-
英语科技论文常用句型结构
2.6.1
表达不同功能的常用句型
1
）定义
定
义是对一事物的本质特征或一个概念的内涵与外延的确切简要的说明，常见的表达方式和句型有：
The term macromolecule(means …
、
sinnifies ... is considered
to be …
、
is taken to be …
、
refers to …)
(In this
article
、
In this
paper
、
In this
essay
、
In this
context
、
In computer
science
、
For this purpose)
network (will be taken to
mean …
、
will be used in the
、
will be considered to be
…
、
will refer to …
、
will be used
in…)
为了说明上述表达方式的用法，现举例如下：
Paradigm refers to models of inquiry
that guides scientific work.
在对某些事物进行定义时，还可使用以下固定形式。
(the words to be defined) is a kind of
(class) which (distinguishing features)
从以上例子中可以看出，一般定义的组成部分是：概念
+
属性
+
种差，例如：
A solar
cell
（概念）
is a
device
（属性）
which converts the
energy of sunlight into electric
energy
（种差）
。
2
）分类
在
科技论文中，作者有时需要对描述、说明的对象按其性质、大小、作用等分成若干种类，然后依次阐述。常见的表
达
分类的句型有：
(break
down
、
divide
、
subdivide
、
be classified)+
…
（总体）
+into/as
…
（部分）
具体用法举例如下：
·
Classification
breaks down
the general
topic
into
its related parts
in a logical way.
·
This
classification system
divided
carbides
into
two
distinct categories.
·
Substances
can/may be classified as
gases, liquids and solids.
The models (fall
into
、
can be divided
into
、
may be classified
into
、
are of)
two(major
、
general(groups<
/p>
、
classes
、
categories)
、
broad)
There are two(major
、
< br>general(groups
、
classes of
…
、
categories)
、
broad)
Two(major
、
general
(groups
、
classes
、<
/p>
categories)
、
broad)
There are two (major
、
general (groups
、
classes
、
< br>categories)
、
broad) of…
3
）比例关系
常见表达比例关系的句型有：
·
Most objects
are
big
in
proportion to
the size of an atom but
small
in proportion to
the
size of the sun.
·
The ration
between students
of science
to
students of
engineering is 3:2.
·
There
is a relationship between the cross-sectional area
of a rope and its strength. Its strength
is directly proportional
to
its
cross-sectional area.
·
Pressure
is
inversely proportional to
volume.
·
Air and fuel are mixed
in a proportion of
15 to 1.
·
Three colours: red, green
and blue will, if they are mixed together
in the right proportion,
give us white light.
·
Ion the final printed
version, graphs and diagrams are usually reduced
in scale
by a factor of two
or three.
·
The model is
made
to scale.
·
As the demand for power increases, the supply is
proportionally
increased.
·
A good coolant is formed
by mixing water and soluble oil
in a
ratio of
10:1 to 20:1.
·
The acceleration of a body
is directly proportional to
the force acting on it.
·
Intensity of an electric field
is
relative to
current.
·
The density of air
varies directly as
the
pressure, with temperature being constant.
·
The electric current
varies directly with
the
voltage.
·
The resultant
modulated wave has the same frequency as the
carrier, but the carrier wave amplitude
varies in direct relation to
the modulating wave.
4
）用途和功能
常见表达用途和功能的句型有：
·
Definitions as given
here
apply only to
the
subject treated in this standard.
·
To some extent these
methods
are only applicable
to
long series of production.
·
Although both the planer
and the shaper
are adapted
to
the machining of flat surfaces, they
differ widely in construction and in
method of operation.
·
While these methods are
correct, they
are not adaptable
to
the viscous flow problem.
·
Orbital and planetary
cutting machines
are particularly
useful for
cutting off tubular work.
·
The binary scale
is perfectly used for
the “off
-
on”
pulses of electricity.
·
This two-body
approximation
holds for
the
motion of planets about the sun.
·
These motors
are fit for
machines
requiring constant-torque and adjustable speed.
