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Lesson 1 Finding
fossil man
第一课发现化石人
by ROBIN PLACE
from Finding
fossil man
1-1. We can
read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in
the Near East,
where people first
learned to write.
【译文】我们能读到五千年前近东发生之事，那
里的人最先学会了书写。
【单词和短语】
read
：
此处为不及物动词，
意为
“
读到，
获悉
”
（
to
find
out
information
from
books
，
newspapers
etc.
），后接
of
或
about
，例如：
He
reads about the war.
他读到关于战争的消息。
Did
you read of their accident in the newspapers?
你在报上看到他们遭遇意外事故的消息了么？
5,000
years
：
五千年。
另学习
millennium
，
意为
“
一千年
”
，
复数为
mille
nnia
。
5,000
years
即为
5
millennia
。
the
Near
East
：近东，指地中海
东部沿岸地区，包括亚洲西南部和非洲东北部，有
时还包括巴尔干半岛。
1-2.
But
there
are
some
parts
of
the
world
where
even
now
people
cannot
write.
【译文】但时至今日世上某些地方的人还不会书写。
【单词和短语】
even now<
/p>
：此处意为
“
甚至到现在
”
，例如：
Even
now he won
’
t believe me.
他甚至到现在还不相信我。
even
now
另有两解，一为
“
就在此刻
”
，例如：
Perhaps even now the time has
arrived.
也许正是此刻时机来到了。
另一为
“
尽管这样，虽然情况如此
”
（
in spite of what has
happened
），例如：
I
have explained
everything
，
but even now she
doesn
’
t understand.
我什么都解释了，但是尽管如此她还是不明白。
1-3. The only way that they can
preserve their history is to recount it as
sagas
－
legends
handed
down
from
one
generation
of
story-tellers
to
another.
【译文】他们能够保存历史的唯一方法是将
历史当传说讲述，由讲述人一代接一代
地口授传奇故事。
【讲解】
to recount it as
< br>…
another
是动词不定式短语，作表语，说明主语
way
的
内容，
it
指
history
。句中破折号
引出同位语。
handed
down
…
another
是过去分词
短语，作
legends
的定语。
another
后省略了
generation
of story-tellers
。
【单词和短语】
preserve
：保存，保留（
to
make sth. continue without
changing
）。例如：
preserve an old house as a museum
保存一幢老房子用作陈列馆
preserve sb.
’
s
right to do sth.
保留某人对某事物的权利
Few of his early poems are preserved.
他早期的诗没有几首留存下来。
re
count
：详细叙述，描述，说明（
to
tell
someone
a
story
or
describe
a
series
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of
events
），例如：
recount a story with real wit
妙趣横生地讲故事
The
explorer recounted his adventures in a number of
books.
探险家在好几本书中描述自己的冒险经历。
saga
：英雄传奇（
a long
story about events that happened over the
years
）
hand
down
：把……传下去（
to
give
or
leave
sth.
to
people
who
will
live
after
you
），例如：
This custom is handed down from the
past.
这个习惯是过去传下来的。
The gold watch has been handed down in
his family.
那块金表是他家祖传的。
1-4. These legends are useful because
they can tell us something about
migrations
of
people
who
lived
long
ago,
but
none
could
write
down
what
they
did.
【译文】
这些传说有用，<
/p>
因为它们能告诉我们一些人迁徙之事。
这些人生活在远古，
但没人能记录他们的所作所为。
【讲解】<
/p>
none
可指可数名词，亦可指不可数名词。指前者时动词用单数
或复数，指
后者时动词用单数。
【单词和短语】
migration
：迁徙，移居（
when large numbers of
people go to live in another
area or
country
，
especially in order
to find work
），动词形式为
migrate
，
例如：
migrate to another country
移居他国
1-5.
Anthropologists wondered where the remote
ancestors of the Polynesian
peoples now
living in the Pacific Islands came from.
【译文】人类学家过去不清楚如今生活在太平洋诸岛的波利尼西亚各民族的远祖来
自
何方。
【讲解】
now
living in the Pacific Islands
是现在分词短语，作<
/p>
peoples
的定语。
【单词和短语】
anthropol
ogist
：
人类学家。
anthro
pology
意为
“
人类学
”
（
the
scientific
study
of
people
，
their
societies
，
cultures
，
etc.
）。相关词汇有
soc
iology
（社会学）
和
ethno
logy
（人种学，民族学）。
remote
ancestor
：远
祖（
someone
related
to
you
，
who
lived
a
long
time
ago
）。
形容词
remote
的常用意为
“
遥远的，
久远的
”
（
far
from
towns
or
other
places
where
people live
），例如：
the remotest corners of the earth
天涯海角
a custom of
remote antiquity
远古遗风
remote
亦可作名词，常用意为
“
遥控器
”
（
remote
controller
）。
peop
le
：
people
作
“
一国人民，民族
”
（
the people who belong to a particular
country
，
race
，
or
area
）解时为可数名
词单数，复数为
peoples
或
pe
ople
。参照上
下文，文中
peop
le
译为
“
民族
”
。另举例如下：
the
peoples of the world
世界各国人民
a hardworking people
勤劳的民族
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the Jewish
people
犹太民族
Each
people builds a culture adapted to its particular
needs.
各民族都建
立起一种适应其独特需要的文化。<
/p>
1-6.
The
sagas
of
these
people
explain
that
some
of
them
came
from
Indonesia
about 2,000 years
ago.
【译文】当地人的种种传说向世人解释了其中一些民族约在两千年前迁自印度
尼西
亚。
【单词和短语】
saga:
传说（
a long
story about events that happen over many
year
）。
1-7.
But
the
first
people
who
were
like
ourselves
lived
so
long
ago
that
even
their sagas, if they had any, are
forgotten.
【译文】但是，和我们相似的原始人生活的年代太久远了，因此
有关他们的传说，
即使存在，如今也失传了。
1-8.
So
archaeologists
have
neither
history
nor
legends
to
help
them
to
find
out where the first
'modern men' came from.
【译文】
于是，
考古学家既无历史记载，
亦无口头传说来帮助他们弄清首
批
“
现代人
”
来自何方。
【单词和短语】
legend:
传说
（
an
old
，
well-
known
story
，
often
about
brave
people,
adventures,
or magical events
）。形容词为
legendary
。
1-9.
Fortunately,
however,
ancient
men
made
tools
of
stone,
especially
flint,
because this is easier to shape than
other kinds.
【译文】然而，幸运的是，远古人用制作石器，特别是燧石
器，因为燧石比其他石
头更易成形。
【讲解】
other
kinds
后面省略了
of
stones
。
【单词和短语】
flint
：燧石（
a type
of smooth hard stone that makes a small flame when
you
hit it with
steel
）。
1-10.
They may also have used wood and skins, but these
have rotted away.
【译文】他们也可能用过木头和兽皮，但这两类
东西早已腐烂殆尽。
【讲解】
may
also have used
意为
“
可能使用过
”
，
may
＋完成时结构表示对过去情况
的推测。
these
指
wood and
skins
。
【单词和短语】
rot:
腐败，腐烂（
to
decay
by
a
gradual
natural
process,
or
to
make
something
to do
this
）。
1-11.
Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago
have remained when
even the bones of
the men who made them have disappeared without
trace.
【译文】石头不会腐烂。因此，虽然制造这些工具的人的骨头早已荡然无
存，但远
古时代的石器却保存至今。
【讲解】
when even the bones
…
trace
相当于让步从句，
when
意即
“
虽
然，尽管
”
，
又如：
< br>
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We sometimes
expect gratitude when we are not entitled to it.
有时虽然我们不值得感激，我们却期望别人感激。
While he has a house of his own, his
brother lives in a flat.
尽管他有自己的房子，他弟弟却住在公寓里。
Lesson 2 Spare that spider
第二课不要伤害蜘蛛
by T. H. GILLESPLE
from The
Listener
2-1. Why, you may
wonder, should spiders be our friends?
【译文】你可能会奇怪，蜘蛛怎是吾友？
【讲解】
you may
wonder
为插入语。
2-2.
Because they destroy so many insects, and insects
include some of the
greatest enemies of
the human race.
【译文】因为它们消灭了那么多昆虫，包括一些属于
人类最大敌人的昆虫。
2-3.
Insects
would
make
it
impossible
for
us
to
live
in
the
world;
they
would
devour all our crops
and kill our flocks and herds, if it were not for
the
protection we get from insect-
eating animals.
【译文】昆虫可以使我们无法在地球上生存。如果不
是食虫动物的保护，则这些昆
虫会吞噬我们所有的庄稼，杀死我们成群的牛羊。
【讲解】
make it
impossible for us to live in the world
中
it
是形式宾语，真
正的宾语是
for us to live in the
world
。
insects
would
和
they would
中
的
would
均表示与事实不符的虚拟结构。
< br>if it were not for the protection
…作前
面两个
分句的非真实条件状语从句，意即
“
要不是我们从食虫那里得到保护的话……
”
。这
里的
were
是虚拟语气结构。
< br>we get
…
animals
作
protection
的定语。
2-4. We owe a lot to the birds and
beasts who eat insects but all of them
put together kill only a fraction of
the number destroyed by spiders.
【译文】我们
受惠于食虫的飞禽鸟兽，但把它们都算在一起，也只是捕杀了蜘蛛消
灭的昆虫数的一个零
头。
【讲解】
all
of
them
指
birds
and
beasts
，
put
together
kill
相当于…
them
who
are
put
together kill
。意即
“
它们全加在一起消灭……
”
。
the
number
指
“
被消灭的昆
虫数
”
。
【单词和短语】
owe:
应感激（
to
know
that
someone
’
s
help
has
been
important
to
you
in
achieving
something
），例如：
We owe our parents a lot.
我们得大大感激我们的父母。
2-5.
Moreover,
unlike
some
of
the
other
insect
eaters,
spiders
never
do
the
least harm to us or our belongings.
【译文】此外，不同于其他一些食虫动物，蜘蛛对人类及其财物丝毫无损。
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【单词和短语】
belonging
s
：所有物，财物，动产；行李，例如：
He left all his belongings to his
brother.
他把他的全部财物留给了他兄弟。
It didn
’
t take me
long to arrange my
belongings
；
for I had brought
little.
因为行装带得不多，我没花多少时间就把东西整理好了。
2-6.
Spiders
are
not
insects,
as
many
people
think,
nor
even
nearly
related
to
them.
【译文】蜘蛛不像许多人认为的那样属于昆虫，它们甚至与昆虫毫无关系。
【讲解】
as
many
people
think
是插入语，意即
“
蜘蛛不是像许多人认
为的那样是昆
虫
”
。翻译这一插入语时
，必须注意它在句中的位置。不论把它移至句首，译为
“
正
如许多人认为的那样，蜘蛛不是昆虫
”
，还
是将它留在句末，译为
“
蜘蛛不是昆虫，
如同许多人认为的那样
”
，两种译文都和原意相违。原句是说
“
许多人认为蜘蛛是昆
虫，而其实不是
，他们的看法有误
”
，而前两种译文的意思则变为
“
许多人的看法是
正确的，他们认为蜘蛛不是昆虫<
/p>
”
。正确的译法应将
as many
people think
置于
not
（不像）之后、
are
（属于）之前，译为
“
蜘蛛不像许多人认为的那样属于昆虫
”
< br>。这
句原文中的…
as many people
think
相当于
as many people think
spiders are
insects
。
nor
even
nearly
承前省略了
are
spiders
，完整的句子应是：
nor
are
the
spiders
even nearly related to them
。
2-7.
One
can
tell
the
difference
almost
at
a
glance,
for
a
spider
always
has
eight
legs and insect never more than six.
【译
文】人们几乎一眼就能看出二者的差异，因为蜘蛛总是
8
条腿，
而昆虫至多有
6
条腿。
【单词和短语】
at a
glance
：
2-8. How
many spiders are engaged in this work on our
behalf?
【译文】有多少蜘蛛正在为我们做这项工作呢？
【单词和短语】
engaged:<
/p>
忙的；从事……的（
busy
）；例如：
Engaged in
conversation
，
they did not
see me.
他们谈得正来劲，没看见我。
He is engaged on that book.
他正忙于写那部书。
on
sb
’
s
behalf:
为了某人的利益；为了某人（
because
of or for
someone
）。例
如：
Don
’
t be uneasy
on my behalf.
不要为我担心。
该词组的另一含义是
“
代表某人（
< br>instead of someone
，
or as
their
representative
）
”
。例如：
You may
sign cheques on our behalf.
你可以代表我们在支票上签字。
2-9. One authority on spiders made a
census of the spiders in grass field
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in
the
south
of
England,
and
he
estimated
that
there
were
more
than
2,250,000
in
one
acre;
that
is something
like
6,000,000
spiders
of
different
kinds
on
a
football pitch.
