-
2019
年
6
月大学英
语六级考试真题
(
第
3
套
)
Part I
Writing
(30
minutes)
Directions:
For
this
part,
you
are
allowed
30
minutes
to
write
an
essay
on
the
importance
of
motivation
and
methods in learning
. You
should write at least
150
words but no more than
200
words.
_____________________
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_
PartⅡ
Listening Comprehension
(30 minutes)
说明：由
于
2019
年
6
月六级考试全国共考了
2
套听力，本套真题听力与前
2
套内容完全一样，只是
顺序不一样，因此在本
套真题中不再重复出现。
Part Ⅱ
Reading Comprehension
(40
minutes)
Section
A
Directions:
In this section, there is a passage
with ten blanks. You are required to select one
word for each blank
from
a
list
of
choices
given
in
a
word
bank
following
the
passage.
Read
the
passage
through
carefully
before
making your choices. Each choice in the
bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the
corresponding letter for
each item
on
Answer Sheet 2
with a single line through the centre.
You may not use any of the words in the bank
more than once.
Steel is valued for its reliability,
but not when it gets cold. Most forms of steel
26
become
brittle
(
脆的
) at
temperatures below about
-
25℃ unless they are mixed
with other metals. Now, though, a novel type of
steel has
been
developed
that
resists
27
at
much
lower
temperatures,
while
retaining
its
strength
and
toughness
—
without the need for expensive
28
.
Steel’s
fragility
at
low
temperatures
first
became
a
major
concern
during
the
Second
World
War.
After
German
U
-
boats
torpedoed
(
用
鱼
雷
攻
击
)
numerous
British
ships,
a
2,700
-
strong
fleet
of
cheap
-
and
-
chee
rful“Liberty
ships”was
introduced
to
replace
the
lost
vessels,
providing
a
lifeline
for
the
29
British. But the steel
shells of hundreds of the ships
30
in the icy
north Atlantic, and 12 broke in half and
sank.
Brittleness remains a
problem when building steel structures in cold
conditions, such as oil rigs in the Arctic.
So scientists have
31
to find a
solution by mixing it with expensive metals such
as nickel.
Yuuji
Kimura
and
colleagues
in
Japan
tried
a
more
physical
32 .
Rather
than
adding
other
metals,
they
developed
a
complex
mechanical
process
involving
repeated
heating
and
very
severe
mechanical
deformation,
known as tempforming.
The resulting steel appears to achieve
a combination of strength and toughness that is
33
to that of modem
steels that
are very rich in alloy content and, therefore,
very expensive.
Kimura’s
team intends to use its tempformed steel to make
ultra
-
high strength parts,
such as bolts. They hope
to reduce both
the number of
34
needed in a construction
job and their weight
—
by
replacing solid supports
with
35
tubes,
for
example.
This
could
reduce
the
amount
of
steel
needed
to
make
everything
from
automobiles to buildings and
bridges.
A) abruptly
I)
cracked
B) additives
J)
fractures
C) approach
K)
hollow
D) ardently
L)
relevant
E) besieged
M)
reshuffled
F) channel
N) strived
G)
comparable
O)
violent
H)
components
Section B
Directions:
In
this
section, you are going
to
read
a
passage with
ten
statements
attached
to
it. Each
statement
contains
information given in one of the paragraphs.
Identify the paragraph from which the information
is derived.
You may choose a paragraph
more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a
letter. Answer the questions by
marking
the corresponding letter on
Answer Sheet 2
.
The future of personal satellite
technology is here
—
are we
ready for it?
A) Satellites
used to be the exclusive playthings of rich
governments and wealthy corporations. But
increasingly,
as space becomes more
democratized, they are coming within reach of
ordinary people. Just like
drones
(
无人
机
)
before them, miniature satellites are beginning to
fundamentally transform our conceptions of who
gets to
do what up above our
heads.
B) As a recent report
from the National Academy of Sciences highlights,
these satellites hold tremendous potential
for making
satellite
-
based science more
accessible than ever before. However, as the cost
of getting your own
satellite
in
orbit
drops
sharply,
the
risks
of
irresponsible
use
grow.