·
Filmcrotrons
can fit into
smaller,
flatter places.
·
This
method
is not fitted to
the
operation.
·
Rimmed steels
are more suitable for
drawing and forming.
·
V
belts
are well suited for
short-centre drives.
·
Solenoid valves
lend themselves readily
to
multiple porting.
5
）行为与结果
常见表达行为与结果句型有：
Thi
s(causes…
、
gives rise
to…
、
leads
to…
、
results
in…
、
brings
about…)
The result
obtained(agrees with…
、
is in
agreement with…
、
is in line
with…
、
is consistent
with…
、
fits into…)
·
The burning match is
inverted, and
as a result
the flame becomes bigger.
·
Gases and solids sometimes
dissolve in liquids to form solutions,
thereby
forming solutions.
·
As a result
of
combustion of coal, carbon dioxide
is given off.
6
）目的
科
技论文中，常常要提及研究工作或实验的目的，常用的句型有：
The (chief
aim
、
main purpose
、
primary
、
object of
the e
xperiment
is…
、
major
objective
、
principal goal)
The experiment been conducted(in the
hope(of…
、
that…)
、
with a
view to (do)…
、
in order to
(do) …
、
to the end that …
、
so that…)
Performing the study we
(hope
、
intend to (do)…
、
expect)
·
To obtain
better reception
, an aerial should be
filtered.
·
To
find the required radio station
, the
tuner should be turned.
·
This article
aims at
discussing new developments in component material
and techniques.
·
The
designer
aims to prevent
turbulent steam flow through the turbine nozzle.
·
It is the aim
of
particular branches of production
engineering to create the desired state of
machined components.
·
The
experiment
was designed to
test
the new drug.
·
The experiment
is intend to show
that
different materials conduct heat at different
speeds.
7
）问题的相关性
常见表达问题的相关性句型有：
This is a problem(concerned with…
、
concerning…
、
related to…
、
relating to …
、
bearing on …
、
dealing with…)
·
A secondary mechanism for
thermal conduction in solids
is
associated with
lattice vibrations.
·
It is obv
ious
that the strength of a country’s economy
is directly bound up with
the efficiency of its industry and agriculture.
· The operator’s knowledge
is mainly concerned with
the
hardware and not with the software.
·
Inorganic chemistry
is linked closely to
geology, mineralogy, and metallurgy; organic
chemistry to physiology, biochemistry,
and biology in general.
·
Both that transfer and
boundary layers
are strongly dependent
on
the nozzle shape and size.
·
The density of a soil
is directly related to
its
bearing capability.
·
Units
of mass and weigh
are relative to/
relevant to
the choice of a standard
weight.
·
Today one of the
chief uses is
in connection with
“ethyl gasoline”.
·
Magnetic properties of
metal
have to do with
reactions to magnetic or electric forces.
8
）举例
常见表达举例的句型有：
·
This
can be
illustrated by
…
·
A specific case
can be provided
to show…
·
An example of
this
involves…
·
This
can be
demonstrated the through…
·
Another typical
example
is…
·
One example
will suffice…
9
）状态的转换或变化
常见表达状态的转换或变化句型有：
(change
、
transfer
、
convert
、
transform
、
translate )…
（变化前
）
(to
、
into)
(
变化后
)
·
The silicon controlled
rectifier is able
to change
alternating current to direct current.
·
The analog-to-digital
converter is a device which
changes
an analog quantity
into
a digital quantity,
such as voltage to a decimal
or binary
quantity.
·
The sine-cosine
potentiometer is especially used
to
transform
polar coordinates
into
rectangular coordinates.
·
A cam is used for
transforming
rotation motion
into
reciprocating motion.
10
）比较
常见表达比较的短语有：
as a comparison,
by comparison, by contrast, in contrast, by way of
contrast
等。如：
·
Now
compare
the work done lifting the car
with
the work done puling it
up the inclined plane.
·
The
arithmetic-logical unit is also responsible for
choosing and
comparing
the
appropriate information
with
a program.
