安全工程专业英语Unit1-9翻译

2021年2月8日发(作者：鲜药)

安全工程专业英语

Unit1

1. Because of the very rapid changes in these jobs and professions, it is

hard for students to learn about future job opportunities. It is even more

difficult

to

know

about

the

type

of

preparation

that

is

needed

for

a

particular profession-or the qualities and traits that might help individuals

succeed in it.

由于这些工作和职业的飞速变更，

其变化之快使得学生们很难了解未

< p>
来有什么样的工作机会，

更不知道为未来的具体职业生涯做出怎样的

准备，

也就是说学生们很难知道掌握何种知识、

具备何种能力才能成

功适应未来的社会。

2. The purpose of this article is to provide in depth information about the

safety

profession

that

should

help

students

considering

a

career

in

this

challenging and rewarding field.

这篇文章将提供较为深入的安全专业方面的具体信 息，

它应该能够为

安全专业的学生们在这个充满挑战也蕴含着发 展机遇的职业中获得

良好的发展而提供帮助。

3. While these efforts became more sophisticated and widespread during

the twentieth century, real progress on a wide front did not occur in the

U.S. until after Word War

Ⅱ

.

尽管这些专 业手段在

20

世纪已经发展的较为成熟，也具有一定的广

泛适应性，

但在美国，

这些都是第二次世界大 战以后才取得的突破性

进展。

4.

This

legislation

was

important

because

it

stressed

the

control

of

workplace hazards. This, in turn, defined a clear area of practice for the

previously

loosely

organized

safety

profession.

Other

legislation

passed

during

the

next

twenty

years

has

increased

the

scope

of

safety

practice

into

areas

of

environmental

protection,

product

safety,

hazardous

materials

management

and

designing

safety

into

vehicles,

highways,

process plants and buildings.

这部法律很重要，

因为它强调工作场所 的危险控制，

同时这部法律也

为以前不成体系的安全业务划定了 工作范围。此后

20

年中通过的一

些立 法，将安全业务的范围扩大到了环境保护、产品安全、危险物料

管理以及机动车辆、高速 公路、加工厂和房屋的安全设计等方面。

5.

As

a

result,

the

safety

profession

has

respect

from

other

established

professions

such

as

engineering,

medicine

and

law(all

of

which

had

traditionally been involved in hazard control, but had no special training

in it).

因此安全专业受到了其他 发展已经较为成熟的工医药及法律这样的

专业的仰慕，

这些专业 的人们过去经常涉及危险控制问题，

但是很缺

乏专业化的训练。

6.

Safety

professionals

apply

principles

drawn

from

such

disciplines

as

engineering,

education,

psychology,

physiology,

enforcement,

hygiene,

health,

physics,

and

management.

They

use

appropriate

methods

and

techniques

of

loss

prevention

and

loss

control.

“Safety

science”

is

a

twenty-first century term for everything that goes into the prevention of

accidents, illnesses, fires, explosions and other events which harm people,

property and the environment. < /p>

安全专业人员综合运用工程学、

教育学、

心理学、

生理学、

法律法规、

卫生、健 康、物理、以及管理学等学科的基本原理，选择适当的方法

和技术进行损失预防和控制。 作为

21

世纪术语，

“

安全科学

”

泛指对

事故、疾病 、火灾、爆炸以及一切危及人们生命、财产和环境的事件

的预防。

7. Illness caused by exposing people to harmful biological, physical and

chemical agents produce great losses each year and accurate estimates of

their impact are hard to make.

< br>暴露于有害生物、

物理的或化学起因物所造成的疾病，

其 产生的损失

则更是惊人，其负面影响已无法精确估算。

8. Ergonomics helps people understand the performance limits of humans

and helps them design tasks, machines, work stations and facilities which

improve performance and safety.

人机工程学有助于人们理解人类自 身的局限性，

从而致力设计能够有

效提高安全性和绩效的作业任 务、设备、设施、以及工作站。

9.

From

the

careful

design

and

operation

of

nuclear

power

generating

stations

to

the

elimination

of

lead-based

paints

in

homes,

the

efforts

to

reduce threats to public safety go on nonstop.

从核电站的精心设计到家居无铅材料，

人们致力于降低对公众威胁的

< br>努力从未停止。

10. The application of safety science principles occurs in many places: in

the workplace, in all modes of transportation, in laboratories, schools, and

hospitals, at construction sites, on oil drilling rigs at sea, in underground

mines, in the busiest cities, in the space program, on farms, and anywhere

else where people may be exposed to hazards.