【译文】某蜘蛛权威对英国南部某块草坪上的蜘蛛数
目统计了一次。他估计每英亩
草坪里有超过
225
万只蜘蛛，即相当于一个足球场上约有
6
百万只种类
各异的蜘蛛。
【单词和短语】
authority
：学术权威，专家，泰斗（
someone
who
knows
a
lot
about
a
subject
and
whose knowledge and opinions are
greatly respected
）。某方面的
autho
rity
需用介词
on
，例如：
an authority on preventive
medicine
预防医学的权威
something
like
：接近，大约（
close to but not
exactly a large
amount
），例
如：
He is to sell the house for something
like $$150,000.
他将以大约
15
万美元的价钱出售这幢房子。
census
：统计数量（
a
process of counting
something
）。
2-10.
Spiders are busy for at least half the year in
killing insects.
【译文】蜘蛛至少有半年在忙于吃虫。
【讲解】
half
（形容词）
the
year
是
half
（名词）
of the year
的省略形式。
2-11. It is impossible to make more
than the wildest guess at how many they
kill,
but
they
are
hungry
creatures,
not
content
with
only
three
meals
a
day.
【译文】它们消灭了多少昆虫，我们简直无法猜测，
它们是吃不饱的动物，不满足
于一日三餐。
< br>【讲解】
it
是形式主语，真正的主语是
to
make
more
than
the
wildest
guess
at
how
many they kill
。
It
is impossible to
…是重点句型，需熟练掌握。
not
前省略了
and they
are
。
【单词和短语】
content
：
adj.
满意，满足（
happy and
satisfied
）。
2-12.
It has been estimated
that the weight
of all the insects destroyed
by
spiders
in
Britain
in
one
year
would
be
greater
than
the
total
weight
of
all
the human beings in the
country.
【译文】
据估计，
在英国一年里被蜘蛛消灭的昆虫的总重量超过该国人口的总重量。
【讲解】
it
是形式主语，真正的主语是
< br>the
weight
of
all
the
insects
destroyed
…
in the
country
。
It has been
estimated that
…是重点句型，需熟练掌握。
Lesson 3
Matterhorn man
第三课马特霍恩山区人
by WALTER UNSWORTH
from
Matterhorn Man
3-1.
Modern
alpinists
try
to
climb
mountains
by
a
route
which
will
give
them
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good sport,
and the more difficult it is, the more highly it
is regarded.
【译文】现代登山运动员力图沿着一条能从中得到锻炼乐趣
的路线登山。他们认为
路线愈艰难则愈为人们所重视。
【讲解】
try
后接动词不定式，作
make an attempt
解，译为
“<
/p>
力图
”
。
by
a route
中
by
意为
“
沿，经
”
。
it
指
a
route
。
【单词和短语】
regard:
看待，把……看作（
to
think
about
someone
or
something
in
a
particular
way
）。
3-2. In the pioneering days, however,
this was not the case at all.
【译文】然而在登山运动初创期全然并非如此。
【讲解】
in the pioneering
days
指在初创时期，指登山运动的初创期。
【单词和短语】
pioneerin
g
：创新的，先驱的（
introducing
new
and
better
methods
or
ideas
for
the first
time
）。例如：
the
pioneering work of NASA scientists
（美国）国家航空和航天局科学家们所作的开创性工作
3-3.
The
early
climbers
were
looking
for
the
easiest
way
to
the
top,
because
the
summit
was
the
prize
they
sought,
especially
if
it
had
never
been
attained
before.
【译文】早期登山者所寻找的是通往山顶的最方便的途径，因为顶峰，尤其是仍未
被人征
服过的顶峰，才是他们寻求的目标。
【讲解】
to the top
是介词
短语，作
way
的定语，指
“
到达顶峰的路
”
。
th
ey sought
是定语从句，
作
p
rize
的定语，
指
“
他们追求的目标
”
。
if
it
had
never
been
attained
bef
ore
中的
it
指
the summit
。
【单词和短语】
summit
：
山顶
（
the
top
of
a
< br>mountain
）
。
summ
it
另一常见含义为峰会
（
an
important
meeting or set of
meetings between the leaders of several
governments
），
例如：
The two presidents agreed to hold a
summit in the April.
两位总统同意在四月举行峰会。
3-4.
It
is
true
that
during
their
explorations
they
often
faced
difficulties
and
dangers
of
the
most
perilous
nature,
equipped
in
a
manner
with
would
make
a modern climber shudder at the
thought, but they did not go out of their
way to court such excitement.
【译文】的确，探险中他们经常遇到性质最为危险的艰难险阻，他们装备之简陋使
现
代登山者一想起来就胆战心惊。但他们并非故意寻求这种刺激。
【讲解】
equipped
in
a
manner
…
< br>thought
是过去分词短语，
作原因状语，
修饰
faced
。
at
the thought
后省略了
of the
manner
。
【单词和短语】
perilous<
/p>
：充满危险的；濒临毁灭的（
very
dangerous
），例如：
a
perilous rate of inflation
危机四伏的通货膨胀率
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perilous
的名词形式为
peril
。
shudder
at
：对……感到惊恐（
to think that
something is very bad or
unpleasant
），例如：
He shudders at the sight of a snake.
他一见到蛇就胆颤心惊。
go
out
of
their
way
to
do
something
：特地；不怕麻烦地（
to
do
something
with
more effort than is usual or
expected
），例如：
She
went out of her way to help me.
她不怕麻烦地来帮我。
3-5.
They had a single aim, a solitary
goal
—
the top!
【译文
】他们只有一个目的，唯一的目标
——
顶峰！
< br>
【讲解】从语法角度分析，
a solitary
goal
和
the
top
均是
a single aim
的同位语。
从修辞角度看，作者以改变说法的方式达到加强语意的目的。这叫修正法
（
epanorthosis
）。破折号引
出被强调部分。
【单词和短语】
<
/p>
solitary
：
独一无二的
（
used
to
emphasize
that
there
is
only
one
of
something<
/p>
）
，
例如：
a solitary exception
唯一的例外
3-6. It is
hard for us to realize nowadays how difficult it
was for the
pioneers.
【译文】如今我们很难理解登山先驱者昔日是多么艰苦。
【讲解】
it
是形式主语，
to realize nowadays how difficult it was for
the
pioneers
是真正的主语。请掌握
It is hard for sb. to do
something.
这个句型。
【单词和短语】
pioneer:<
/p>
先驱
（
someone
who
is
important
in
the
early
development
of
something,
and whose work or
ideas are later developed by other
people
），例如：
a
pioneer of photography
摄影术创始人
a pioneer
in the development of radar
雷达研制的先驱
3-7.
Except for one or two places such as Zermatt and
Chamonix, which had
rapidly
become
popular,
Alpine
village
tended
to
be
impoverished
settlements
cut off from civilization by the high
mountains.
【译文】除了泽曼特和夏蒙尼等一两个迅速出名的地方外，阿尔
卑斯山山区的小村
由于高山隔绝了文明日渐成为贫穷的村落。
【讲解】
such
as
可以分开，如
such
places
as
…，这时
as
作关系代词，
as
引出的从
句是省略句。
such as
不分开时其作用相当于
like
，表示举例。因此可以把
such
…
Chamonix
视为修饰
places
的定语。
cut off from civilization by the high
mountains
是过去分词短语作定语，修饰
settle
ments
。
【单词和短语】
except
for
：除了……之外，例如：
I
know nothing about him except for the fact that he
lives next door.
我除了知道他住在隔壁外，对他的其他情况一无所知。
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impoverish
：
使穷困，
使赤贫
（
to
make
some
one
very
poor
）
，
形容词为
impo
verished
，
名词形式为
imp
overishment
。
3-8.
Such
inns
as
there
were
were
generally
dirty
and
flea-ridden;
the
food
simply
local
cheese
accompanied
by
bread
often
twelve
months
old,
all
washed
down with coarse wine.
【译文】当
地的那些小旅馆一般都肮脏且跳蚤猖獗。单调的食物是当地乳酪配以常
常已放了一年之久
的面包，人们就着劣酒吞下这种食物。
【讲解】
as there were
作定语从句修饰
inns
，
as
乃关系代词。
the food simply
…
中
food
和
simply
中间，
all
与
washed
中间都省略了
was
。
请注意，
在几个并列分句中，
第一个分句中用了
be
，后面分句中的
be
可以省略，例如：
There are two requisites in
interpretation
：
one is
accuracy and the other
（
is
）
expressiveness.
口译要求有二：准确和明晰。
accompanied by bread often twelve
months old
是过去分词短语，作
cheese
的定
语。
often twelve
months old
作定语，修饰
bread
。
【单词和短语】
accompany
：伴随，和……一起发生（
to happen or exist at the same time as
something
else
），例如
:
fever
accompanied with
delirium
伴有昏迷的发烧
3-9.
Often
a
valley
boasted
no
inn
at
all,
and
climbers
found
shelter
wherever
they
could
—
sometimes with
the
local priest (who
was usually
as poor as
his
parishioners), sometimes
with shepherds or cheese-makers.
【译文】山谷
里常没有小旅馆，登山者只好随遇而安
——
或与当地牧师（他们
通常
和其教区居民一样穷）住在一起，或与牧羊人或制乳酪者住在一起。
【讲解】
wherever
they
could
作地点状语，<
/p>
修饰
found
。
could
后省略了
find
shelter
。
sometimes
with
两词之间省略了
they
found
shelter
。
found
shelter
with
…与……<
/p>
住在一起，这里的破折号引出被强调的部分。
【单词和短语】
boast
：
以拥有……而自豪
（
if
a
place,
object,
or
organization
boasts
something,
it has something
that is very good
），例如：
A fishing village 30 years ago, it now
boasts 150 major hotels.
那地方
30
年前还是个渔村，现已为拥有
150
家大宾馆而自豪。
3-10. Invariably
the background was the same: dirt and poverty, and
very
uncomfortable.
【译文】这些山村的基调总是一样的：肮且穷，极不舒适。
<
/p>
【讲解】
same
后的冒号引出同位语。
dirt and poverty, and very
uncomfortable
作
the
same
的同位语。
【单词和短语】
invariable:
始终如一的，
恒定不变的
（
always
happening
in
the
same
way,
at
the
same time
etc.
），例如：
It
’
s my
invariable habit to take a nap.
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睡午觉是我的老习惯。
invari
ably
是
invariable
的副
词形式。
3-11.
For
men
accustomed
to
eating
seven-course
dinners
and
sleeping
between
fine
linen
sheets
at
home,
the
change
to
the
Alps
must
have
very
hard
indeed.
【译文】对过惯了在家里一餐吃七道菜、睡亚麻细布床单的的人来说，到阿尔卑斯
山所带来的变化想来一定太难熬了。
【讲解】
accustomed
to
…
at home
作定语修饰
men
。
【单词和短语】
be
accustomed to
（
doing/do
）
something
：习惯于做某事（
to be familiar with
something and
accept it as normal
），例如：
We are accustomed to working/work hard.
我们习惯于努力工作。
My
eyes soon grew accustomed to the darkness.
我的双眼很快适应了黑暗。
cour
se
：（一）道（菜）（
one of the
separate parts of a
meal
），例如：
The
first course was soup.
第一道是汤。
Lesson 4 Seeing hands
第四课能看东西的手
by ERIC
DE MAUNY
from The Listener
4-1. Several cases have been reported
in Russia recently of people who can
read
and
detect
colours
with
their
fingers,
and
even
see
through
solid
doors
and walls.
【译文】俄罗斯最近报导了几个事例，说有人能用手指看书和辨认颜色，甚至双眼
能透过
厚实的门和墙看到东西。
【讲解】
of
people
who
can
…
walls
作定语修饰
cases
，这部分较长，所以被移到谓
语部分后，这样句子就不会头重脚轻。句中的
of
意为
“
关于
”
。
【单词和短语】
detect
：察觉，发觉（
to
notice or discover something, especially something
that is not easy to see, hear
etc.
）。
4-2.
One
case
concerns
an
eleven-year-old
schoolgirl,
Vera
Petrova,
who
has
normal vision but who can also perceive
things with different parts of her
skin, and through solid walls.
< br>【译文】有一例涉及
11
岁学生维拉·彼托洛娃，她视力
正常，但她还能用皮肤的不
同部位辨认东西，甚至看穿坚实的墙壁。
【讲解】
and through solid
walls
与
with different parts
of her skin
并列作状
语，修饰
perceive
。
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【单词和短语】
normal
的反义词为
abnormal
。
perceive
：感觉，感知（
to
notice, see, or recognize
something
）。
4-3.
This ability was first noticed by her father.
【译文】她父亲首先发现她具备这一能力。
【讲解】
this
ability<
/p>
指上句中
perceive
things
with
different
parts
of
her
skin,
and through solid
walls
。
4-4. One
day she came into his office and happened to put
her hands on the
door of a locked safe.
【译文】
一天，
维拉进入父亲的办公室
，
碰巧把双手放在一个锁着的保险柜的门上。
【单词和短语】
happened
to
do
something
：碰巧做某事（
if
you
happen
to
do
something,
you
do
it by chance
），例如：
I happened to look in that direction
and caught him in the act of doing it.
