-
Part One
①
Beowulf
:
The national heroic epic of
the English people. It has over 3,000 lines. It
describes
the battles between the two
monsters and Beowulf, who won the battle finally
and dead for the
fatal wound. The poem
ends with the funeral of the hero. The most
striking feature in its poetical
form
is
the
use
if
alliteration.
Other
features
of
it
are
the
use
of
metaphors(
暗喻
)
and
of
understate
ments(
含蓄
).
②
Alliteration:
In
alliterative verse, certain
accented(
重音
) words in a line
begin with the same
consonant
sound(
辅音
). There are
generally 4accents in a line, 3 of which show
alliteration, as can
be seen from the
above quotation.
③
Romance:
The
most
prevailing(
流行的
)
kind
of
literature
in
feudal
England
was
the
Romance.
It
was
a
long
composition,
sometimes
in
verse(
诗篇
),
sometimes
in
prose(
散文
),
describing
the
life
and
adventures
of
a
noble
hero,
usually
a
knight,
as
riding
forth
to
seek
adventures, taking part in
tournament(
竞赛
), or fighting
for his lord in battle and the swearing of
oaths.
④
Epic:
An epic is a lengthy narrative poem,
ordinarily concerning a serious subject containing
details of heroic deeds and events
significantly to a culture or nation. The first
epics are known as
primacy, or original
epics.
⑤
Ballad:
The most
important department of English folk literature is
the ballad which is a story
told
in
song,
usually
in
4-line
stanzas(
诗节
),
with
the
second
and
fourth
lines
rhymed.
The
subjects of ballads are various in
kind, as the struggle of young lovers against
their feudal-minded
families, the
conflict between love and wealth, the cruelty of
jealousy, the criticism of the civil war,
and the matters and class struggle. The
paramount(
卓越的
) important
ballad is
Robin Hood
《
(
绿林
好汉》
).
⑥
Geoffrey Chauce
r
杰弗里
?
乔叟
:
He was an English author, poet,
philosopher and diplomat.
He is the
founder of English poetry. He obtained a good
knowledge of Latin, French and Italian.
His
best
remembered
narrative
is
the
Canterbury
Tales
(
《坎特伯雷故事集》
),
which
the
Prologue(
序言
)
supplies a miniature(
缩影
) of
the English society of
Chaucer
’
s time. That is why
Chaucer has been called
“
the founder of English
realism
”
.
Chaucer
affirms
men
and
women
’
s
right
to
pursue
their
happiness
on
earth
and
opposes(
反对
)
the
dogma
of
asceticism(
禁欲主义
)
preached(
鼓吹
) by
the church. As a forerunner of humanism, he
praises man
’
s energy,
intellect,
quick wit and love of life.
Chaucer’
s
contribution
to English poetry lies
chiefly in the fact that he
introduced
from
France the
rhymed
stanza of various types, especially the rhymed
couplet of 5
accents
in
iambic(
抑扬格
)
meter(the
“heroic
couplet
”
)
to
English
poetry,
instead
of
the
old
Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.
⑦【
William Langla
nd
威廉
?
朗兰
:
Piers the
Plowman
《农夫皮尔斯》
】
1
Part Two
The English
Bible:
The first complete
English Bible was translated by John Wycliffe(
约翰
?
威
克里夫
). The Authorized Version is King James
Bible made in 1611. The result is a monument of
English language and English
literature.
Renaissance:
Renaissance or the birth of letters is
an intellectual movement. Its two features are
a thirsting curiosity for the classical
literature and the keen interest in the activities
of humanity.
Humanism is the key-note
of the Renaissance.
William
Caxton
威廉
?
< br>卡克斯顿
:
He is the first
English printer and invented in
England
the
profession of publisher.
Thomas
More
托马斯
?
莫尔
:
The
greatest
of
the
English
humanists
was
Thomas
More,
the
author
of
Utopia
《乌托邦》
.
He
is
also
one
of
such
“
giants
”
(
巨匠
)
of
the
Renaissance.
He
distinguished himself as
a learned scholar, a master of Latin, a witty
talker, a lover of music, an
honest
statesman , and a man of noble character, modest
but steadfast(
坚定的
), to his
convictions.
He was a far-sighted
thinker, aspired for a totally new society with
happy, classless, and free from
poverty
and exploitation. He was one of the forerunners of
modern socialist thought.
Utopia:
It
is
More
’
s
masterpiece,
written
in
the
form
of
a
conservation
between
More
and
Hythloday,
a
returned
voyager.
It
is
divided
into
two
books.
The
first
book
contains
a
long
discussion on the social conditions of
England. In the second book is described in detail
an ideal
communist society, Utopia. The
name
“
Utopia
”
comes from Greek words meaning
“
no
place
”
and
was
adopted by More as the name of his ideal
commonwealth.
Philip Sidney
菲利普
?
锡德尼
:
He is well-known as a poet and
critic of poetry. His collection of
love sonnets,
Astrophel and
Stella
《爱星者与星》
, was published
in 1591.
Edmund
Spenser
埃德蒙
?