安全科学原理在人们可能暴露危险的工作场所、交通场所、实验室、

学校、

医院、

建筑工地、

海上石油钻井、

地下开采、

都市、

< br>太空探索、

农场等得到了广泛的应用。

11. To be called professionals, they must acquire the essential knowledge

of safety science through education and experience so that others can rely

on their judgments and recommendations.

之所以称为专业人士，

< br>是因为他们必须通过教育和经验掌握基本的安

全科学知识以使其他人可以信赖他们 的判断和建议。

12. Regardless of the industry, safety professionals help to achieve safety

in the workplace by identifying and analyzing hazards which potentially

create

injury

and

illness

problems,

developing

and

applying

hazard

controls,

communicating

safety

and

health

information,

measuring

the

effectiveness

of

controls,

and

performing

follow-up

evaluations

to

measure continuing improvement in progress.

在各行各业，

安全专业人员通过识别和分 析可能导致伤害和疾病的危

险、提出并实施危险控制方案、交流安全健康信息、测量控制 方案实

施有效性、评估持续改进项目等一系列工作以保障工作场所的安全。

13.

Emergency

Response:

organizing,

training

and

coordinating

skilled

employees with regard to auditory and visual communications pertaining

to emergencies such as fires, accidents or other disasters.

应急响应：组织、

培训和协调受训员工 应对火灾、事故或其他灾害等

突发事件的听觉和视觉交流。

14. Management Safety Programs: planning, organizing, budgeting, and

tracking

completion

and

effectiveness

of

activities

intended

to

achieve

safety

objectives

in

an

organization

or

to

implement

administrative

or

technical controls that will eliminate or reduce hazards.

安全管理方案：规划、组织、预算、跟踪项目 的完成情况与有效性，

以实现组织的安全目标或通过管理或技术手段消除或减少危险。< /p>

15. The satisfaction of knowing that people have been protected because

harmful accidents and other incidents have been prevented is just one of

the many rewards associated with “what safety professionals do”.

当认识到人们因为已 经预防了事故或事件而使他们得到保护时，

这种

满足是所谓的< /p>

“

安全专业人士

”

得到的诸多奖励之一。

Unit2

1.

Safety

and

health

professionals

who

work

in

industrial

settings

concentrate primarily on ensuring compliance with, at the very least, the

minimum safety and health standard promulgated under the Occupational

Safety and Health Act of 1970, as enforced by Occupational Safety and

Health Administration(OSHA).

在工业生产中，

安全和健康专业人士主要工作集中于在确保生产至少

< br>符合基于《

1970

职业安全与健康法案》发布的各项安 全与健康标准，

这些标准由职业安全及健康管理局强制执行。

2.

Although

numerous

areas

are

addressed

and

a

minimum

level

of

worker protection is ensured by implementation of these many standards,

it is important to note that the major driving factor for worker safety is

contained not in the Code of Federal Regulations but in Section 5 of the

Occupational Safety and Health Act itself.

虽然众多的领域都强调并且通过执行这些标准以确保保护工人最低

的安全水平，

但值得注意的是：

真正推动工 人安全的主要驱动因素在

于《职业安全与健康法案》的第五部分而不是在于《联邦法规条 例》

中所包含的内容。

3. This factor, better known as the General Duty Clause, Section 5(a) (1),

simply states that: Each employer shall furnish to each of his employees

employment and a place of employment which are free from recognized

hazards that are causing or are likely to cause death or serious physical

harm

to

his

employees,

and

shall

comply

with

occupational

safety

and

health standards promulgated under this act.

这一因素，即《职业安全与健康法案》第

5(a)

< p>
(1)

部分

——

一般责任

条款，

简明地阐述如下：

每个雇主必须 为其雇员提供安全健康的就业

和工作环境，

使他们免于那些导致 或可能造成员工死亡或严重身体伤

害的可辨识的危险，

并必须遵 守基于本法案颁布的职业安全和健康标

准。

4. In fact, the General Duty Clause has been the precursor for many of the

regulations that have followed since 1970 and continues to ensure worker

safety

in

the

absence

of

a

specific

standard

for

a

specific

occupational

situation.

事实上，

一般责任条款已经被

1970

年以来许多法规采纳而成为母法，

它同样在因缺少特定标准的特定职业情 况下确保工人的安全。

5. Less clear, but equally important to worker safety, is that the methods

and techniques associated with the system safety effort are an excellent

means of assuring that the intent of the General Duty Clause is met at the

earliest possible time in the project or program development process.