我碰巧朝那个方向看，正好目睹他在做那事。
safe:
保险柜（
a
strong
metal
box
or
cupboard
with
special
locks
where
you
keep
money and valuable
things
）。
4-5.
Suddenly
she
asked
her
father
why
he
kept
so
many
old
newspapers
locked
away there, and even described the way
they were done up in bundles.
【译文】她突然问父
亲为什么把这么多的旧报纸锁在柜子里，她甚至还描述了捆扎
报纸的方式。
【讲解】
locked away there<
/p>
作
kept
的宾语补足语。
lock sth. away
意为
“
把某物锁
起来
”
。
there
指
locked
safe
。
they were done up in bu
ndles
作定语修饰
way
，意
为
“
报纸是怎样捆着的
”
。
they
指
< br>newspaper
。
【单词和短语】
do
up
：捆，包（
to
fasten
something
，
or
to
be
fastened
in
a
particular
way
）。
4-6.
Vera's
curious
talent
was
brought
to
the
notice
of
a
scientific
research
institute in the
town of Ulyanovsk, near where she lives, and in
April she
was
given
a
series
of
tests
by
a
special
commission
of
the
Ministry
of
Health
of the
Russian Federal Republic.
【译文】维拉的特异功能引起
了她家附近乌里扬诺夫斯克城某科研机构的注意。
4
月，俄罗斯
联邦共和国卫生部的一个特别委员会对她进行了一系列测试。
【单词和短语】
bring
something to the notice of someone
使某人注意某事
institute
：机构，组织（
an organization that
has a particular purpose such
as
scientific or educational
work
）。
4-7.
During these tests she was able to read a
newspaper through an opaque
screen
and,
stranger
still,
by
moving
her
elbow
over
a
child's
game
of
Lotto
she
was
able
to
describe
the
figures
and
colours
printed
on
it;
and,
in
another
instance, wearing stockings and
slippers, to make out with her foot the
outlines and colours of a picture
hidden under a carpet.
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【译文】在这些测试中，她
能隔着不透明的屏幕读报。更奇怪的是，她把肘部在儿
童玩的
“
乐透
”
纸牌上移动便能说出印在纸牌的
数字和颜色。还有一次，她穿着长筒
袜子和拖鞋，能用脚识别出藏在地毯下面的一幅画的
轮廓和颜色。
【讲解】
by
moving
…
Lotto
< br>作方式状语，修饰
was
able
to
describe
。
printed
on
it
是过去分词短语，修饰
figures
and
colours
，
it
指
Lo
tto
。
wearing
stockings
and
sli
ppers
作时间状语，修饰
to make out
。
wearing
前省略了
When she was
。
to make
out
…
to
前省略了<
/p>
she was able
。
the
outlines and colours
…
carpet<
/p>
作
make
out
的宾语。
hidden under a carpet
作
pictures
的定语。
【单词和短语】
opaque
：不透明的（
be
difficult to see through and often thick
），反义词为
transparent
。
make
out
：看出；辨认出；听出（
to be just
able to see or hear
something
），
例如：
make out a figure in the darkness
在黑暗中辨认出一个人影
4-8.
Other experiments showed that her knees and
shoulders had a similar
sensitivity.
【译文】其他实验表明她的双膝和双肩均有类似的感觉能力。
【单词和短语】
sensitivity
的形容词形式为
sensitive
。
4-9. During all these tests Vera was
blindfold; and, indeed, except when
blindfold she lacked the ability to
perceive things with her skin.
【译文】在所有这
些实验中，维拉的双眼都是蒙着的。事实上，如果不蒙上双眼，
她的皮肤就不再具有识别
物体的能力。
【讲解】
except
when blindfold
中
when
blindfold
前省略了
she was
< br>。某些时间状
语从句中，如果谓语动词是
be
，主语又与主句的主语一致或是
it
，就常常可以
把从
句中的主语及
be
省略。又如：<
/p>
Michael Jackson was fond of
singing when
（
he
was
）
yet a child.
迈克·杰克逊从小就喜欢唱歌。
I
got acquainted with him while I was on a visit to
New York.
我在访问纽约期间与他结识。
4-10. It was also found that although
she could perceive things with her
fingers this ability ceased the moment
her hands were wet.
【译文】人们同时还发现，尽管她能用手指
识别东西，但她的双手一弄湿这种功能
即刻消失。
【讲解】
the moment her hands
were wet
是时间状语从句，意为
“
她的双手一湿
”
。
【单词和短语】
ceased
：停止（
to stop
doing something or stop
happening
），例如：
The music ceased suddenly.
音乐戛然而止。
ceasing
talking
停止谈话
the
moment
（
that
）：一……就
……（
as soon
as
），例如：
She
called her mother the moment
（
that
）
she reached the hotel.
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她一到旅馆就给她母亲打了电话。
Lesson 5 Youth
第五课青年
by FIELDEN
HUGHES
from Out of the Air, The
Listener
5-1. People are
always talking about 'the problem of youth'.
【译文】人们总是在谈论
“
青年问题
”
。
5-2. If
there is one
—
which I take
leave to doubt
—
then it is
older people
who create it, not the
young themselves.
【译文】假如确有这个问题的话
——
我冒昧对此表示怀疑
——
那么这个问题是由老
年人而非青年人臆造的。
【讲解】
if there is one
< br>中的
one
指
a
problem of youth
。
which I
take leave to
doubt
系插入语。
the
young
意为
“
年
轻人
”
。
the
＋形容词表示具有某种性质的一类人。
【单词和短语】
take
leave to do
sth.:
冒昧做某事，擅自做某事。
5-3. Let us get down to fundamentals
and agree that the young are after all
human
beings
—
people just like
their elders.
【译文】
让我们来认真研究一些
基本事实：
承认青年和他们的长辈一样终究也是人。
【讲解】
people just like their
elders
作
the
young
的同位语，对其进一步解说。
【单词和短语】
fundament
als
：基本原则（或原理），根本法则（或规律）；基础。例如：
master the fundamentals of a trade
掌握某行业的基本规律
5-4.
There is only one difference between an old man
and a young one: the
young man has a
glorious future before him and the old one has a
splendid
future behind him: and maybe
that is where the rub is.
【译文】老年人和年轻人只有
一个区别：青年人有光辉灿烂的前景，而老年人的辉
煌已成为过去。问题的症结恐怕就在
于此。
【讲解】
a
young
one
中
one
替代
man
以避免重复
。关于句中的两个冒号，前一个介绍
difference
的同
位语，后一个引出说明性内容。
【单词和短语】
the
rub
：困难，障碍。例如：
There
’
s the rub.
难就难在这儿。
We
’
d like to
travel, but the rub is that we have no money.
我们喜欢旅行，问题是没有钱。
5-5.
When
I
was
a
teenager,
I
felt
that
I
was
just
young
and
uncertain
—
that
I was a new boy in a huge school, and I
would have been very pleased to be
regarded as something so interesting as
a problem.
【译文】我十几岁时，总觉得自己年轻，懵懵懂懂
——
我感到我就像一所大学校里
的新生，假如我当时
真的极为有趣地被人看作是个问题，我真会感到非常得意。
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【讲解】
that
I
was
a
new
< br>…
problem
作
felt<
/p>
的宾语，破折号表示引出被强调的部分。
请注意句中的暗喻（
metaphor
）修辞手法，作者把社会比作
a
huge
school
，把
自己
比作
a new
boy
。
I would have been very p
leased
是表示与过于事实不符的虚拟结
构。
to be regarded as
…
a
problem
相当于
if anyone regarded
me as
…
a problem
，<
/p>
表示条件，
作原因状语，
修饰
pleased
。
汉语的条件句一般位于主句之前
，
所以这里
的
to
be
regarded
as
…
a
p
roblem
译成汉语时应前移。
so
interesting
as
a
problem
作
something
的定语。
【单词和短语】
uncertain
的名词形式是
uncertainty
。
5-6. For one thing, being
a problem gives you a certain identity, and that
is one of the things the young are
busily engaged in seeking.
【译文】因为这至少使我具
有某种个性，这正是年轻人孜孜以求的事情之一。
【讲解】<
/p>
that
指
being a
problem gives you a certain
identity
。
【单词和短语】
identity<
/p>
：个性，特性（
the
qualities
and
attitudes
that
a
person
or
group
of
people have, that make
them different from other
people
），例如：
The
planners
decided
to
enlarge
the
four
villages
and
preserve
their
distinct
identities.
设计者们决定扩大这
4
个村庄并保留它们各自的特色。
The struggle of people in
that area to maintain their own identities is
continuing.
那地区人民维护自身独特性的斗争仍在继续。
5-7. I find young people exciting.
【译文】我觉得年轻人令人振奋。
5-8. They have an air of freedom, and
they have not a dreary commitment to
mean ambitions or love of comfort.
【译文】他们无拘无束，不枯燥地沉湎于卑鄙的名利和物质享受。
【单词和短语】
dreary
：
枯燥无味的；
单调的；
令人生厌的
（
dull
and
making
you
feel
sad
or
bored
）
，
例如
:
a dreary meeting
枯燥的会议
mean
：卑鄙的（
cruel
and not kind
），例如：
a mean motive
卑鄙的动机
It is mean
to spread gossip about others.
散布有关他人的流言蜚语是卑鄙的。
5-9. They are not anxious social
climbers, and they have no devotion to
material things.
【译文】他们不是社会上
那些急切向上爬的人，也不一味追求物质享受。
【单词和短语】
devotion<
/p>
：专心，热心，专心（
the
loyalty
that
you
show
towards
a
person,
job
etc,
especially by working
hard
），例如：
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sb.
’
s devotion of
time and money to the project
某人对这一项目所花费的时间和金钱
Two devotions have filled her life.
她的生活被两样他所专注的事情占据了。
5-10.
All
this
seems
to
me
to
link
them
with
life,
and
the
origins
of
things.
【译文】在我看来，所有这些使他们与生命以
及万物的起源联系在了一起。
【讲解】
all this seems to me to
link
…中
to me
乃插入语。<
/p>
link
…
with
…意为
“
把……同……联系起来
”
。
them
指年轻人。
【单词和短语】
orig
in
：起源；来源；由来，起因（
the place or
situation in which something
begins to
exist
），例如：
the
origin of the universe
宇宙的起源
a word of Latin origin
源自拉丁语的词语
5-11.
It's
as
if
they
were,
in
some
sense,
cosmic
beings
in
violent
and
lovely
contrast with us
suburban creatures.
【译文】从某种意义上讲，他们似乎是超凡
脱俗之人，同我们这些见识短浅的俗物
形成鲜明而有趣的对照。
【讲解】
as
if
they
were
…
suburban
creatures
是表语从句，
were<
/p>
是虚拟语气结构。
in violent and lovely
contrast with
作定语修饰
cosmic
beings
。
suburban
c
reatures
作
us
的同位语，注
意这里作者用
creatures
（生物）指人，即
“
以种代类
”
，
属提喻（
synecdoche
）修辞手法。<
/p>
【单词和短语】
suburban
：
有郊区
（人）
特点的；
<
贬
>
平淡乏味的；
古板的
（
boring
and
typical
of
people who live in the
suburbs
），例如：
a
suburban lifestyle
郊区生活方式
5-12. All that is in my mind when I
meet a young person.
【译文】每逢遇到年轻人，我就想到这些。
【讲解】
all that is in my
mind
中
all
that
指上文提到的事。
a young person
中
的
a
表示类别，
意即
“
年轻人
”
，不是指某个年轻人。
5-13. He may be
conceited, ill-mannered, presumptuous or fatuous,
but I do
not
turn
for
protection
to
dreary
clich
é
s
about
respect
of
elders
—
as
if
mere
age were
a reason for respect.
【译文】年轻人也许狂妄自负，举止无
理，傲慢放肆，愚昧无知，但我决不求助于
要尊重长者云云的陈词滥调来为维护自己的尊
严，似乎唯有年长才是受人尊敬的理
由。
【讲解】
he
乃承
a young
person
而选用。
to turn
to
…
for
…为……求助于……。
for
pro
tection
作
turn
的目的状语
，
位置提前是为了使句子更加紧凑。
dreary
clich
é
s about
respect of elders
作
to
< br>的宾语。
about respect of elders
作
clich
é
s
的
定语。
for elders
作
respect
的定语。句中的破折号引出被强调的部分。
【单词和短语】
< br>conceited
：自负的，自高自大的，骄傲自满的（
someone
who
is
conceited
thinks
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they are
very clever, skillful, beautiful etc
），名
词形式为
conceit
。
presumptuous
：专横的，自行其是的，傲慢的，冒昧的，放
肆的（
doing
sth.
that
you have no right to do
and that seems rude
），例如：
It would be presumptuous for anybody to
offer such a view.
任何人提出这种观点都是放肆的。
f
atuous
：愚笨的，昏庸的，蠢的（
very
silly
or
stupid
），名词形式为
fatuity
，
例如：
fatuous talk
昏话
Television
commercials seem more fatuous than ever.
电视广告节目似乎比以往任何时候更没意思了。
5-14. I accept that we are equals, and
I will argue with him, as an equal,
if
I think he is wrong.
