剑桥雅思9 解析 Test4 P2 Young childrens sense of identity

剑桥雅思

9 T4 P2 Young children's sense of identity

Young children’s

sense of identity

【

A

】

A sense of self develops in young children by degrees.

孩子的自我认知是逐渐形成的

The

process

can

usefully

be

thought

of

in

terms

of

the

gradual

emergence of two somewhat separate features: the self as a subject, and

the self as an object.

这一过程会逐渐形成稍有不同的两种特征：主体自我和客体自我

William James introduced the distinction in 1892, and contemporaries

of his, such as Charles Cooley, added to the developing debate.

William James1892

提出两者差别，

与他同一时代的人，

Charles Cooley

加入到发展的争论中

Ever since then psychologists have continued building on the theory.

从此之后心理学家在此基础上不断的发展这方面的理论。

【

B

】

According to James, a child's first step on the road to self- understanding

can be seen as the recognition that he or she exists.

根据

James

的光电，

一个孩子自我认知的第一步可被视为意识到自己

的存在

This is an aspect of the self that he labeled 'self-as-subject

’

, and he gave

it various elements.

这就是他称为“主体自我”的一个方面，并给出许多元素

These included an awareness

of one’s own agency (i.e. one’s power to

act), and an awareness of one’s distinctiveness from other people.

这包括对自我权利（即行动权利）和意识到自己不同于他人的认知

These

features

gradually

emerge

as

infants

explore

their

world

and

interact with caregivers.

< /p>

这些特征通常在孩子探索世界并且与照顾他们的人互动的时候体现

出来

Cooley (1902) suggested that a sense of the self-as-subject was primarily

concerned with being able to exercise power.

Cooley (1902)

提出主体自我意识主要与实践力有关

He proposed that the earliest examples of this are an infant’s attempts to

control physical objects, such as toys or his or her own limbs.

他提 出最早的例子是孩子适应去控制实物例如玩具或是自己的四肢

This is followed by attempts to affect the behaviour of other people. For

example, infants learn that when they cry or smile someone responds to

them.

接着会尝试形象别人的行为，

例如他 们在库或者笑的时候有人会回应

他们

【

C

】

Another

powerful

source

of

information

for

infants

about

the

effects

they can have on the world around them is provided when others mimic

them.

又一个强大的信息源是 他人对婴儿的模仿，

让他们意识到他们对世界

的影响能有多大。

Many

parents

spend

a

lot

of

time,

particularly

in

the

early

months,

copying their infant’s vocalizations and expressions.

一些家长花很多时间尤 其是在婴儿最早的几个月，

模仿孩子的声音和

表情

In

addition,

young

children

enjoy

looking

in

mirrors,

where

the

movements they can see are dependent upon their own movements.

此外，

小孩子很喜欢照镜子，

因为镜子里的动作取决于他们自己的动

作。

This

is

not

to

say

that

infants

recognize

the

reflection

as

their

ovine

image (a later development).

这并不意 味着孩子们认识到镜子里的反映是自己

（这事之后的发展阶

段）

However, Lewis and Brooks- Gunn (1979) suggest that infants' developing

understanding that the movements they see in the mirror are contingent

on their own, leads to a growing awareness that they are distinct from

other

people.

This

is

because

they,

and

only

they,

can

change

the

reflection in the mirror.

然而

Lewis and Brooks-Gunn (197 9)

认为婴儿理解到镜子里的动作取决

于自己的的动作，这使他 们意识到自己与他人不同，因为他们、只有

他们自己，能够改变镜子中的影像。