·
By
comparison,
very little is known about
the internal structure of the earth.
比较
这个功能范畴所含的内容，还可再细分为以下几种小的类型：
I.
区分
·
The object of this
experiment is
to separate
a
solid
from
the fluid.
·
We must
distinguish
sliding friction
from
rolling friction.
·
We know one substance from
another by their physical and chemical properties.
One should not confuse balancing forces with
forces of action and reaction.
II
．不同于
A be (different
、
distinct from B
、
distinguished)
表达
A
与
B<
/p>
不同时还可用：
·
Hydraulic presses
differ from
mechanical
presses in their way of functioning.
·
Nuclear power stations
are distinguished from
ordinary power stations only by the
source of heat.
·
Iron
unlike
rubber, is a good
conductor of electric current.
III
．相当于
·
One turn of the hand-wheel
is equivalent to
2 mm
stroke.
·
For finishing
electrodes, the foil thickness
corresponds to
the spark
gap.
IV
．优越于
A (has
、
possesses advantage over B
、
offers)
A
优越于
B
还可用以下句型表
达：
·
Synthetic
rubber
is
in many ways
superior to
natural rubber.
·
Thread machines are used
in preference to
lathes for
certain threading operations.
·
A. C
is
preferred to
D. C for long-distance
transmission of electricity.
·
Gear shaping
has certain advantages over
other methods.
V
．相似
·
Turret lathes
have many features similar
to
those of modern engine lathes.
·
The testing of the HB
carburetor
is very similar to
that of the HA carburetor.
·
Although the purpose of
the microscope is quite different from that of the
telescopes, the two instruments
resemble one another
in some
ways.
·
This curve
bears
little
resemblance to
a sine
curve.
11
）故障
·
If the separator
is out of order,
check and
treat as required.
·
There
was
something wrong with
the
instrument, they had to repeat their experiment
once again.
·
Because
computers are man-made machines, they sometimes
malfunction
and have to be
repaired.
·
In most
instances when the computer
fails
, it is due to human
errorand is not the fault of the computer at all.
·
The aeroplane was forced
to land
thanks to engine
failure
.
·
In case of
an oil-pump
failure
, the moving parts
will become overheated.
·
Trouble develops
in the
engine when pressures are to high.
·
If there should be
a power broken down
, the
emergency generator is switched on.
12
）达到标准或程度
·
As far as the quality is
concerned, the product
is (comes) up to
the standard
.
·
After repeated trials the new calculators
eventually
made the grade
.
·
Certification marks are
used on products to indicate that they
meet (reach/attain) certain
standards,
or come from a certain
geographic location.
·
A high degree
of accuracy can be achieved
by cold-
working the metal.
·
It is
claimed that setting can be made
to an
accuracy
of 0.02mm.
·
The aircraft
is
capable of reaching a speed
of 800
miles per hour.
13
）得到应用
·
The principle
finds an important application (use)
in the hydraulic press.
·
Continuous sand-mixers
have also found their place
in high production core-making.
·
Having been tested for
several times, this new-type product
will be put(go) into mass production.
·
Before
putting
the power signal
generator
into operation
,
check whether the AC supply voltage corresponds
with the value
adjusted in the unit.
·
Once the machine are
tested, they
may be put into service
(use).
·
Closed-
circuit color TV did not
come into use
until very recently.
14
）符合标准或要求
I
．符合标准
·
The machines of the near
future must be light in weight and
answer to (meet) the highest technical
standards.
·
About 98
percent of the chemical products turned out in
that petrochemical plant
are fit for
the national standard
.
·
Such valves and fittings
shall
be in accordance with
BS759
.
·
The
instrument has been inspected and
is in
full conformity with the standard
.
·
As far as accuracy and
sensitivity of operation are concerned, the
automatic control
is quite up to the
standard
.
·
The
noise of the device
conforms with
(comply to)
“the National
Noise
Standard
of
Working Places of the Worker”.