【译文】我笃信我们是平等的。如果我认
为他们错了，我就以平等的身份和他们争
个明白。
【单词和短语】
equal:
同等的人（
someone
who
is
as
important,
intelligent
etc
as
you
are,
or
who has the same rights
and opportunities as you
do
），例如：
Mix with
your equals or betters.
与同你相仿或更好的人交往。
Lesson 6 The sporting spirit
第六课体育精神
by GEORGE
ORWELL
from The sporting spirit
6-1.
I
am
always
amazed
when
I
hear
people
saying
that
sport
creates
goodwill
between the nations, and that if
only the common peoples of the
would could
meet one another
at football or cricket, they would have no
inclination to
meet on the battlefield.
【译文】当人们说体育可创造两国的友谊，还说各国民众若在足球场或板球场上交
锋就不愿在战场上残杀的时候，我总是惊愕不已。
【讲解】
that
if
only
…
cricket
作
saying
的宾语从句。其中的
if
从句是非真实条件
从句。
coul
d
meet
和
would
have
是表示与现实事实不符的虚拟结构。
i
f
only
意为
“
< br>只
要
”
，引导非真实或真实条件
句。
【单词和短语】
amazed
：
十分惊奇的，
吃惊的；
显示出惊奇的
（
very
surprised
）
，
动词形式为
amaze
，
名
词形式为
amazement
，例如：
I was amazed at the news.
我听到这消息大为惊诧。
I am
amazed that he has never read The Lord of the
Rings.
他从未读过《指环王》，我对此大为惊奇。
<
/p>
goodwill
：善意，友善；友好，亲善（
< br>kind feelings towards or between people
and a willingness to be
helpful
），例如，
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Princess
Diana
’
s heart is full of
goodwill to all men.
戴安娜王妃的心里对
所有人都充满善意。
inclination
：（性格上的）倾向；意向；爱好，癖好（
a
feeling that
makes
you
want to do sth.
），动词形式为
incline
，形容词形式为
inclined
，例如，
My inclination is to agree.
我倾向于同意。
have an
inclination for sports
爱好体育
follow one
’
s own
inclinations
随心所欲
6-2.
Even
if
one
didn't
know
from
concrete
examples
(the
1936
Olympic
Games,
for
instance)
that
international
sporting
contests
lead
to
orgies
of
hatred,
one could deduce if from general
principles.
【译文】人们即使不能从具体的事例（如
1936
年奥运会）了解到国际运动比赛会导
致极度仇恨，
也能从常理中推出结论。
【讲解】
that
international
sporting
contests
lead
to
orgies
of
hatred<
/p>
作
know
的宾语。
one
泛指人，可译为
“
人们
”
。
it
指
international
…
hatred
。
【单词和短语】
concrete<
/p>
：具体的；确实的（
definite and
specific
），例如，
a
concrete proposal/example
具体的建议
< br>/
例子
Money is
concrete and wealth is abstract.
钱是具体的，财富是抽象的。
con
crete
的反义词是
abstract
。
concrete
亦可做名词
，常见意为
“
大理石
”
。
orgy
：无节制行为（
an
orgy of sth. used emphasize that people suddenly
do a
lot of a particular
activity
），例如：
an
all-night orgy of reading
彻夜的尽情阅读
an orgy
of looting and burning
大肆抢劫并纵火的暴行
hatred
：
仇恨；
敌意；
憎恶
（
an
angry
feeling
of
extreme
dislike
for
sb.
or
sth.
）
，
例如：
have /nurse a ferocious hatred
of/for sb.
对某人怀有深仇大恨
utter one
’
s
hatred against the enemy
说出对敌人的憎恨
deduce
：演绎；推论；推断（
to
use
the
knowledge
and
information
you
have
in
order to
understand sth or form an opinion about
it
），例如：
From his
conversation, she deduced that he had a large
family.
她从他的谈话中推断出他家里人口多。
deduce
联想到
deduction<
/p>
（演绎法）、
induce
（归纳）和<
/p>
induction
（归纳法）。
6-3. Nearly all the sports practised
nowadays are competitive.
【译文】现在开展的各种体育项目几乎都具竞争性。
【讲解】
practised nowadays
是过去分词短语，作定语，修饰
sports
。
【单词和短语】
competitive
的动词形式为
compete
，名词形
式为
competition
。
6-4.
You
play
to
win,
and
the
game
has
little
meaning
unless
you
do
your
utmost
to
win.
【译文】参加比赛就是为了取胜。如果不拼命争取胜利，比赛就没有什么意义
了。
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【讲解】
< br>you
泛指人，可译为
“
人们<
/p>
”
。
to
win
作目的状语。
【单词和短语】
do
one
’
s
utmost
：竭力（
tried as hard as
one could
），例如：
The coach did his utmost to make us
into a winning game.
教练竭尽全力使我队成了常胜队。
与
do
one
’
s
utmost
同义的短语有
spare
no
efforts
，
stint
no
efforts
，
do
sth.
to
the best
of one
’
s
ability
等。
6-5. On
the village green, where you pick up sides and no
feeling of local
patriotism
is
involved,
it
is
possible
to
play
simply
for
the
fun
and
exercise:
but as soon as a
the question of prestige arises, as soon as you
feel that
you and some larger unit will
be disgraced if you lose, the most savage
combative instincts are aroused.
【译文】在乡间的草坪上，当你随意为双方鼓劲，并且不涉及任何地方情绪时，那
才可能是单纯的为了娱乐和锻炼而进行比赛。可是一量涉及到荣誉问题，一旦你想
到
你和某一团体会因为你输而丢脸时，那么最野蛮的争斗天性便会被激发。
【讲解】
the
fun
and
exercise
中
fun
和
exercise
被视为整体看待，所以才共用一个
定冠词
the
。
【单词和短语】
<
/p>
patriotism
：爱国主义，另掌握
patriot
（爱国者）和
patriotic
（爱国的）两词。
6-6. Anyone
who has played even in a school football match
knows this.
【译文】即使是仅参加过学校足球赛的人也有这种体会。
【讲解】
who
has
played
even
in
a
school
football
match
系定语从句，
修饰
anyone
。
6-7. At the international level, sport
is frankly mimic warfare.
【译文】在国际比赛中，体育简直是模拟战争。
【讲解】
at the international lev
el
作状语，直译为
“
在国际水平上<
/p>
”
。
【单词和短语】
frankly
：坦白地，直率地；不加掩饰地（
used
to
show
that
you
are
really
think
about
sth.
），例如：
He
frankly admitted his error.
他坦率地承认了自己的错误。
mimic
：模拟的（
to
behave or operate in exactly the same way as sth.
or sb.
else
）。
6-8. But the significant thing is not
the behaviour of the players but the
attitude of the spectators: and, behind
the spectators, of the nations who
work
themselves into furies over these absurd contests,
and seriously
believe
—
at any
rate for short periods
—
that
running, jumping and kicking
a ball are
tests of national virtue.
【译文】但是，令人感到意味
深长的不是运动员的表现，而是观众的态度，以及观
众身后各个国家的态度。面对着这些
荒唐的比赛，参赛的各个国家会如痴如狂，甚
至煞有介事地相信
——
至少在短期内如此
——
跑跑、跳跳
、踢踢球都是对一个国家
品德素质的检验。
【讲解】
and, behind the
spectators, of the
nations
…
are tests of
national
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virtue
是对
But
the
significant
thing
…
the
attitude
of
the <
/p>
spectators
的引申。
当句子后
有表示说明，解释、引申的内容时用冒号。
behind
sp
ectators
作定语，修
饰
nat
ions
，
前置是为了强调。
of
the
nations
前省略了
the
attitude
。
work
和
believe
是定语从句中的并列谓语。
at any rate for short periods
作插
入语，句中的两个
破折号隔开被强调的插入语。
that
running,
jumping
…
national
virtue
作
believe
的宾语。句首的
but
作
“
但是
”
解，但句中的
not
…
but
…则作<
/p>
“
不是……而是……
”
< br>解。
not
…
but
…连接两个并列名词
behaviour
和
attitude
，
but
< br>后面可以说省略了
it
（
the
significant thing
）
is
。
【单词和短语】
absurd
：荒谬的，荒唐的；滑稽可笑的（
completely
stupid or unreasonable
），
名词形式
为
absurdity
，例如：
The idea that the number 8 brings good
luck is absurd.
认为数字
8
能带来好运的想法愚蠢可笑。
Lesson 7 Bats
第七课蝙蝠
by MAURICE
BURTON
from Curiosities of animal life
7-1. Not all sounds made
by animals serve as language, and we have only to
turn
to
that
extraordinary
discovery
of
echo-location
in
bats
to
see
a
case
in which the voice plays a strictly
utilitarian role.
【译文】动物发出的声音并不都起语言作用。我
们只需举发现蝙蝠的回声定位这个
不同寻常的例子，就能知道声音起着极其实用的作用。
【讲解】
Not
all
sounds
…这里否定的是
其中一部分，叫部分否定句。
all
，
every
，
both
，
always
等用于否定结构时不是全部被否定，而是表示其中的一部分被否
定。
而且英语多半将
not
置于谓语中
。例如：
All is not a gold that
glitters.
（即
Not all that
glitters is gold.
）
闪闪发光物，未必尽黄金。
Every one cannot write
novels.
（即
Not every one can
write novels.
）
不是所有的人都能写小说。
I
don
’
t like both of the
novels.
（即
I like only one of
the two novels.
）
这两本小说我不是都喜欢。
plays a strictly utilitarian role
直译为
“
扮演绝对实用的角色
”
，可译为
“
发挥
< br>绝对实用的作用
”
。
【单词和短语】
turn
to
：求助于；求教于；查阅（
to
try
to
get
help,
advice,
or
sympathy
from
sb.
），例如：
You can always turn to me for help.
你随时可以来找我帮忙。
utili
tarian
：实用的（
intended to be
useful and practical rather than
attractive or
comfortable
），例如：
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A good cloth
coat is more utilitarian than a fur one.
一件优质的布外衣要比一件毛皮外衣更有用。
另掌握
utilitarianism
（功利主义）一
词。
7-2.
To
get
a
full
appreciation
of
what
this
means
we
must
turn
first
to
some
recent human inventions.
【译文
】要透彻理解这句话的含义，我们应先回顾人类最近的几项发明。
【讲解】
to
get
a
full
appreciation
of
what
this
means
作目的状语，修饰
turn
。
不定式作状语放在句首，比放在后边更要正式，语气较重。
what
this
means
是名词
性从句，作
of
的宾语。
this
指上句
we have only to
turn
…
plays a strictly
utilitarian role
。
【单词和短语】
appreciat
ion
：
估价；
评价；
鉴别
（
an
understanding
of
the
importance
or
meaning
of
sth
），例如：
They
are
mistaken
in
their
appreciation
of
the
country
’
s
economic
conditions.
他们对国家经济形势的判断是错误的。
have a keen appreciation of a joke
能深刻领会一句笑话的妙处
appr
eciation
的动词形式为
appreciate
，形容词形式为
appreciative
。<
/p>
7-3. Everyone knows that if
he shouts in the vicinity of a wall or a
mountainside, an echo will come back. <
/p>
【译文】大家都知道，如果有人在墙壁或半山腰附近发出喊声，他就会听到回声。
【单词和短语】
in
the
vicinity
(of
sth.)
：
（在……）附近；
（与……）接近（
in
the
area
around
a particular
place
），例如：
a
mansion in the vicinity of the lake
湖滨大厦
His income
is in the vicinity of $$50,000
他每年的收入将近五万美元
7-4.
The
further
off
this
solid
obstruction,
the
longer
time
will
elapse
for
the
return of the echo.
【译文】固体障碍物越远，回声返回所用时间就越长。
【讲解】
obstruction
后省略了<
/p>
is
。
for the return
of the echo
作
time
的
定语。
【单词和短语】
obstruction
：阻塞物；障碍（物）（
when
sth
blocks
a
road,
passage,
tube
etc,
or the
thing that blocks it
），
obstru
ction
的动词形式为
obstruct
。
elapse
：
（时间）
消逝，
过去
（
if
a
particular
period
of
time
elapses,
it
passe
s
）
，
例如：
Five years elapsed before he returned.
过了
5
年他才回来。
< br>
7-5. A sound made by tapping on the
hull of a ship will be reflected from
the sea bottom, and
by
measuring the
time interval
between the taps and the
receipt
of
the
echoes,
the
depth
of
the
sea
at
that
point
can
be
calculated.
【译
文】敲打船体所发出的声音会从海底反射回来，测出回声与原声间隔的时间就
可算出该处
海洋的深度。
【单词和短语】
文案大全
实用文档
receipt:
收到，接到（
when sb. receives
sth.
），例如：
We are
awaiting the receipt of further information.