斯宾塞
(
莎翁之前最杰出的英国诗人
)
：
The
poet
’
s
poet
of
the
period was ES who was buried beside
Chaucer in Westminster Abbey. ES has held his
position as
a model of poetical art
among the Renaissance English poets, and his
influence can be traced in
the works of
Milton, Shelley, and Keats. ES is the first master
to make that language the natural
music
of
his
poetic
effusions(
感情的流露
).
His
sonnets
in
Amoretti,
together
with
Sidney
’
s
Astrophel
and
Stella
and
Shakespeare
’
s
sonnets
,
are
the
most
famous
sonnet
sequences
of
the
Elizabeth
Age.
【
In 1579 he wrote
The
Shepherd’
s
Calendar
《牧人日记》
which marked the
budding(
萌芽
) of
the
Renaissance
flower
in
the
northern
island
of
England.
The
faerie
Queen
《仙后》
is
his
greatest work which was
dedicated to Queen
Elizabeth.
】
Francis Bacon:
He is the
founder of English materialist philosophy and the
founder of modern
science in England.
His New Instrument is called the Inductive Method
of reasoning. He is also
the
first
English
essayist.
To
give
a
few,
“
Men
fear
death
as
children
fear
to
go
in
the
dark..
”
“
Studies serve for
delight.
”
“
Reading makes a full man;
conference a ready man; and writing an
2
exact
man.
”
Drama:
The
Miracle Play
圣迹剧
The Morality
Play
道德剧
寓意剧
The Interlude
幕间节目
Christopher
Marl
owe
克里斯托弗
·
马洛
:
The
most
gifted
of
the
“
university
wits
”
was
Christopher Marlowe. His
best work include 3 of his plays,
Tambu
rlaine
《帖木儿大帝》
(1587
)
,
The Jew of
Malta
《马耳岛的犹太人》
(1592), and
Doctor
Faustus
《浮士德博士》
(1588). He was
the greatest of the pioneers of English
drama. His work paved the way for the plays of the
greatest
English
dramatist
——
Shakespeare
——
whose
achievements
were
the
monument
of
the
English
Renaissance.
【
His
plays
show
the
spirit
of
the
rising
bourgeoisie,
its
eager
curiosity
for
knowledge, its towering pride, its
insatiable(
不知足的
) appetite
for power won by military, might,
knowledge, or gold. The theme of his
plays is the praise of individuality freed from
the restraints
of medieval dogmas and
law, and the conviction of the boundless
possibility of human efforts in
conquering
the
universe.
The
heroes
in
his
plays
are
merely
individualists,
their
individualistic
ambition
often brings ruin to the world and sometimes to
themselves.
】
William Shakespeare:
Shakespeare is one of the founders of
realism in world literature. His
dramatic creation often used the method
of adaptation. Shakespeare long experience with
the stage
and his intimate knowledge of
dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand
for playwriting.
Shakespeare was
skilled in many poetic forms: the song, the
sonnet, the couplet, and the dramatic
blank verse. He was especially at home
with the blank verse. Shakespeare was a great
master of
the
English
language.
Shakespeare
has
been
universally
acknowledged
to
be
the
summit
of
the
English Renaissance, and one of the
greatest writers over the world.
①
The great
comedies:
A Midsummer
Might
’
s Dream
,
The Merchant of Venice
,
As You Like It
,
Twelfth Night
.
②
The great
tragedies:
Hamlet
,
Othello
,
King
Lear
,
Macbeth
.
The Merchant of
V
enice:
威尼斯富商安东尼奥
Antonio
为了成全好友巴萨尼奥
Bassanio
的婚
事，向犹太人高利贷者夏洛克
Shylock
借债。由于安东尼奥贷款给人从不要利息，并帮夏洛克的<
/p>
女儿私奔，怀恨在心的夏洛克乘机报复，佯装也不要利息，但若逾期不还要从安东尼奥身上
割下
一磅肉。不巧传来安东尼奥的商船失事的消息，资金周转不灵，贷款无力偿还。夏洛
克去法庭控
告，根据法律条文要安东尼奥履行诺言。为救安东尼奥的性命，巴萨尼奥的未
婚妻鲍西娅
Portia
假扮律师出庭，她答允夏洛克的要求，
但要求所割的
一磅肉必须正好是一磅肉，不能多也不能少，
更不
准流血。夏洛克因无法执行而败诉，害人不成反而失去了财产。
剧本的主题是歌颂仁爱、
友谊
和爱情，同时也反映了资本主义早期商业资产阶级与高利贷者之间的矛盾，表现了作
者对资产阶级社会中
金钱、法律和宗教等问题的人文主义思想
Ben
Jonson
本?琼森
:
Of
the
many
contemporaries
and
successors
of
Shakespeare,
the
most
well-known
was
Ben
Jonson.
He
wad
a
prolific(
多产的
)
dramatist,
writing
dozens
of
plays,
including
tragedies,
comedies,
and
,masques(
假面剧
).
Jonson
’
s
comedies
are
“
comedies
of
humours.
”
Every Man in His
Humour
《人各有癖》
is one of his
best comedies.
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