-
All
petroleum
reservoirs
experience
pressure
declines,
and
most
wells
require
artificial
lift
at
some
point,
most
commonly
where
reservoir
pressure is
insufficient for natural flow. Artificial lift
systems
may
also
be
used
to
enhance
production
from flowing wells with a reservoir
pressure that is
insufficient to
produce a require amount of fluid.
所有的油
气储层都要经历压力降低的过程，
大多
数井在某些阶段需要人工
举升，
通常是在储层的
压力不足以自流自喷。
< br>人工举升系统也可以用于
自喷井和储层压力不足以生产所需量时的增产。
Extensive
research
and
field
studies
have
been
conducted on a range of artificial-lift
systems that
have
been
developed
and
applied
extensively
to
meet industry needs.
These systems include beam
pumping,
gas
lift,
electrical
submersible
pumps,
progressive cavity
pumps, and hydraulic.
为满足行
业的需
求，广泛的研究和实地调查已经进行了，
人工举升系统得到了广泛的发展和应用。
这些系
统包括游梁抽油机，气举，电潜泵（
E
SP
）
，螺杆
泵（
PCP
的）
，和液压泵。
Gas
lift
lightens
the
fluid
gravity
to
increase
the
flow
and
correspondingly
lower
the
sand-
face
pressure.
气举减轻流体的重力增加流量并
相应地
降低砂表面压力。
One definition of lift
system efficiency is found by
dividing
the
power
added
to
the
fluid
stream
by
the
amount
of
power
needed
from
external
sources
such
as
motors
or
compressors.
升降
系统
效率的定义之一是电源加入到流体的能量除以
外加能量，例
如电机或压缩机所需的功率量。
Beam
pumping
systems
actuate
a
downhole
plunger
pump
with
traveling
and
standing
valves.
PCP pump rotate from rods or a downhole
motor
that spins a metal rotor inside a
rubber stator and
moves a cavity of
fluid upward as the pump spins.
游梁式抽油系统
驱动带有游动阀和固定阀的井
下柱塞泵。
螺杆泵旋转螺杆或井下
电机旋转橡胶
定子内的金属转子，使一腔流体向上移动，由于
泵
的旋转。
ESP
systems
include
a
motor
powered
though
a
three-phase
cable
from
the
surface
to
rotate
a
stack
of
impellers
inside
a
stack
of
hydraulic
reciprocating
pump
is
a
rapidly
reciprocating
plunger
pump
with
ball-
and-seat
check vavles.
电潜泵系统
包括一个电机通过来自地面的三相
电缆来转动一堆内叶轮推进器和里面的一堆分
离器。
液压往复泵是一种带有球座单流阀的高速
往复式柱塞泵。
In
intermittent
lift,
the
well
is
produced
and
is
periodically shut in
until sufficient pressure builds
in the
casing to lift liquids and to produce the well
for
a
brief
time
before
shutting
the
well
in
again.
The
same downhole equipment that was used for
continuous lift may be adapted to
perform equally
well intermittently.
在间歇气举时，油井生产和定
期关闭，
直到有
足够的压力建立在套管上来举升
流体，并在一个短暂的时间里生产，
在再次关井
之前。相同的井下设备用于连续气举，
同样也适
用于间歇气举。
Tubing
pressure-sensitive
valves
are
used
in
annulus
flow
situations
and
when
a
particular
tubing
pressure
is
required,
such
as
in
an
intermittent
lift
application
where
the
valve
is
designed
to
remain
closed
until
a
sufficient
fluid
load
is
present
in
the
tubing.
The
pressure-sensitive
valves use either a dome charge
or a
spring to provide the closing force. Normally a
bellows is used
to contain
the dome charge
or to
otherwise
provide
the
operating
area.
All
of
the
valves
will
include
a
reverse-flow
check
valve
which
prevents
backflow.
Tubing
pressure
valves
may
be
used
in
places
where
casing
pressure
is
limited.
However,
fluctuations
in
tubing
pressure
can
cause
periodic
movement
of
the
injection
point up and down between lower valves,
leading
to
inefficient
lift
or
multi-
point
injection
in
some
cases.
油管压力控
制阀用于在环空环流的情况
下，以及当一个特定的油管的压力是必需的，如
在间歇气举的应用，
控制阀保持关闭，
直到有足
够的流体负载存在于油管，
压力控制阀使用一个
圆顶压力包或弹簧提供的关闭力。
波纹管通常被
用来包含穹
顶压力包或以其他方式提供的区域。
所有的阀门包括一个反向流动的单向阀，
防止了
回流。
油管压力阀可用于在套管压力的地方
是有
限的。
然而，
油管压力波动会导致
注入点在较低
的阀之间上下周期性运动，
从而导致低效的举升<
/p>
或在某些情况下，多点注入。
Hydraulic
pumps
provide
another
efficient
artificial-lift
candidates
that
lack
the
bottomhole
pressure
to
sustain
acceptable
flowrates
and
have
low
GLRS,but
which
still
have
acceptable
productivity
capacity,are
ideal
candidates
for
hydraulic
pumps .Two
basic
pump
types
are piston pumps and jet pumps .Both pump
types
requir
similar
surface
,offer
good
lift
efficiencies ,and are serviceable with
slickline well
servicing
ope
rations.