我们正在等着接获进一步的信息。
r
eceipt
另一常见意为
“
收据，发
票
”
，
receipt
的动词形式为
receive
。
interval
：
（空间、
时间上的）
间隔；
间距；
< br>间隙；
空隙
（
the
period
of
time
between
two events,
activities, etc
），例如：
an interval of 30 years
30
年的间隔
the
interval between a lightening flash and the
following thunder
电闪与随后雷鸣之间的间歇
an
interval of 10 metres between posts
柱间<
/p>
10
米的距离
She has intervals of freedom from
worry.
她间或也有摆脱烦恼之时。
7-6. So was born the echo-sounding
apparatus, now in general use in ships.
【译文】目前船舶上普遍应用的回声探测仪就是这样产生的。
【讲解】
该句是倒装句。
自然语序是<
/p>
The
echo-sounding
apparatus,
now
in
general
use
in
ships,
was
so
born.
这里用倒装句是为了强调，也是因为主语太长。
now
in
general
use
in
ships
作
apparatus
的非限制性定语。
另请注意，
句首的
so
不是连词，
所以不能译为
“
于是
”
、
“
因此
”
，它仍是副词，作
in this way<
/p>
解。这是个倒装句，如
果
so
是连词，作
therefore
解，那就不可能是
倒装句，全句要变为
So the
echo-
sounding apparatus, now in general use in ships,
was born
。
【单词和短语】
apparatus
：器械；器具；仪器；装置（
the set of
tools and machines that you
use for a
particular scientific, medical, or technical
purpose
），例如：
medical apparatus
医疗器械
7-7.
Every
solid
object
will
reflect
a
sound,
varying
according
to
the
size
and nature of the object.
【译
文】凡是固体都反射声音，反射的声音因物体体积和质地各异而有所区别。
【讲解】
varying according to the
size and nature of the object
作方式状语，
修饰
reflect
。
7-8. A shoal of fish will do this.
【译文】鱼群亦会反射声音。
【单词和短语】
a shoal
of fish
亦可用
a school of
fish
表达。
7-9. So
it is a comparatively simple step from locating
the sea bottom to
locating a shoal of
fish.
【译文】因此，从测定海底深度到测定鱼群的位置这一进展相对较易。
7-10. With experience, and
with improved apparatus, it is now possible not
only
to
locate
a
shoal
but
to
tell
if
it
is
herring,
cod,
or
other
well-known
fish, by the
pattern of its echo.
【译文】根据经验和改进了的仪器，人们
不仅能确定鱼群的位置，还可以根据鱼群
回声的特点辨别鲱鱼、鳕鱼还是其他人们熟知的
鱼种。
【讲解】
it
is
now
possible
…
its
echo
中
it
是形式
主语，
not
only
to
locate
a
shoal
文案大全
实用文档
but
…
well-known
fish
是真正的主语。其中两个动词不定式短语由连词
not
only
…
but
…连接。
if it is herring, cod, or other well-known f ish
作
tell
的宾语从
句，
if
意为
“
是否
”
。
by the
pattern of its echo
作方式状语，修饰
l
ocate
和
tell
。
herring
和
cod
后
的逗号用以分隔句中的并列成分。
7-11. It has
been found
that certain bats emit
squeaks
and by receiving the
echoes, they can locate and steer clear
of obstacles
—
or locate
flying
insects on which they feed.
【译文】人们已发现，某些蝙蝠能发出尖叫并通过回声确定并躲开障碍物，或找到
它们赖以为生的昆虫。
【讲解】
obstacle
作
locate
和
steer
clear
of
的宾语。
obstacles
后的破折号引
出被
强调的词语。
they
feed
指
bats
feed
。
【单词和短语】
steer
clear
(of
someone
/something)
：
绕开，
避开
（
to
avoid
sb.
or
sth.
unpleasant
or
difficult
），例如：
She steered clear of being associated
with such people.
她避免与这种人交往。
feed
on
：以……为食物，吃，食（
if an animal
feeds on a particular food, it
usually
eats that food
），例如：
Sheep feed mostly on grass.
羊主要以草食。
Owls feed
on mice and other small animals.
猫头鹰以老鼠和其他小动物为食。
7-12.
This
echo-
location
in
bats
is
often
compared
with
radar,
the
principle
of which is
similar.
【译文】蝙蝠这种回声定位常与雷达相比较，二者原理相似。
【讲解】
the
principle
of
which
is
similar
是非限制性定语从句。
which
代表
radar
。
Lesson 8 Trading standards
第八课贸易标准
from The
Economist, May 24th, 1997
8-1.
Chickens
slaughtered
in
the
United
States,
claim
officials
in
Brussels,
are not fit to
grace European tables.
【译文】布鲁塞尔的官员说，在美国
屠宰的鸡不适于装点欧洲的餐桌。
【讲解】
slaughtered
in
the
United
States
为过去分词短语，
作定语，
修饰
chickens
。
< br>此句也可以写成
Officials in Brussels say
that chickens slaughtered in the
United
States are not fit to grace European tables.
原文的写法是为了凸显
chickens
slaughtered in the United States
。本句和下句的
写法是新闻英语中的
常见写法。
【单词和短语】
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实用文档
grace:
给……增光；使……有荣耀（
to make a place or an
object look more
attractive
），例如：
a meal that is fit to grace any table
上得了任何台面的一餐饭
8-2.
No, say the American: our fowl are fine, we simply
clean them in a
different way.
< br>【译文】不，美国人说：我们的家禽很好，只是我们用了另一种方式清洗。
8-3. These days, it is differences in
national regulations, far more than
tariffs, that put sand in the wheels of
trade between rich countries.
【译文】今日，正是
各国条例的差异，而非关税，阻碍了发达国家间的贸易。
【讲
解】
此句为强调句，
被强调的部分是
d
ifferences
in
national
regulations,
far
more than
tariffs
。
【单词和短语】
put sand
in the
wheels(machine)
：妨碍，阻挠；捣乱。
8-4. It is not just farmers who are
complaining.
【译文】不仅是农民在抱怨。
【讲解】此句为强调句，被强调部分是
not just
farmers
。
【单词和短语】
complain<
/p>
的名词形式是
complaint
。
8-5.
An
electric
razor
that
meets
the
European
Union's
safety
standards
must
be approved by American
testers before it can
be
sold in
the United States,
and
an
American-
made
dialysis
machine
needs
the
EU's
okay
before
is
hits
the
market
in Europe.
【译文】一把符合欧盟安全标准的电动剃须刀在美国面市前必须
得到美国检测人员
的认可，而美国制造的透析仪也要得到欧盟的首肯才能进入欧洲市场。
【讲解】
razor
后的
that
…
standa
rds
为定语从句，修饰
an electric
razor
。
【单词和短语】
okay
此处作名词用，意为
“
批准，认可
”
。另掌握
give
(someone)
the
okay
和
get
the
okay
。
8-6.
As
it
happens,
a
razor
that
is
safe
in
Europe
is
unlikely
to
electrocute
Americans.
【译文】碰巧在欧洲使用安全的剃须刀不大可能电死美国人。
【讲解】
as it
happens
为插入语，对
a razor
< br>…
Americans
表示强调。
that is safe
in Europe
作定语从句
，修饰
razor
。
【单词和短语】
as
it
happens/it
just
so
happens
：碰巧，偶然（
used
to
tell
someone
something
that is
surprising, interesting, or
useful
），例如：
As it
happens, I have my notebook with me.
碰巧我带着笔记本。
8-7.
So, ask businesses on both sides of the Atlantic,
why have two lots of
tests where one
would do?
【译文】因此，大西洋两岸的企业都在问，当一套测试可以解决问
题时，为何用两
文案大全
实用文档
套呢？
【讲解】
where one would do
为定语从句，修饰
tests
。
8-8.
Politicians
agree,
in
principle,
so
America
and
the
EU
have
been
trying
to
reach
a
deal
which
would
eliminate
the
need
to
double-test
many
products.
【译文】政治家们原则上同意了，因此，
美国和欧洲一直在寻求达成协议，以便为
许多产品取消双重检查
【讲解】
in principle
作
状语修饰
agree
。
【单词和短语】
in
principle
：
原则上；
基本上，
大体上
（
if
you
agree
to
something
in
principle,
you agree about a
general plan or idea but have not yet considered
the
details
），例如：
We agree in principle, but we dislike
your methods.
我们原则上同意，但我们不喜欢你使用的方法。
eliminate
：排除，消除；根除（
to
completely get rid of something that is
unnecessary
），例如：
eliminate poverty
消除贫困
eliminate
smudges
去掉污迹
eliminate international terrorism
消除国际恐怖主义
8-9.
They hope to finish in time for a trade summit
between America and the
EU on May 28th.
【译文】
。
他们希望最终达成协议，<
/p>
为
5
月
28
日举行的美国和欧洲贸易的最高级会议
做准备。
【单词和短语】
in
time
：
1.
最终，迟早（
after a
certain period of time, especially after a gradual
process of change and
development
），例如：
In time you
’
ll
learn everything.
总有一天你一切都会明白的。
2.
及时，不迟（
before
the time by which it is necessary for something to
be
done
），例如：
Do you think we shall be in time for
the train
？
你看我们来得及赶上火车吗？
sum
mit
：参见第三课第
3
句讲解。
8-10. Although negotiators
are optimistic, the details are complex enough
that they may be hard-pressed to get a
deal at all.
【译文】虽然谈判代表持乐观态度，但协议细节如此复杂，
他们所面临的困难很可
能使他们无法取得一致。
【单词和短语】
optimisti
c
：乐观的；乐观主义的（
believing that
good things will happen in
the
future
），例如：
an
optimistic mood
乐观情绪
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He remained
optimistic about the meeting.
他对会议依然抱乐观态度。
另掌握<
/p>
optimism
（乐观，乐观主义）。
hard-pressed
：处于困境的，面临困难的；处于强
大压力下的（
having a lot of
problems and not enough money or
time
），例如：
the
hard-pressed farmers suffering from
drought
遭旱灾而处境困难的农民
hard-
pressedeconomy
窘迫的经济
be hard-pressed to form an effective
government
难于组成强有力的政府
8-11. Why? One difficulty is to
construct the agreements.
【译文】为何？困难之一是起草这些协议。
8-12.
The
Americans
would
happily
reach
one
accord
on
standards
for
medical
devices
and
then
hammer
out
different
pacts
covering,
say,
electronic
goods
and drug
manufacturing.
【译文】美国人很愿意就医疗器械的标准达成一项协议
，然后推敲出不同的合同，
用以涵盖
——
比如说
——
电子产品和药品的生产。
【单词和短语】
say
：例如（
for
example
）。
accord
：协议，条约（
a
formal agreement between countries or
groups
）。
hammer <
/p>
out
：（经讨论、争辩、讨价还价等后）得出（
to
decide
on
an
agreement,
contract etc after a lot of discussion
and disagreement
），例如：
hammer out a new policy
作了大量工作后制订出一项新政策
8-13. The
EU
—
following fine
continental traditions
—
wants
agreement on
general principles, which
could be applied to many types of products and
perhaps extended to other countries.
【译文】遵循优良大陆传统的欧盟希望就普遍原则取得一致，而这一致的意见可应
用于诸多不同类型的产品，同时可能将适用范围拓展到其它国家。
【讲解】
following
fine
continental
traditions
作插入语，
修饰
EU
。
which
could
…
other count
ries
乃非限制性定语从句，修饰
agreement
。
【单词和短语】
apply
：应用；使用，运用（
to
use
something
such
as
a
method,
idea,
or
law
in
a
particular situation, activity, or
process
）例如：
Scientific
discoveries
are
often
applied
to
industrial
production
methods.
科学新发现常应用于工业生产方法。
apply
的名词形式为
application
。
extend
的名词形
式为
extension
。
Lesson 9 Royal espionage
第九课王室谍报活动
by
BERNARD NEWMAN
from Spies in Britain
9-1.
Alfred
the
Great
acted
as
his
own
spy,
visiting
Danish
camps
disguised
文案大全
实用文档
as a
minstrel.
【译文】
阿尔弗雷德大帝曾亲自充当间谍
。
他乔装吟游歌手进入丹麦军队营地侦察。
【讲解】
Alfred the Great
< br>，阿尔弗雷德大帝，古英国国王，
22
岁登基，为抵抗入
侵的丹麦人，
先后与丹麦军交战
6
年未能取胜，
后潜匿于阿森尔尼岛，
终于打
败丹麦
军。
visiting Danish camps
disguised as a minstrel
作方式状语，修饰
< br>acted
。
disguised as a mins
trel
作方式状语，修饰
visiting
< br>。
【单词和短语】
disguise:
假扮，化装（
to
change someone
’
s appearance
so that people cannot
recognize
them
），例如：
She
disguised herself as a man with a false beard.
她戴上假须女扮男装。
9-2.
In those days wandering minstrels were welcome
everywhere.
【译文】当时，浪迹四方的吟游歌手到处受欢迎。
【讲解】
wandering
min
strels
，浪迹四方的吟游歌手。中世纪时期，欧洲云游四方
的歌手一般都身带竖琴，自弹自唱，传颂古代的历史传说。
【单词和短语】
wandering
：漫游的；闲逛的；流浪的（
one
uses
wandering
to
describe
a
person
who moves from place to place and has
no permanent home
）。
< br>minstrel
：（中世纪的）吟游歌手（
a
singer
or
musician
in
the
Middle
Ages
）。
9-3. They were not fighting men, and
their harp was their passport.
