-
专业英语中的常见语法现象
一．
人称、时态和语态
科技英语中主要使
用第三人称，但第一人称也经常出现，主要是：
（
1
）叙述某个实验、现象或结论时，告诉读者我们以前也报道过，这里不在
叙述；
（
2
）为了引导读者按照作者的思路去思考问题，此时
we
等第一人
称是指作者和读者
双方。
另外在文章
的开头和结论部分有事也使用
we
，如
in
this
paper,
we
report
…
或者
< br>we
concluded
that
…
等
时态主要使用三种时态：一般现在时，一般过去时和现在完成时
(1)
在叙述一般的科学原理、公式
推导、计算过程和结论时，常用一般现在时；
如当提到本文、此图、此表等说明了、表达了什么时
This paper
describe
s
……
The focus of
this paper
is
……
Figure 1
show
s
……
Most of the common condensation
polymers
are
listed in Table
1-1.
(2)
在叙述某种实验操作、试剂配制时，常使用一般过去时；
例如：
Novozym-435
(2.0
g)
was
suspended
in
25
mL
of
nanopure
water
in
a
100
mL
round-
bottomed
flask
fitted
with
a
water
cooled
condenser
.
The
lipase
suspension
was
refluxed
for 14 h. The
suspension was then
allowed to cool to
room temperature
, and
water
was
removed
by
freeze
drying
….
The
reaction
vials
were
capped
tightly
and
shaken
vigorously
for
a
few
minutes.
Thereaction
vials
were
then
placed
in
a
constant-temperature
water
bath
maintained at
37
°
C for 3h with magnetic
stirring….
(3)
在叙述已经发生的并且延续到
现在的事情时使用现在完成时，如描述研究进展使用
In
recent
years
作时间状语时，通常使用完成时
In
recent
years,
Plesch
and
coworkers
have
concluded
that
many
so-called
cationic
polymerizations do
not proceed through intermediates of an ionic
nature.
时态是个比较复杂的问题虽然有一般的规则但往往在实际文章中很难把
握，
需要注意的
是在同一段落中要避免时态跳跃。
科技英语使用被动语态比较多，
但也可使用主动语
态，
特别是强调自己的观点时，
在学术会
议交流时也使用主动语态，这种语态的句子简洁，意思准确。
例：
The
oscillator
strengths
of
certain
4
f
-4
f
transitions
in
lanthanide(
Ⅲ
)
complexes
exhibit
an
especially
strong
sensitivity
to
the
structural
details
and
chemical
nature
of
the
ligand
environment.
The
extraction
behavior
of
trivalent
lanthanide
ions
has
been
studied
with
DBM.
The
ratio
of
Ln:DBM in the extracted
species
was determined
to be
1:3 by the slope analysis method.
二
数
数也有其复杂化特别是在学术论文里有是很难顾及数上的逻辑但一般不将逻辑上
的问题视为语法错误只须注意在一个句子中的数和谓语动词的统一即可
以下是需要注意的语法
不规则变化的单复数
单数
复数
criterion
criteria
依据
phenomenon
phenomena
现象
medium
media
介质
radius
radii
半径
index
indices
指数
appendix
appendices
附录
stimulus
stimuli
刺激
basis
bases
基础
synthesis
syntheses
合成
matrix
matrices
基体
Novel
biomaterials with improved, specific biological
action are being developed using polymers
that are responsive to environmental
stimuli
.
一些数有特殊性的名词
data,
kinetics
通常作复数名词
research, work:
不可数名词
The
data
in Table 1
are
obtained from the
reactions at different temperatures.
The
kinetics
of
polymerization within each droplet
are
the same as those for the corresponding
bulk polymerization.
Much
research has
been done to redirect the
tropism of retroviruses by engineering the
envelope
glycoprotein.
Most
research
on poly(ortho esters)
has
focused on the synthesis
of polymers.
一些结构的数
<
主谓的统一
>
one of
复数名词
:
单数
none of
复数名词
:
复数
none of
单数名词
/
不可数名词
:
单数
no
复数名词
:
复数
no
单数名词
/
不可数名词
:
单数
a kind of
单数名词
:
单数
this/that kind of
单数名词
:
单数
these
kinds of
复数名词
:
复数<
/p>
复数名词
of this/that kind
：复数
sort
与
kind
类似
a type of
单数名词：单数
a series
of
复数名词：复数
a
class of
复数名词：复数
the number of
复数名词：单数
a number
of
复数名词：复数
Ara-C
is one of most important
antitumor agent
s
,
especially used in the treatment of various
leukaemias.
One of
possibilitie
s
for
enhancing the pharmacological properties
is
to link it to a carrier.
Biocompatibility is
one of
the main
criteria
for the selection of a particular
biomaterial.
Controlled drug
delivery technology represent
s one of
most
rapid advancing area
s
of science in
which chemists
are contributing to human health care.
Several model
s
have been proposed but
none
appear
to be generally applicable.
None of
the presently used
ones are
applied rigorously.
Thus far
no studies have
conclusively demonstrated long-term
value of any of the cardiac gene
therap
approaches.
This type of
termination
is
often referred to as spontaneous
termination.
A number of
polymer backbone
s that are
potentially degradable
are
detailed in the text.
The
number of
mechanism
s
which
have
been
proposed to explain the stereopecificity of
Ziegler-Natta catalysts.
*
The number of
复数名词
:
整个做主语时谓语应为单数
;
但此句的动词
have
是从句的谓语
而从句是形容
mechanisms.
在其它的从句谓语中也是同样如
:
One
of the
mechanism
s which have
been……
A series
of
telomer
s
reported in table 1
were
then synthesized.
A diverse
range
of mechanism
s have
been developed.
Polymer
s are
a
promising
class
of
biomaterial
s
that can be
engineered to meet specific end-use
requirements.
The most
important class
of
poly(amide
s
) for controlled
release
are
the poly(amino
acids).
The majority of
poly(anhydride
s
)
are
prepared by melt-
condensation polymerization.
A wide
variety of
natural and synthetic
polymer
s have
been used to
fabricate tissue-engineering
matrices.
后面通常要用复数名词对可数名词而言
various different
most all
many several
one of many of
kinds of
a number of the
number of
a (wide) variety of a class
of
a series of a wide range of
Dozens of different
type
s
of
receptor
s are
present on the
average mammalian cell.
In
a number of
special
application
s
(e.g. contact
lens
es
and skin-grafting
material
s
), additional
requirement
s
such
as transparency should be considered when
selecting
a
polymer.
Many of
these transmembrane
protein
s are
receptor
s
.