对于工人安全同 样重要，

但表达不太清楚的地方在于有关系统安全的

方法和技术 是项目早期阶段或研发过程方案中确保符合一般责任条

款的极好的手段。

6.

However,

as

noted

earlier,

most

standard

and

regulations

reflect

minimum

requirements

for

safe

operations

and

do

not

place

any

additional responsibilities on employers to be safer than what is required

by these standards.

然而，如前所述，

大多数标准和法规反映了安全操作的最低要求，他

们并没有提出 比这些标准的要求更能确保安全的有关雇主责任的内

容。

7. It is well known within the occupational safety arena that, in order to

ensure

continued

safety

in

a

given

situation,

it

is

often

necessary

to

exceed the minimum requirements established by law.

在职业安全领域，

众所周知的是：

为了确保在给定的条件下持续保持

安全的状况， 超过法律规定的最低要求通常是必要的。

8.

Even

though

a

majority

of

industrial

accidents

or

incidents

have

historically

been

attributed

to

the

unsafe

acts

or

the

unsafe

conduct

of

workers, the importance of unsafe physical conditions and equipment can

should

not

be

minimized

in

any

discussion

concerning

accident

risk

potential.

虽然大多数工业事故或事件在历史上被 归因于工人的不安全行为或

不安全地执行，

但是不应该在所关于 事故潜在风险的讨论中将物的不

安全状态最小化。

9.

Injuries

and/or

property

damage

caused

by

mechanical

hazards

generally

have

a

high

potential

severity,

since

they

often

result

in

a

permanent total disability (e.g., loss of motion or use of a body member,

amputations,

loss

of

sight,

damages

to

hearing)

and/or

loss

to

essential

equipment or facilities.

机械性 危险造成的伤害和

/

或财产损失一般具有较高的潜在严重性，< /p>

因为他们往往会导致永久性的部分或全部失能

（例如，

< p>
丧失运动或身

体某部位失能，截肢，失明，听力损害）和

< br>/

或基础设备或设施的巨

大破坏或损坏。

10.

Furthermore,

many

of

the

so-called

unsafe

acts

that

cause

such

injuries or damage may not result in an accident if the potential for risk is

properly

assessed

well

in

advanced

and

safer

physical

conditions

are

implemented

to

control

the

hazards

associated

with

the

level

of

ascertained risk.

此外，

如果能够事先对潜在风险进行恰当的评价，

并且 控制与该风险

水平相关的危险以提供一个较为安全的物理条件，

那么，

所谓的导致

伤害的或损害的不安全行动就不会导致事故。

11.

Therefore

,accurate

evaluation

of

applicable

occupational

and

environmental

standards

and

regulations,

as

well

as

an

analysis

of

specific worker tasks, are absolutely essential in determining appropriate

levels of protection.

因此，

如果能够事先对潜在风险进行恰当的评价，

并且控制与风险水

平相关的危险以提供一个较为安全的物理条件，

那么，

< br>所谓的导致伤

害或损害的不安全行动就不会导致事故。

12. Since the goals and objectives of both the industrial safety and system

safety disciplines tend to serve each other’s best interests, it would not be

prudent

management

practice

to

ignore

the

integration

of

the

system

safety program with the industrial safety effort.

因为行为安全和系统安全两者的目标都旨在为对方提供最大利益，

所

< p>
以忽视系统安全方案和工业安全方面的整合都是不严谨的管理做法。

13.

Therefore,

in

order

to

fully

comprehend

the

relationship

between

system safety and industrial safety, one must also understand how system

safety

can

be

successfully

utilized

in

the

analysis

of

the

human

factors

element of task performance.

因此，

为了充分理解系统安全和行 业安全的关系，

还必须了解系统的

安全是如何成功的运用于任务 绩效中的人因分析

14.

If

this

basic

concept

of

human- system

interface

is

not

properly

considered

in

the

design

phase,

then

all

the

safety

incentives

and

motivational

programs

that

money

can

buy

will

not

encourage

an

individual to operate poorly designed equipment at a designated level of

effectiveness.

如果在设计阶段没有正确的考 虑人与系统交互的基本概念，

则所有的

安全动机以及金钱可以购 买的激励方案都不能鼓励个体员工在指定

有效性要求下操作一台设计糟糕的设备。

15.

Also,

if

personnel

are

trained

to

operate

inadequately

designed

equipment under normal operating conditions, they will typically revert to

very

ineffective

operations

under

emergency

or

other

stress-include

conditions.

此外，

如果 员工平时在正常操作下操作设计不当的设备，

那么在紧急

情况或 其他应激性条件下，他们所表现的就是进行非常无效的操作。

Unit3

1.