【译文】他们不是参战人员，他们的竖琴就是通行证。
9-4. Alfred had learned many of their
ballads in his youth, and could vary
his programme with acrobatic tricks and
simple conjuring.
【译文】阿尔弗雷德年轻时学过许多吟游歌手的
歌曲，并能穿插表演一些杂技和小
魔术使自己的节目多样化。
【讲解】
their
指吟游歌手的。<
/p>
【单词和短语】
acrobatic
：杂技的（
acrobatic
movements involve moving your body in a very
skillful
way,
for
example
by
jumping
through
the
air
or
balancing
on
a
rope
），
另掌握
acrobatics
（杂技）和
acrobat
（杂技演员）。
9-5.
While
Alfred's
little
army
slowly
began
to
gather
at
Athelney,
the
king
himself
set
out
to
penetrate
the
camp
of
Guthrum,
the
commander
of
the
Danish
invaders.
【译文】阿尔弗雷德人数不多的军队开始在阿塞尔纳慢慢集结时，大帝亲自潜入丹
麦侵略
军司令官古瑟罗姆的营地。
【讲解】
the
king
himself
指
Alfred
the
Great
。
Guthrum
是入侵英国的丹麦军首领。
公元
878
年
5
月，
被阿尔弗雷德大帝战败，
改奉基督教，
并认
阿尔弗雷德大帝为教父。
【单词和短语】
penetrate
：深入；进入；打入（
to succeed in
becoming accepted into a group
or an
organization, sometimes in order to find out their
secrets
），例如：
penetratethe territory of
enemies
渗入敌人领土
文案大全
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penetratean
enemy organization
打入敌人组织
penetrate
的名词形式为
penet
ration
。
9-6.
These
had
settled
down
for
the
winter
at
Chippenham:
thither
Alfred
went.
【译文】
丹麦侵略军已在切本哈姆扎营准备过冬，阿尔弗雷德便来到此地。
【讲解】
these
指
the
Danish invaders
。
【单词和短语】
thither
：到那儿，向那儿（
in that
direction
），例如：
How
the
print
of
a
foot
came
thither,
I
knew
not,
nor
could
in
the
last
imagine.
那脚印是怎么留在那儿的，我既不知道，也丝毫猜不出。
9-7. He noticed at once that discipline
was slack: the Danes had the
self-
confidence
of
conquerors,
and
their
security
precautions
were
casual.
【译文】
他立刻发现丹麦侵略军纪律松懈：丹麦人以征服者自居，安全措施松弛。
【讲解】
slack
后的冒号引出说明解释性内容。
【单词和短语】
< br>slack
：
懈怠的，
松懈的；
疏忽的；
马虎的
（
not
taking
enough
care
or
making
enough
effort to do things
correctly
），例如：
slack supervision
监督不严
Security
’
s got a
bit slack.
安全问题有些放松。
9-8. They lived well, on the proceeds
of raids on neighbouring regions.
【译文】他们靠袭击附近地区、掠夺财物过着舒适的生活。
<
/p>
【讲解】句中的第一个
on
与
live
搭配使用，
live
< br>on
…意为
“
靠……生活
”
。因为
well
与
on
…
regions
并列作状语，
所以用逗号隔开。
句中的第二个
on
是与
raid
搭配
在一起
的，意为
“
袭击
”
。
【单词和短语】
proceeds<
/p>
：
（从事某种活动或变卖财物等的）
收入
，
收益
（
the
money
that
is
obtained
from doing
something or selling
something
），例如：
The proceeds from the school play will
be used to buy a new curtain.
学校演剧的收入将用于购买一幅新的舞台幕布。
They are reaping proceeds when the
cattle are sold.
卖了那些牲口他们就可以获得收益了。
9-9.
There
they
collected
women
as
well
as
food
and
drink,
and
a
life
of
ease
had made
them soft.
【译文】这些入侵者在那里不但搜刮吃喝，而且掳掠妇女，这种
安逸的生活令他们
萎靡不振。
【讲解】句中
as well as
的
侧重点在它前面的
women
。在用
“
不但……而且……
”
或
“
……还……
”
翻译
as well as
时，因为汉语的侧重点是在后面的
“
而且
”
、
< br>“
还
”
，而
作
in addition
to
解的
as well as
的重点
则在它前面的词语，所以汉译时必须颠倒
原文
as well
as
连接的前后词语的次序。
【单词和短语】
soft
：
轻松的；
舒服的，
舒适
的
（
not
very
brave
and
not
having
a
strong <
/p>
character
）
。
9-10. Alfred stayed in the camp a
week before he returned to Athelney.
文案大全
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【译文】阿尔弗雷德在敌营呆了一周后回到了阿塞尔纳。
9-11.
The
force
there
assembled
was
trivial
compared
with
the
Danish
horde.
【译文】他集结在那里的军队和丹麦大军相比微不足道。
【讲解】
there
assembl
ed
是过去分词短语，
作
the
force
的定语，
there
指
Athelney
。
c
ompared with the Danish
horde
作状语，修饰
was
trivial
。
【单词和短语】
trivial
：琐碎的；不重要的，无价值的（
not
serious,
important,
or
valuable
），
例如：
trivial matters
琐事
a trivial
offence
小过失
trivial formalities
繁文缛节
put the
trivial above the important
本末倒置
consider
sth. trivial
认为某事无关紧要
raise trivial objections
提出无关紧要的反对
trivial
的名词形式为
triviality
。
9-12.
But
Alfred
had
deduced
that
the
Danes
were
no
longer
fit
for
prolonged
battle: and that
their commissariat had no organization, but
depended on
irregular raids.
【译文】然而，阿尔弗雷德推断出丹麦人已不再适合持久战：他们的军需供应处于
无组
织状态，仅是靠临时抢夺来维持。
【讲解】
and
that
their
commissariat
…
irregular
raids
作
deduced
的宾语。同时
对
the Danes were no longer fit for
prolonged battle
进一步解说，所以
batt
le
后有冒号。
depended
前的
but
意为
“
仅仅，只有
”
。
【单词和短语】
irregular
：
不规则的，
无规律的；
不合常规的；
不稳定的
（
n
ot
happening
at
times
that are an equal
distance from each
other
），例如：
an
irregular pattern
不规则轨迹
an irregular heartbeat
不齐的心律
be
irregular in one
’
s
attendance
不时缺席
9-13.
So,
faced
with
the
Danish
advance,
Alfred
did
not
risk
open
battle
but
harried the enemy.
【译文】因此，面对
丹麦人的进攻，阿尔弗雷德没有贸然同敌人正面开战，而是采
用骚扰敌人。
【讲解】
faced with the
Danish advance
作时间状语，修饰
risk
和
harried
。
【单词和短语】
harry:<
/p>
（时常）袭击；掠夺；抢劫；蹂躏（
to keep
attacking an enemy
）。
9-14. He was constantly on the move,
drawing the Danes after him.
【译文】他一直在运动中，牵着敌人在后面跟着跑。
【讲解】
drawing
the
Danes
after
him
作结果状语，
修饰
was
constantly
on
the
move
。
9-15. His patrols halted the raiding
parties: hunger assailed the Danish
army.
文案大全
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【译文】他派出巡逻队阻止
敌人抢劫：因而饥饿侵袭着丹麦军队。
【讲解】
parties
后的冒号引出说明语，表结果。
【单词和短语】
halt
：使停止前进；使停止；使终止（
to prevent someone
or something from
continuing
），例如：
No one can halt the advance of history.
谁也阻挡不了历史的前进。
assail
：攻击，袭击（
to
attack someone or something
violently
），例如：
assail a fort
攻要塞
9-16. Now Alfred began a long series of
skirmishes
—
and within a
month the
Danes had surrendered.
【译文】阿尔弗雷德这时发起一连串小规模进攻，结果不出一月丹麦人就投降了。
【讲解】
skirmishes
后的破折号引出被强调的部分，这里的
and
表示结果。
【单词和短语】
skirmish
：
小规模战斗；
小冲
突
（
a
fight
between
small
groups
of
soldiers,
ships
etc, especially one that happens away
from the main part of a
battle
），
例如：
a street skirmish
巷战
a border
skirmish
边境冲突
9-17.
The
episode
could
reasonably
serve
as
a
unique
epic
of
royal
espionage!
【译文】这段历史可说是王室谍报活动中独一无二的华章。
【单词和短语】
epic
：
史诗，
叙事诗
（
a
book,
poem,
or
film
tells
a
long
story
about
brave
actions
and exciting
events
），例如：
Homer
’
s Iliad and
Milton
’
s Paradise Lost are
epics.
荷马的《伊利亚特》和弥尔顿的《失乐园》是史诗。
espionage
：（
the
activity of secretly finding out secret
information and
giving it to a
country
’
s enemies or a
company
’
s
competitors
），例如：
use espionage to find out other
countries
’
military secrets
用间谍手段探出别国的军事机密
Three persons have been arrested on
espionage charges.
三个人被指控犯间谍活动罪而被捕
Lesson 10 Silicon valley
第十课硅谷
from US
NEWS AND WORLD REPORT, October 2,1989
10-1. Technology trends may push
Silicon Valley back to the future.
【译文】技术的发展趋势有可能把硅谷重新推向未来。
10-2. Carver Mead, a pioneer in
integrated circuits and a professor of
computer
science
at
the
California
Institute
of
Technology,
notes
there
are
文案大全
实用文档
now work-
stations that enable engineers to design, test and
produce chips
right on their desks,
much the way an editor creates a newsletter on a
Macintosh.
【译文】集成电路先驱、加州理工学院
计算机教授卡弗·米德说，现在有些计算机
工作站使工程技术人员可以在他们的办公桌上
设计、试验和生产芯片，如某编辑在
苹果机上编出时事通讯一样。
【讲解】
a pioneer in
integrated circuits
和
a
professor of
…
Technology
并列
作
Carver
Mead
的同位语。
enable engineers to
…
desks
为定语从句，修饰
work-stations
。
much
the way an editor creates a newsletter on a
Macintosh
中
the
way
前省略了介词
in
，整个短语在句中作
方式状语。在非正式文体中，
in
the
way
中的介词
in
通常被省略，例如：
You
’
re doing it <
/p>
（
in
）
the
wrong way.
你做这件事的方法不对。
Do it
（
in
）
any way you like.
你想怎么做就怎样做。
an
editor creates a newsletter on a
Macintosh
为定语从句，修饰
the way
，其
前省略了
that
。在非正式文体中，
that
通常被用来代替
< br>the way
后的
in
which
或
by
which
，但
that
也常常省略，例如：
I don
’
t
like the way
（
that
）
you talk to me.
我可不喜欢你同我谈话的方式。
Let
’
s go the way<
/p>
（
that
）
w
e went yesterday.
让我们走我们昨天走的那条路吧。
10-3.
As
the
time
and
cost
of
making
a
chip
drop
to
a
few
days
and
a
few
hundred
dollars, engineers
may soon be free to let their imaginations soar
without
being penalized by expensive
failures.
【译文】由于制造一块芯片的时间已缩短至几天，费用也仅有数百
美元，因此工程
技术人员可能很快就可充分发挥他们的想象力，而不会因失败而造成经济
上的重大
损失。
【讲解】
as
为从属连词，引导原因状语从句，但意为
“<
/p>
因为、由于
”
。
【单词和短语】
penalize<
/p>
：使处于不利地位（
subject
to
a
penalty;
subject
to
some
comparative
disadvantage
），妨碍，例如：
Such a
systempenalized the poor.
这种制度妨碍了穷人的利益。
It
would be unfair to penalize those without a job.
失业人员待遇低下是不公平的。
10-4. Mead predicts that inventors will
be able to perfect powerful
customized
chips
over
a
weekend
at
the
office
—
spawning
a
new
generation
of
garage
start-
ups
and
giving
the
U.S.
a
jump
on
its
foreign
rivals
in
getting
new products to
market fast.
【译文】
米德预言发明者可以在办
公室用一个周末的时间生产完美的、
功能强大的、
按客户需求设
计的芯片
——
造就新一代从汽车间起家的技术人员，在把产品推
向市
文案大全
实用文档
场方面使美国把它的外国对手打个措手不及。
【讲解】
破折号后并列的两个现在分词短语
spawn
ing
…
garage
start-
ups
和
giving
the
U.S.
…
market fast
为
结果状语，作为引导的宾语从句中
inventors will
be
…
at the
office
所产生的结果。
【单词和短语】
spawn
：大量产生（
to
make a series of things happen or start to
exist
），
例如：
Bureaucracy spawns many rules that
complicate our life.
官僚主义产生了许多使我们生活复杂化的条条框框。
10-5.
'We're
got
more
garages
with
smart
people,'
Mead
observes.
'We
really
thrive
on anarchy.'