The
question
here
is
no
longer“Can
we?”but“Should
we?”What
are
the
potential
downsides
of
having
a
slice
of
space
densely
populated
by
equipment
built
by
people
not
traditionally
labeled
as“professionals”?
And
what
would
the
responsible
and
beneficial development and use of this
technology actually look like? Some of the answers
may come from a
nonprofit organization
that has been building and launching amateur
satellites for nearly 50 years.
C) Having your personal satellite
launched into orbit might sound like an idea
straight out of science fiction. But
over
the
past
few
decades
a
unique
class
of
satellites
has
been
created
that
fits
the
bill:
CubeSats.
The“Cube”here
simply refers to the satellite's shape. The most
common CubeSat is a 10cm cube, so small that a
single
CubeSat
could
easily
be
mistaken
for
a
paperweight
on
your
desk.
These
mini
-
satellites
can
fit
in
a
launch vehicle's
formerly“wasted space.”Multiples can be deployed
in combination for more complex missions
than could be achieved by one CubeSat
alone.
D)
Within
their
compact
bodies
these
minute
satellites
are
able
to
house
sensors
and
communications
receivers/transmitters that enable
operators to study Earth from space, as well as
space around Earth. They’re
primarily
designed for Low Earth Orbit
(LEO)
—
an easily accessible
region of space from around 200 to 800
miles above Earth, where
human
-
tended missions like
the Hubble Space Telescope and the International
Space
Station
(ISS)
hang
out.
But
they
can
attain
more
distant
orbits;
NASA
plans
for
most
of
its
future
Earth
-
escaping
payloads (to the moon and Mars especially) to
carry CubeSats.
E)
Because
they're
so
small
and
light,
it
costs
much
less
to
get
a
CubeSat
into
Earth’s
orbit
than
a
traditional
communications
or
GPS
satellite.
For
instance,
a
research
group
here
at
Arizona
State
University
recently
claimed their
developmental small CubeSats could cost as little
as $$3,000 to put in orbit. This decrease in cost
a11ows researchers, hobbyists and even
elementary school groups to put simple instruments
into LEO or even
having them deployed
from the ISS.
F) The first
CubeSat was created in the early 2000s, as a way
of enabling Stanford graduate students to design,
build, test and operate a spacecraft
with similar capabilities to the
USSR’
s Sputnik
(
前苏联的人造卫星
). Since
then, NASA, the National Reconnaissance
Office and even Boeing have all launched and
operated CubeSats.
There
arc
more
than
130
currently
in
operation.
The
NASA
Educational
Launch
of
Nano
Satellite
program,
which
offers
free
launches
for
educational
groups
and
science
missions,
is
now
open
to
U.S.
nonprofit
corporations as
well. Clearly, satellites are not just for rocket
scientists anymore.
G)
The National
Academy
of
Sciences
report
emphasizes
CubeSats'
importance
in
scientific
discovery
and
the
training of future space scientists and
engineers. Yet it also acknowledges that
widespread deployment of LEO
CubeSats
isn’t risk
-
flee. The
greatest concern the authors raise is space
debris
—
pieces of“junk”that
orbit the
earth, with the potential to
cause serious damage if they collide with
operational units, including the ISS.
H)
Currently,
there
aren't
many
CubeSats
and
they're
tracked
closely.
Yet
as
LEO
opens
up
to
more
amateur
satellites, they may pose an increasing
threat. As the report authors point out, even
near
-
misses might lead to
the“creation of a burdensome regulatory
framework and affect the future disposition of
science CubeSats.”
I) CubeSat researchers suggest that
now's the time to ponder unexpected and unintended
possible consequences of
more people
than ever having access to their own small slice
of space. In an era when you can simply buy a
CubeSat kit off the shelf, how can we
trust the satellites over our heads were developed
with good intentions by
people
who
knew
what
they
were
doing?