The

hazard

analysis

will

also

assist

the

engineer

in

further

assessing

which hazards are important and which are not and therefore do not need

further study.

危险分析也将有助于工程师进 一步评估哪些危险是重要的，

哪些危险

不重要从而不必要进一步 研究。

2.

With

this

information,

the

associated

risks

are

then

ranked

and

engineering management is better able to determine which risks are worth

controlling and which risks require less attention.

依据这个信息对相关的风险分级，

< br>在工程管理上能够更好的确定哪些

风险是值得控制的，哪些风险是可以较少地关注 。

3. Some example engineering controls include: adding a relief value to a

2000-psi

oxygen

system;

building

a

berm

around

an

oil

storage

tank;

using only hermetically sealed switches in an explosive environment; or

putting in hard stops in rotating machinery to prevent overtorquing.

工程控制包括这样一个例子：给

2000-psi

的氧气系统增加一个安全

阀、

在储油槽周围建一个护堤、< /p>

在爆炸性环境只采用密封开关或在旋

转机械设置强行停止开关以防 止扭矩过大。

4.

Developing

and

implementing

a

plant

safety

plan

is

a

good

method

of

applying

management

controls

to

hazards.

制定和实施工厂安全计划是应用风险管理控制的一种方法。

5. Once controls are in place , a method needs

to be used to verify

that

the

controls

actually

control

the

hazards

or

mitigate

the

risks

to

an

acceptable

level.

一旦控制到位，

需要使 用方法验证那些控制真正的控制了危险或将风

险减小到可以接受的水平。

6.

After

the

system

has

been

studied

and

hazards

identified

,

then

analyzed

and

evaluated

with

controls

in

place

,

management

must

make

the

formal

decisions

of

which

risks

they

are

willing

to

take

and

which ones they will not take.

经过系统研究和危险识别，

然后对已采用的控制措施进行了分析和评

价，管理者必须做出正式的 决定

，哪些风险他们能够接受，哪些风

险

他们不可以接受。

7.

This

means

that

the

engineering

and

management

organizations

periodically

review

the

safety

program

,

engineering

processes

,

management

organizations, and

product

field

use.

这意味着，工程管理机构 定期审查安全方案，工程流程，管理组织和

产品的现场使用情况。

8. The

American

automobile industry has lost

billions

of

dollars

in

automobile

recalls

due

to

safety

problems , some of

which

possibly

could

have

been

avoided

by

periodic

review

of

product

use.

美国汽车业由于安全问题在汽车召回中已经花费了数十亿美元，

其中< /p>

一些问题可以通过定期审查产品的使用情况来避免。

Unit4

1

）

Note

that

all

methods

are

abstractions--they

simplify

the

thin

being modeled

by

abstracting away what are assumed to be irrelevant

details

and

focusing

on

the

feature

of

the

phenomenon

that

are assumed to be the most relevant

需要指出的是所有模型都是抽象的，

他们是通过抽调假定不相关的细

节，关注假定最相关现象的特征从而简化了被建的模 型

2

）

That

selection

process

in

most

cases

is

arbitrary

and

depend

entirely

on

the

choice

of

modeler

,but

it

is

critical

in

determining

the

usefulness

and

accuracy

of

the

model

in

predicting

future

events

因为选择过程大多数情况下是任意的，

完全取决与建模者的抉择，

但

他在确定该模型预测未来事件的 有效性和准确性方面是至关重要的。

3

）

Because

the

accident

model

influence

what

cause(s)

is

ascribed to an accident, the countermeasures

taken to

prevent

future

accidents

,and

the

evaluation

of

the

risk

in

operating

a

system

,the

power

and

features

of

the

model

will

greatly

affect

our

ability

to

identify and

control hazards and thus prevent accidents

因为事故模型影响着 导致事故的原因、预防未来事故所采取的措施

以及操作系统中的风险评价，

所以，

该模型的威力和特点建大大大影

响我们辨识和 控制危险，从而阻止事故发生的能力。

4. At the same time that the development of new technology has sprinted

forward ,the time to market for new products has significantly decreased

and strong pressure exist to decrease this time even further.

与此同时，随着新技术的迅猛发展 ，新产品的上市时间已大大缩短，

但强大的压力还要求将这一时间再进一步缩短。

5.

Many

of

the

approaches

to

prevent

accidents

that

worked

on

electromechanical component failure

—

such as replication of components

to

protect

against

individual

component

failure

—

are

ineffective

in