【译文】
“
我们有更多的汽车间，那里有许多聪明人，
”
米德说。
“
我们确实是靠这种
无政府状态发展起来的。
”
【单词和短语】
thrive
on
：兴旺发达，繁荣；旺盛（
to
enjoy
or
be
successful
in
a
particular
situation,
especially
one
that
other
people
find
difficult
or
unpleasant
），
例如：
Challenge is something we
Americans thrive on.
挑战是我们美国人赖以兴盛的奥秘。
He
’
s the sort of
person who thrives on hard work.
他是苦干有成的那种人。
10-6.
And on Asians.
【译文】靠的是亚洲人。
<
/p>
【讲解】
本句是省略句，
也可将该句视为
上一句的继续。
We
really
thrive
on
anarchy
.
是
Mead
的观点，本句表达出本文
作者不但赞成
Mead
的观点，还补充了自己的观点。
作者另起一段以示对自己观点的强调。
10-7.
Already,
orientals
and
Asian
Americans
constitute
the
majority
of
the
engineering staffs at many Valley
firms.
【译文】硅谷许多公司的工程技术人员大多是东方人和亚裔美国人。
【单词和短语】
constitute
：
组成，
构成
，
形成
（
if
several
people
or
things
constitute
something,
they are parts
that from it
），例如：
Twelve months constitute a year. 12
个月为
1
年。
10-8. And Chinese, Korean, Filipino and
Indian engineers are graduating in
droves from California's colleges.
【译文】中国、韩国、菲律宾和印度的工程师一批批地从加州的各所大学毕业。
< br>
【单词和短语】
drove
s
：（走在一起的）人群，（
crowds of
people
），例如：
On a
hot, muggy day people head for the beaches in
droves.
在闷热天人们成群地去海滩。
droves of visitors/voters
一群
群参观者
/
选民
文案大全
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10-9.
As
the
heads
of
next-generation
start-ups,
these
Asian
innovators
can
draw on customs and
languages to forge righter links with crucial
Pacific
Rim markets.
【译文】作为新
崛起一代的带头人，亚裔发明家可以凭借他们在习惯和语言上的优
势，与关键的太平洋沿
岸市场建立起更加牢固的联系。
【单词和短语】
draw
on
：（
to use information,
experience, knowledge etc for a particular
purpose
）），例如：
The government had to draw on reserves
and borrow abroad.
政府不得不动用储备并向国外借款。
His remarks drew heavily on his
experiences in that country.
他在谈论时大量利用了他在那个国家的经历。
10-10. For instance, Alex Au, a
Stanford Ph. D. from Hong Kong, has set up
a Taiwan factory to challenge Japan's
near lock on the memory-chip market.
【译文】例如，来自香港的斯坦福大学哲学博士
Alex
Au
已在台湾建厂，对日本在内
存条市场上
近似垄断的局面构成挑战。
【讲解】
a Stanford Ph. D. from
Hong Kong
作
Alex
Au
的同位语。
Ph. D.
乃美式拼
法，
PhD
乃英式拼法，二者均为
Philosophiae
Doctor
（
Philosopher
of
D
octor
）的
缩写形式。有人将
Al
ex
Au
译为
“
亚历克斯·奥
”
，不妥。香港人的英文名字多为英文
名＋中文姓氏的粤语音译构成，如刘德华的英文名字是
Andy La
u
，陈慧琳的英文名
字是
Kelly
Chen
，容祖儿的英文名字是
Joe
y
Yung
等等。因此不宜将
Alex
Au
译为
“
亚
历克斯·奥
”
，在不知此人准确姓名的
情况下，宜保持原文。
【单词和短语】
a lock on
something:
完全控制（
complete
control of something
）。
10-11.
India-born
N.
Damodar
Reddy's
tiny
California
company
reopened
an
AT&T
chip plant in Kansas City last spring
with financing from the state of
Missouri.
【译文】今年春天，凭借密苏里州的财政
支持，生于印度的
N
·达莫达·雷迪经营的
规模不大的加州公司在堪萨斯城重新启用了美国电话电报公司的一家芯片工厂。
【讲解】
last
spring
不可译为
“
去年春天
”
。此处的
last
意为
“
最近过去的
”
，因此究
竟该译为
“
去年
”
还是
“
今年
”
需参考文章写作时间，因本文选自
1989
年
10
月的
US
NEWS
AND WORLD
REPORT
，因此应将
last spring
译为
“
今年春天
”
。
【单词和短语】
plant
：
工厂，
< br>车间
（
a
factory
or
building
where
an
industrial
process
happens
）<
/p>
，
例如：
a
cement plant
水泥厂
10-12. Before it becomes a retirement
village, Silicon Valley may prove a
classroom for building a global
business.
【译文】在硅谷变成退休村之前，它很可能成为建立全球性大公司
的课堂。
【单词和短语】
retirement
的动词形式为
retir
e
。
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Lesson 11 How to grow old
第十一课论老之将至
by
BERTRAND RUSSELL
from Portraits from
Memory
11-1. Some old
people are oppressed by the fear of death.
【译文】有些老人因恐惧死亡而苦恼。
【单词和短语】
oppress
：
使
（心情等）
沉
重；
使烦恼，
折磨
（
< br>to
make
someone
feel
unhappy,
worried,
or
uncomfortable
），例如：
A sense of trouble ahead oppressed my
spirits.
前面的重重困难使我心情沉重。
be oppressed by the unpleasant climate
被讨厌的气候弄得烦恼
a
writer oppressed by his shortcomings
对自己的短处感到苦恼的作家
Somehow, the room oppressed him.
这房间不知怎么使他感到压抑。
11-2. In the young there is a
justification for this feeling.
【译文】年轻人害怕死亡是可以理解的。
【讲解】
in the young
意
为
“
在年轻人身上
”
< br>。
in sb.
即为
“
在某人身上
”
。
the
young
指年轻人。
【单词和短语】
justifica
tion
：正当的理由；借口（
a good and
acceptable reason for doing
something
），例如：
believe with amplejustification that
someone is guilty
有充分理由相信某人有罪
You
have no justification for criticizing his in that
way.
你没有理由那样批评他。
11-3. Young men who have reason to fear
that they will be killed in battle
may
justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they
have been cheated of
the best things
that life has to offer.
【译文】有些年轻人担心他们会在
战斗中丧生。一想到会失去生活能给予他们的种
种美好事物，他们就感到痛苦。这种担心
并非无缘无故，也情有可原。
【讲解】
who have reason
…
battle
为定语从句，修饰
young men
。
that they have
cheated
…
offer
为同位语从句，说明
thought
的内容。
that
life
has
to
offer
为定
语从句，修饰
things
。
【单词和短语】
与
cheat someone
（
out
）
of
something
类似的结构还有
rob someone
of something
。
11-4.
But
in
an
old
man
who
has
known
human
joys
and
sorrows,
and
has
achieved
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whatever
work it was in him to do, the fear of death is
somewhat abject and
ignoble.
【译文】但对于经历了人世悲欢、履行了个人职责的老人，害怕死亡就有些可怜且
可耻
了。
【讲解】
whatever
work it was in him to do
作
ach
ieved
的宾语从句。这里的
in
表
示能力。
in
him
即他有能力。
whatever
work
相当于
any work
，作
do
的宾语。
it
是形式主语，
to
do
才是真正的主语。
who has
known
…
him to
do
为定语从句，修饰
an old
man
，
has
known
和
has achieved
为
who
的并列谓语。
【单词和短语】
abject
：可鄙的，卑鄙的（
an
abject
action
or
expression
shows
that
your
feel
very ashamed
），例如：
an abject coward
可鄙的懦夫
an abject
fear
卑怯
abject
另一常见意为
“
绝望无助的，
凄苦可怜的
（
the
state
of
being
extremely
poor,
unhappy, unsuccessful etc
）
”
，例如：
abject poverty
赤贫
abject failure
惨败
ignoble
：卑鄙的；不光彩的；可耻的（
ignoble
thoughts,
feelings,
or
actions
are ones that you
should feel ashamed or embarrassed
about
），例如：
an
ignoble purpose
卑鄙的目的
There
’
s something
cowardly and ignoble about such an attitude.
这样的态度有点怯懦可鄙。
11-5. The best way to overcome
it
—
so at least it seems to
me
—
is to make
your
interests
gradually
wider
and
more
impersonal,
until
bit
by
bit
the
walls
of
the
ego
recede,
and
your
life
becomes
increasingly
merged
in
the
universal
life.
【
译文】克服这种恐惧的最佳办法是
——
至少我这样看
——
逐渐扩大你的兴趣范围
并不为个人情感所左右
，直至像一堵高墙的自我一点一点离开你，而你的生活则越
来越融合于大众的生活之中。
【讲解】
so
at
least
it
seems
to
me
系插入语，是倒装语序，自然语序是
at
least
it
seems
so
to
me
，
这里的
it
指整个句子。
overcome
后的
it
< br>指
fear
of
death
。
to
make
your interests
…
impersonal
作表语。
the walls of the ego
系暗喻（
meta
phor
）
修辞手法，意为
“
像一堵高墙的自我
”
。
【单词和短语】
impersona
l
：非个人的；非特指某一个人的；不受个人感情（或偏见）影响的，客
观的（
not showing any feelings of
sympathy, friendliness,
etc
），例如：
The
teacher
’
s criticism of the
class was impersonal.
教师对班级的批评并非针对某个同学。
impersonal assessment
客观的评价
11-6.
An
individual
human
existence
should
be
like
a
river
—
small
at
first,
narrowly
contained
within
its
banks,
and
rushing
passionately
past
boulders
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and over
waterfalls.
【译文】每个人的生活都应像河水一样
——
开始是涓涓细流，限制在狭窄的两岸之
间，然后热烈地冲
过巨石，滑下瀑布。
【讲解】
an
individual
human
…
a
river
是明喻
（
simile
）
修辞手法，
small
at
first
…
over
waterfalls
构成延伸比喻（
extended me
taphor
），延伸比喻是把原比喻加以
延伸，对原比喻作进
一步说明。这里的破折号引出说明语。
【单词和短语】
passionat
ely
的形容词形式为
passionate
< br>，的名词形式为
passion
。
11-7.
Gradually
the
river
grows
wider,
the
banks
recede,
the
waters
flow
more
quietly, and in the end, without any
visible break, they become merged in
the sea, and painlessly lose their
individual being.
【译文】其后河面逐渐展宽，两岸相距愈远，水
流也愈趋平缓，最后则注入大海，
与海水浑然一体，了无痕迹，河水自然而然就此消失了
。
【讲解】本句作者仍然运用延伸比喻手法，是对明喻
like
a
river
进一步延伸说明。
与上句不同之处在于，前句的延伸比喻由一系列短语构成，本句的延伸比喻则由一
系列短句构成。
【单词和短语】
painless<
/p>
：不难的，不费力的（
not difficult or
unpleasant to do
），例如：
the painless way to learn Chinese
学汉语的简易方法
11-8.
The
man
who,
in
old
age,
can
see
his
life
in
this
way,
will
not
suffer
from the fear of
death, since the things he cares for will
continue.
【译文】能够这样理解自己一生的老人将不会因害怕死亡而痛苦，
因为他所珍爱的
一切都将继续存在。
【讲解】
who, in old age, can see
his life in this way
为定语从句，修饰
man
。
he cares for
是
定语从句，作
things
的定语。
11-9. And if, with the decay of
vitality, weariness increases, the thought
of rest will be not unwelcome.
< br>【译文】而且，如果随着精力的衰退，疲倦之感与日俱增，长眠并非是不受欢迎的
念头。
【讲解】
with
the
decay
of
vitality
作状语，修饰
increas
es
。提前乃是为了强调。
the
thought
of
rest
，这里的
rest
指
death
，乃是委婉语（
euphemism
）。委婉语即
是把粗鲁或不中听的话改用温和顺耳的话表达。
will
be
not
u
nwelcome
是双重否定
结构。否定式谓语＋含否定意义的
词构成双重否定，表示委婉语气。又如：
What
’
s done
cannot be undone.
已经做了的事后悔也无用。
I
could not disobey him.
我是不得不服从他的。
【单词和短语】
unwelcome
：（自己）不想要的，（令本人）讨厌的，尴尬的（
somet
hing that is
unwelcome
is
not
wanted,
especially
because
it
might
cause
embarrassment
or
problems
），例如：
I feared that my arrival might draw the
unwelcome attention of officials.
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我担心我的到达可能会引起
官员们的注意，而这正是我不希望的。
11-10. I
should wish to die while still at work, knowing
that others will
carry on what I can no
longer do, and content in the thought that what
was
possible has been done.