Some“expert
amateurs”in
the
satellite
game
could
provide
some
inspiration for how to proceed
responsibly.
J)
In
1969,
the
Radio
Amateur
Satellite
Corporation
(AMSA
T)
was
created
in
order
to
foster
ham
radio
enthusiasts’
(
业余无线电爱好者
) participation in
space research and communication. It continued the
efforts,
begun in 1961, by Project
OSCAR
—
a
U.S.
-
based group that built
and launched the very first nongovernmental
satellite just four years after
Sputnik. As an organization of volunteers, AMSAT
was putting“amateur”satellites
in orbit
decades before the current CubeSat craze. And over
time, its members have learned a thing or two
about
responsibility.
Here,
development
has
been a
central
principle, Within
the
organization, AMSAT
has
a
philosophy
of
open
sourcing
everything
—
making
technical
data
on
all
aspects
of
their
satellites
fully
available to everyone
in the organization, and when possible, the
public. According to a member of the team
responsible
for
FOX
1
-
A,
AMSAT's
first
CubeSat,
this
means
that
there
s
no
way
to
sneak
something
like
explosives
or
an
energy
emitter
into
an
amateur
satellite
when
everyone
has
access
to
the
designs
and
implementation.
K)
However,
they're
more
cautious
about
sharing
information
with
nonmembers,
as
the
organization
guards
against
others
developing
the
ability
to
hijack
and
take
control
of
their
satellites.
This
form
of“self
-
governance”is possible within
long
-
standing amateur
organizations that, over time, are able to build a
sense
of
responsibility
to
community
members,
as
well
as
society
in
general.
But
what
happens
when
new
players emerge, who don't have deep
roots within the existing culture?
L)
Hobbyists
and
students
are
gaining
access
to
technologies
without
being
part
of
a
long
-
standing
amateur
establishment.
They're still constrained by funders, launch
providers and a series of
regulations
—
all of which
rein in what CubeSat developers can and
cannot do. But there's a danger they're
ill
-
equipped to think
through
potential unintended
consequences. What these unintended consequences
might be is admittedly far from clear.
Yet we know innovators can be
remarkably creative with taking technologies in
unexpected directions. Think of
something as seemingly benign as the
cellphone
—
we have
microfinance and text
-
based
social networking at
one end of the
spectrum, and
improvised
(
临时制作的
) explosive
devices at the other.
M)
This is where a culture of social responsibility
around CubeSats becomes
important
—
not simply to
ensure that
physical risks are
minimized, but to engage with a much larger
community in anticipating and managing less
obvious
consequences
of
the
technology.
This
is
not
an
easy
task.
Yet
the
evidence
from
AMSAT
and other
areas
of
technology
development
suggests
that
responsible
amateur
communities
can
and
do
emerge
around
novel technologies.
The challenge here, of course, is ensuring that
what an amateur communities considers to be
responsible, actually is. Here's where
there needs to be a much wider public conversation
that extends beyond
government
agencies
and
scientific
communities
to
include
students,
hobbyists,
and
anyone
who
may
potentially stand to be
affected by the use of CubeSat
technology.
36. Given the
easier accessibility to space, it is time to think
about how to prevent misuse of
satellites.
37. A group of
mini
-
satellites can work
together to accomplish more complex
tasks.
38. The greater
accessibility of
mini
-
satellites increases
the risks of their irresponsible use.
39. Even school pupils can have their
CubeSats put in orbit owing to the lowered
launching cost.
40.
AMSA
T is careful about sharing
information with outsiders to prevent hijacking of
their satellites.
41. NASA
offers to launch CubeSats free of charge for
educational and research purposes.
42. Even with constraints, it is
possible for some creative developers to take the
CubeSat technology in directions
that
result in harmful outcomes.
43. While making significant
contributions to space science, CubeSats may pose
hazards to other space vehicles.
44.
Mini
-
satellites enable
operators to study Earth from LEO and space around
it.
45. AMSAT
operates
on
the
principle
of
having
all
its
technical
data
accessible
to
its
members,
preventing
the