液压泵提供了另一种供选择
的有效的人工举升
方式。
缺乏井底压力来维持足
够的流速和低气液比，
但仍有可接受的生产能力
的井，是理想的使用液压泵的候选井。
两种基本
类型的泵是活塞泵和射流泵。
两种泵要求
类似的
地面装置提供良好的举升效率，
便利的带绳索式
的井下维修作业。
PCPs are generally the
preferred method for lifting
cold
viscous, sand laden fluids. PCPs are a positive
displacement
pump
with
a
helical
metal
rotor
which
rotates
in
an
elastomeric
stator.
The
elastomeric stator is
attached to metal tubing.
螺杆
泵
一般都是举升冷粘性，含砂流体的首选方法。
螺杆泵是一个正排量泵，
< br>带有在橡胶定子里旋转
的螺旋形金属转子。橡胶定子连接到金属油管。
Many
challenges
still
in
the
design
of
artificial-lift
systems.
Modern
well
geometries
differ
significantly
from
the
vertical
wellbores
where
artificial
lift
has
historically
been
applied.
Horizontal
wells,
multilateral
wells,
high-temperature
wells,
wells
with
sand-
laden
production,
wells
with
corrosive
fluids,
and
other
conditions all contribute problems
which must be
considered
when
using
artificial
lift
requirements
may
be
for
production
of
several
thousands
of
barrels per day or may be for a very
few barrels of
water per day to be
lifted from a gas well so that
gas can
produce efficiently.
Unique challenges
also exist in applying lift systems
in
subsea
wells.
Subsea
well
requirements
do
not
significantly change the
artificial-lift system but do
emphasize
the
need
for
reliability
more
than
in
other
applications.
Even
more
complexity
can
be
introduced
if
artificial-lift systems are considered
in combination
as ESPs in combination
discussed as an alternative
to
increasing
compression
capabilities
for
the
gas-lift system.
These
and
other
design
issues
will
provide
the
future
advances
in
the
application
of
artificial-lift
systems in
well completions.
此处跟以上内容相似
故略
去翻译。
Methods for Sand
Exclusion
Four broad groups of sand
exclusion methods are
available:
(1) production restriction
methods, (2)
mechanical
methods
(3)
in-
situ
chemical
consolidation
methods,
and
(4)
combination
methods.
With
the
exception
of
production
restriction
methods,
the
remaining
methods
provide some means of mechanical
support for the
formation
and
help
prevent
formation
movement
during
stressed
that
result
from
fluid
flow
or
pressure
drop
in
the
reservoir.
四个应
用广泛的防
砂方法是可用的：
（
1
）生产的限制的方法，
（
2
）
机械的方法（
3
）就地化学
胶结方法，及（
4
）相
结合的方法。<
/p>
与生产限制的方法不同，
其余的方
法提供
了一些装置，
用于形成机械支撑，
并有助
于防止地层在源于储层中由流体流动和压力下
降引起的应力下运移的方法
Production Restriction
In
a
sandstone
formation,
stresses
resulting
from
fluid
production
or
pressure
drop
act
on
the
minerals
that
bond
the
sand
grains
together,
resulting
in
sand
production.
One
means
of
reducing
this
sand
production
is
to
restrict
the
production rate. This method has the
lowest initial
cost
and
in
some
cases,
may
be
a
successful
alternative
to
other
available
methods.
However,
in
most
cases,
it
is
not
a
durable
or
economical
solution to formation sand production.<
/p>
在砂岩地层
中，
源于流体的生产或压力下
降的应力作用在胶
结了砂子颗粒的矿物上，
导致了出砂。
一种减少
这种出砂的方法是限制产量，这种方法成本最
低，有时也许会很成功的替换其他方法，然而，
大多数情况下它也不是一个持久
的经济的方法。
Mechanical Methods
Mechanical
methods
are
the
most
common
well
treatments
for
excluding
sand
production.
Mechanical sand-
control methods are diverse, but
they
always include some type
of
device
installed
downhole
that
bridges
or
filters
the
sand
out
of
the
produced fluids or gases. These devices include
a
wide
array
of
slotted
liners,
wire-wrapped
screens,
and
prepacked
screens,
which
are
generally uses with gravel-pack procedu
res
机械方
法是最为普通的井下防砂措施。
< br>机械防砂法是多
样的，
但它们总包含一些固定在井下的装
置桥堵
或把砂子从产夜或产气中过滤出来。
这些装置包
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