II
．符合要求
·
The application of the
metric system in the design shall be in
accordance with the requirements
of DOD-STD-1476.
·
The tenderer shall submit
a basic tender which
complies fully
with the requirements
of the tender
documents.
·
All structural
steel, plate and sheet
conform to the
requirements
of certain specifications.
15
）方式与手段
·
Temperature can be
measured
by means of (by
using/with/through)
a thermometer.
·
With the help (aid) of
the
newly disclosed instrument the optimal surface
condition can be detected.
·
Control of the power output
is achieved
by
varying the fuel supply.
·
Better combustion
is obtained with
a
hemispherical combustion chamber.
·
Removal of excess heat
is accomplished with
a
radiator.
·
By
this means,
the light rays travel back
and forth across the axis of the fiber in a
sinusoidal manner.
·
Electric generators convert the mechanical energy
of rotation into electricity
by way of
magnetism.
·
A driver will
easily raise an automobile weighing several tons
with the assistance of
a
jack.
·
The electrons move
in a more orderly (very similar)
fashion
in a particular direction.
· Plants are also useful sources of
energy thanks to their storing the sun’s
radiation
in chemical form.
·
These hollow bodies are
connected to each other
in a detachable
(reverse/violent) manner.
·
The actual optimal thrust direction varies with
time
in quite a complex
(different/normal/following) way.
16
）满足条件与要求
I
．满足条件
·
The
technical
design
details
of
the
industrial
packing
should
meet
all
conditions
(demand/need)
of
the
level
of
protection
specified.
·
In
order for most lasers to operate, the three basic
conditions
must be satisfied.
II
．满足要求
·
Nonconformance is the
failure of a unit of product to
conform
to (cover/fulfil/meet/satisfy)
specified
requirements
for any
quality characteristic.
17
）物体相对位置关系
·
The feed motion in lathes
is the movement of the cutting tools
in
reference to
the work.
·
The satellite will keep a
fixed position above the equator and will not move
relative to
the
Earth’s surface.
·
A suitcase laying on a
berth of a moving railway car is at rest
with respect to
the car, but
moves
in relation to
the
earth.
·
This will tell the
pilot the exact position of the
building
in (with) respect
to
the airplane.
18
）与
……
一致
A be (compatible
、
in conformity
、
consistent
、
in good
agreement with B
、
in accord
、
in line
、
uniform)
表达
A
与
B
一致还可用以下句型：
·
The conclusion
accords with
current
archaeological and anthropological theory.
·
The meal contents found
from this
agree quite well with
those valuated by a microscopic method.
·
Results show that
calculations
are in good agreement
with
experimental data.
·
The following examples
illustrate the agreement of the rule
with experiment.
·
Here the
direction of the motion of a body and the earths
axis of rotation
coincide
,
so there is no Coriolis force.
·
The direction of the
momentum
coincides with
that
of the motion velocity of the body.
·
Succeeding experimental or
approved modifications
shall conform
to
the sequence established above.
·
The noise
coefficient
corresponds
roughly
to
calculations obtained on the basis of
the manufacturer’s data sheet.
·
The calculated components
may not
match exactly
te
original design of the oscillator.
19
）作出结论
·
From the above experiment
we
can arrive at (come to) the
conclusion
that air has weight.
·
Careful studies of
interaction between chemical elements
have led to a number of conclusions
about atom and its properties.
·
Another
conclusion
also
follows
from the fact that
super fluid motion does not transfer heat.
·
We cannot
draw
(reach)
any
definite
conclusion from
the available data.
·
It
can be
concluded that
baud rate is very
important to the telephone engineer.
2.6.3
论文主要结构中的常用句型
1
）论文引言中常用的句型
引言中作者通常提出问题并说明论文的研究目的。
I.
提出问题
Although much research has been devoted
to A,
、
While
much work has been done on A,
、
Although many
studies studies have
been published
concerning
A,
、
While
many
researchers
have
investigated A,
、
Although much
literature is available
on
A.(little