
pretty
bad.
Parents
owe
their
children
a
set
of
solid
values
around
which
to
build
their
lives.
This
means
teaching them to respect the rights and
opinions
of
others;
it
means
respecting
elders,
teachers,
and the law. The
best way to teach such values is
by
example. A child who is lied to will lie. A child
who sees his parents steal tools from
the factory
or
towels
from
a
hotel
will
think
that
it
is
all
right to steal. A youngster who sees no
laughter
and no love in the home will
have difficult time
laughing and
loving.
No
child
asks
to
be
born.
If
you
bring
a
life
into
the
world,
you
owe
the
child
something.
And
if
you
give
him
his
due,
he’ll
have
something
of
value
to
pass
along
to
your
grandchildren.
16. According to the passage, parents
owe their
children the following things
except______.
A.
cars
B.
privacy
C.
respect
D.
information about their body
17.
The
writer
things
that
teenagers
are
frightened
when
they
are
in
charge
of
themselves because_________.
A. they don’t know how to
stop a car without
brakes
B.
there
is
no
one
to
guide
and
discipline
them
C. they are afraid of
being left alone
D.
there
is
no
one
to
ask
for
help
when
in
trouble
18.
Which
of
the
following
ways
is
advised
for
parents to show love to
their children?
A.
Saying”
Yes”
to
everything
the
children
ask for
B. Never embracing older children
C. Refusing something to their children
D. Never criticizing children
19.
The
word
“due”
in
the
last
p
aragraph
means________.
A. something
one should do or finish before
a fixed
time
B. reasonable explanation(s) or
plan(s)
C. what must be given to
someone because it
is right or owing
D. the money to be paid
20.
Which
of
the
following
statements
is
true
according
to the passage?
A.
Parents
prefer
to
let
their
children
be
in
charge of their own lives
at an early age.
B. Children learn much
by seeing what their
parents do.
C.
Children
shouldn’t
be
corrected
because
it destroys their self-esteem.
D. It is better to compare a youngster
to his
brighter
brothers
because
it
makes
him
try
harder.
Passage Three
Questions
21
to
25
are
based
on
the
following
passage.
The advantages and
disadvantages of a large
population
have
long
been
a
subject
of
discussion among economies. It has been
argued
that the supply of a good land
is limited. To feed
a large population,
poor land must be cultivated
and
the
good
land
worked
intensively.
Thus,
each
person
produces
less
and
this
means
a
lower
average
income
than
could
be
contained
with
a
smaller
population.
Other
economists
have argued that
a large population gives more
chance of
development of facilities such as ports,
roads
and
railways,
which
are
not
likely
to
be
built unless there is a big demand.
One
of
the
difficulties
in
carrying
out
a
worldwide birth control program lies in
the fact
that official attitudes to
population growth vary
from country to
country depending on the level
of
industrial development and the availability of
food
and
raw
material.
In
the
developing
country
where
a
vastly
expanded
population
is
pressing hard upon the
limits of food, space and
natural
resources,
the
first
concern
of
government will be to set a limit on
the birthrate,
whatever
the
final
result
may
be.
In
a
highly
industrialized
society the problem may be more
complex.
A
decreasing
birthrate
may
lead
to
unemployment
because
it
results
in
a
declining
market
for
manufactured
goods.
When
the
pressure
of
population
on
housing
declines,
prices also
decline and
building
industry grows
weaker.
Faced
with
concerns
such
as
these,
the
government
of
a
developed
country
may
well
prefer
to
see
a
slowly
increasing
population,
rather than one which is stable or in
decline.
21. The main topic
of this article is _______.
A.
environment
protection
B.
population
growth
C.
environment
and
economy
D.
climate changing
22.
The
passage
says
that
a
small
population
may lead to
_______.
A.
higher
production,
but
a
lower
average
income
B.
lower
production
and
lower
average
income
C.
higher
production
and
a
higher
average
income
D.
lower
production,
but
a
higher
average
income
23.
According
to
the
passage,
the
use
of
birth
control
perhaps is good for________.
A.
a
developing
country
B.
a
developed
country
C. the
whole
world
D.
each
nation
with a big population
24. In a
developed country, people will perhaps
be unemployed if the birthrate________.
A.
goes
up
B.
goes
down
C.
remains stable
D. is out of
control
25. The author is aiming to
show that ________.
A.
humans will run out of their food supply
in the future
B. it is
necessary for humans to carry out a
worldwide plan for birth control
C.
different
nation
have
different
views
of
population growth
D.
we
need
to
take
necessary
measures
to
prevent the overuse of natural
resources
Section C
Reading in
Depth (10%)
Directions:
In
this section, there is a passage with
ten blanks. You are required to select
one word for
each blank from a list of
choices given in a word
bank
following
the
passage.
Read
the
passage
through
carefully
before
making
your
choices.
Each
choice
in
the
bank
is
identified
by
a
letter.
Please
mark
the
corresponding
letter
for
each
item
on
the
Answer
Sheet
with
a
single
line
through
the
center.
You
may
not
use
any
of
the
words in
the bank more than once.
The
favorite
food
in
the
United
States
is
the
hamburger.
The
favorite
place
to
47
a
hamburger is a fast food restaurant. At
fast food
restaurants,
people
48
their
food,
wait
a
few
minutes,
and
carry
it
to
their
tables
themselves. People also
49
their food out of
the
restaurant and eat it in their cars or in their
homes. At some fast food restaurants,
people can
order their food, pay for it
and pick it up
50
leaving their cars.
There
are
many
kinds
of
fast
food
restaurants in the United States. The
greatest in
number sell
hamburgers, French fries and so on.
They
are
51
food
among
Americans.
Besides,
fast
food
restaurants
that
52
Chinese
food,
Mexican
food,
Italian
food,
chicken,
seafood
and
ice-cream
are
very
many.
The
idea of a fast food restaurant is so popular
that
nearly
every
kind
of
food
can
be
found
in
one.
Fast food
restaurants are popular because
they
53
American
life
style.
Customers
can
54
any
type
of
dress
when
they
go
to
a
fast
food
place.
Second,
they
are
55
.
People
who
are
busy
do
not
want
to
spend
time
preparing
their
own
food
or
waiting
while
someone prepares it. In fast food
restaurants the
food
is
usually
56
before
the
customer
even
orders
it.
Finally
most
food
in
fast
food
restaurant
is
not
expensive.
Therefore,
people
are able to buy and
eat at a fast food restaurant
often,
while they may not be able to go to a more
expensive restaurant very often.
A) popular
I) buy
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