【译文】我倒希望死于尚能劳作之时，因为知道他人将继续我未竟的事业，我大可
因为已
竭尽所能而心存安慰。
【讲解】
I
should wish to die
中用
should
表示委婉语气，意为
“
我倒希望
”
。
while
still
at
work
中
while
和
sti
ll
之间省略了
I
am
。时间状语从句中主语与主句的主语
相同或是
it<
/p>
时，这从句里的主语和动词
be
可省略。
knowing that
…
no
longer
do
作
原因状语，修饰
wish to
die
。
content in the thought
…
done
与
kn
owing
…
do
并列
作原因状语，形容词
content
前省略了
being
。
what was
possible
是主语从句。
【单词和短语】
carry
on
：
继续，
进行；
经营
（
if
you
carry
on
a
particular
kind
of
work
or
activity,
you do it or take
part in it
），例如：
They carried on the discussion late
into the night.
他们一直讨论到深夜。
carry on a hardware business
经营五金店
Lesson 12 Banks and their
customers
第十二课银行和顾客
by
GORDON BARRIE and AUBREY L. DLAMOND
from The Consumer Society and the Law
12-1. When anyone opens a
current account at a bank, he is lending the bank
money, repayment of which he may demand
at any time, either in cash or by
drawing a cheque in favour of another
person.
【译文】
任何人在银行开活期账户就等于把钱
借给了银行。
这笔钱他可以随时提取，
方式可以是取现金，也可
以是开张以他人为收款人的支票。
【讲解】
repayment of
which
…
another person
< br>为非限制性定语从句，
which
代表
< br>money
。
repayment of which<
/p>
在定语从句中作
demand
的宾语。<
/p>
【单词和短语】
repayment
：偿还，付还（
when you
pay back money that you have
borrowed
），
例如：
bonds due for
repayment
到期应偿还的债券
demand repayment of the stolen money
要求归还被窃钱款
repaymen
t
的动词形式为
repay
。
12-2. Primarily, the banker-
customer relationship is that of debtor and
creditor
—
who is
which depending on whether the customer's account
is in
credit or is overdrawn.
【译文】银行与储户主要是债务人和债权人关系。究竟谁是债务人谁是债权人要看
储
户是有结余还是透支。
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【讲解】
< br>that
替代
relationship
，以避免重复。
who is which depending on
…
overdrawn
乃独立主格结构，进一
步说明破折号之前的句子。
who
is
which
是现在分
词短语
dep
ending on
…
overdrawn
的逻辑主语。
which
代表
de
btor
或
creditor
，意为<
/p>
“
谁是债务人，谁是债权人
”
。
whether
…
is
overdrawn
作
on
的宾语。<
/p>
【单词和短语】
overdrawn
：透支的（
if
you
or
your
account
is
overdrawn,
you
have
spent
more
than you had in your account and so you
own the bank money
），例如：
interest charged on overdrawn
accounts
对透支账户所收的利息。
< br>overdrawn
的动词形式为
overdrawn<
/p>
。
12-3. But, in
addition to that basically simple concept, the
bank and its
customer owe a large
number of obligations to one another.
【
译文】除了这一基本的简单概念外，银行和储户彼此还需承担大量义务。
【单词和短语】
owe
：应给予；应该（或有必要）做（
to
feel
that
you
should
do
sth.
for
sb.
or
give sb.
sth. , because they have done sth. for you or
given sth. to
you
），
例如：
owe sb. thanks
应向某人致谢
I owe him
a letter.
我应该给他写一封信。
You owe yourself a subscription.
你该给自己订阅一份。
注意比较第二
课第
4
句中
own
的含义。
obligation
：（法律上或道义上的）责任，义务（
a moral or legal duty
to do
something
），例如：
a legal obligation to serve in the
armed forces
服兵役的法律责任
the obligations of a citizen
公民的义务
fulfill
every obligation
尽到每一责任
undertake new obligations
承担新的责任
feel an
obligation to do sb.
感到对某人有责任
obligati
on
的动词形式为
obligate
，
形容词形式为
obligatory
。
12-4.
Many
of
these
obligations
can
give
rise
to
problems
and
complications
but
a
bank
customer,
unlike,
say,
a
buyer
of
goods,
cannot
complain
that
the
law is
loaded against him.
【译文】其中许多义务往往引起问题和纠纷
。但储户不能像货物的买主那样抱怨法
律于己不利。
【讲解】
unlike
是介词，
所构成的介词短语作
customer
的非限制性定语
。
say
是插入
语，意为
“
例如，比方说
”
。
【单词和短语】
give
rise
to
sth
：引起；导致；为……的原因（
to
be
the
reason why
something
happens,
especially something bad or
unpleasant
），例如：
It would give rise to a great deal of
conflict.
这将引起频繁冲突。
These bad conditions have given rise to
a lot of crime.
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这种恶劣的环境是犯罪增多的原因。
complication
：
纠纷；
混
乱；
复杂情况
（
a
problem
or
situation
that
makes
something
more difficult to understand or deal
with
），例如：
a legal
complication
法律纠纷
complication
另一常见意为
“
< br>【医】并发症
”
。
sth. is loaded against
sb./sth.
：对……不利（
used to say
that a system,
situation,
or
organization
is
unfair
and
some
people
have
a
disadvantage
）。
12-5.
The
bank
must
obey
its
customer's
instructions,
and
not
those
of
anyone
else. <
/p>
【译文】银行必须遵照储户的嘱托办事，而不能听从他人的指令。
【讲解】
those
指
instructions
。
12-6.
When,
for
example,
a
customer
first
opens
an
account,
he
instructs
the
bank to debit his account only in
respect of cheques drawn by himself.
【译
文】例如，储户首次在银行开户时叮嘱银行他的存款只能凭本人签字的支票来
提取。
【讲解】
for
example
作插入语。
【单词和短语】
debit
：把……记入账户的借方（
to
record
in
financial
accounts
the
money
that
has
been spent or that is
owed
），例如：
The
store debited the purchase to/against her
account
。
商店把购货金额记入她账户的借方。
Debit Mr.
Smith
（
Mr.
Smith
’
s
account
）
with $$1000.
< br>在史密斯先生账户的借方记上
1000
美元。
in respect
of/to
：（
concerning or in
relation to something
），例如：
A fine of $$1 will be imposed in respect
of each day that a book is overdue.
图书每
过期一天，罚款
1
美元。
In
respect
to
your
request,
2000
dollars
is
being
credited
to
your
account.
关于你
所要求之事，当将
2000
美元记入你贷方的账户。
It
’
s going
to raise a lot of problems in respect of
atmosphere pollution.
这将在大气污染方面引起诸多问题。
in respect
of/to
亦可换用
with respect
to
。
12-7.
He
gives
the
bank
specimens
of
his
signature,
and
there
is
a
very
firm
rule that the bank has no right or
authority to pay out a customer's money
on a cheque on which its customer's
signature has been forged.
【译文】他把自己的签名样
本交给银行，对此有条非常严格的规定：银行无任何权
利或理由把储户的钱被人凭伪造储
户签名的支票取走。
【讲解】
that
the
bank
…
been
forged
为同位语从句，
进一步说明
rule
。
to
pay
out
…
has been
forged
为动词不定式短语，作定语，修饰
right
or authority
。
on which
its
customer's
signature
has
been
forged
为定语从句
，修饰
cheque
。
pay
out
a
customer's
money on a cheque
中的
on
意为
“
依据
”
。
【单词和短语】
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forge
：
伪造
（货币、
文件等）
；
假冒
（签名）
；
仿造
（真品）
（
someone
who
illegally
copies documents, money, paintings etc
and tries to make people think they
are
real
），名词形式为
forgery
。
12-8. It makes no
difference that the forgery may have been a very
skilful
one: the bank must recognize
its customer's signature.
【译文】即使伪造得再巧妙也
不起作用，因为银行有责任辨认储户签名。
【讲解】
it
是形式主语，
that
the
forgery
…
skilful
one
才是真正的主语。
may
have
been
结构表示推测，可
参见第一课第
10
句的讲解。
one<
/p>
后面的冒号引出说明性内容。
重点掌握
I
t makes no difference
that
…句型。
12-9.
For
this
reason
there
is
no
risk
to
the
customer
in
the
practice,
adopted
by banks, of printing the customer's
name on his cheques.
【译文】某些银行已采用把储户姓名印在
支票上的作法。由于上述原因，这种做法
于储户毫无风险。
【讲解】
adopted
by
banks
和
of
printing
…
cheques
< br>都作
practice
的定语，
adopted
by
banks
提到
of printing
…
cheques
前是为了使句子更加紧凑。
12-10.
If this
facilitates forgery,
it
is the bank which
will lose,
not
the
customer.
【译文】如果因这种作法而出现了伪造，受损失的是银行而非储户。
【讲解】
it is the bank which
will lose, not the customer
系强调句，被强调
的内容是
the
bank
。该句也可写成
it is the bank,
not the customer which will
lose
或者
the bank,
not the customer
，
will
lose
。
【单词和短语】
facilitat
e
：使变得（更）容易（
to make it easier
for a process or activity
to
happen
），例如：
Such
a
port
would
facilitate
the
passage
of
oil
from
the
Middle
East
to
China.
这样一个港口将会使中东至中国的石油运输变得便捷
facilitate the sharing of resources
有利于资源共享
facilitat
e
的名词形式为
facilitation
。
Lesson 13
The search for oil
第十三课探寻石油
by T. F. GASKELL
from The
Search for the Earth's Minerals from Discovery
13-1.
The
deepest
holes
of
all
are
made
for
oil,
and
they
go
down
to
as
much
as 25,000 feet.
【译文】在所有洞穴中，为
寻找石油而钻的洞最深。这些洞可深达
25,000
英尺。
【讲解】
go down to as
much as
…等于
get as far as
…。
much
相当于
de
ep
。
they
指
holes
。
13-2.
But
we
do
not
need
to
send
men
down
to
get
the
oil
out,
as
we
must
with
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other
mineral deposits.
【译文】但我们不必像开采其他矿藏那样必须派
人到地下取石油。
【讲解】
as
we must with other mineral deposits
是方式状
语从句，
must
后省略
了
send men down
。
with
意为
“
对于
”
。
13-3. The holes are
only borings, less than a foot in diameter.
【译文】这些洞不过是些直径不足
1
英尺的钻孔。<
/p>
【讲解】
a foot in dia
meter
意为
“
直径
1
英尺
”
。
< br>
【单词和短语】
由
diameter
（直径）联想到
radius
（半径）和
perimeter
（周长
）。
13-4.
My
particular
experience
is
largely
in
oil,
and
the
search
for
oil
has
done more to improve
deep drilling than any other mining activity.
【译文】我主要从事与石油有关的工作。寻找石油比其他任何采矿活动对改进钻探
技术做出的贡献都大。
【讲解】
the
search
for
oil
作主语。
activity
后省略了
has
done
。
to
improve
deep
dril
ling
作方面状语，修饰
has
done
。
13-5.
When
it
has
been
decided
where
we
are
going
to
drill,
we
put
up
at
the
surface an
oil derrick.
【译文】当确定钻孔地点后，我们就在地上竖起井架。
【讲解】
where
we
are
going
to
drill
乃真正的主语，
it
是形式主语。
an
oil
derrick
作
put
up
的宾语。
13-6. It
has to be tall because it is like a giant block
and tackle, and we
have to lower into
the ground and haul out of the ground great
lengths of
drill pipe which are rotated
by an engine at the top and are fitted with a
cutting bit at the bottom.
【
译文】井架必须很高，因为它像一个巨型滑轮组。我们必须把很长的钻杆一节节
地钻入地
下，然后再从地下拉出来。钻杆顶部安装的发动机带动钻杆旋转，它的底
部装有钻头。<
/p>
【讲解】句首的
it
< br>指
an old
derrick
。
great lengths of
drill pipe
…
bottom
作
lower
和
haul
的宾语。
【单词和短语】
length
是量词，又如：
a
length of stove pipe
（一节烟囱），
a
length of rope
（一节绳子）。
13-7.
The
geologist
needs
to
know
what
rocks
the
drill
has
reached,
so
every
so often a sample is
obtained with a coring bit.
【译文】地质学家需要知
道钻头已到达什么样的岩层，因此时常要用芯钻头取样。
【讲解】
the geologist
中的
the
表示类别，指
“
地质学家这类人
”
。
【单词和短语】
every so
often
：时常。
13-8.
It cuts a clean cylinder of rock, from which can
be seen the strata
the drill has been
cutting through.
【译文】这种钻头能切割一段光滑的圆柱形岩石，
从中能看出所钻透的地层。
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【讲解】
can be seen the strata
…
through
乃倒装结构，自然语序是
the
strata
…
through
can
be
seen
。因为主语过长，倒装可以避免头重脚轻。
the
drill
has
been
cutting through
是定语从句，修饰
strata
。
13-9. Once we get down to the oil, it
usually flows to the surface because
great pressure, either from gas or
water, is pushing it.
【译文】一旦到达油层，石油就会由于
来自天然气或水巨大压力而流出地面。
【讲解】
once we get down to the
oil
是时间状语从句，
once
是连
接词。句中的两
个
it
都指
oil
。
either from gas or
water
乃非限制性定语，修饰
pressure
。
13-10. This pressure
must be under control, and we control it by means
of
the mud which we circulate down the
drill pipe.
【译文】必须对这种压力加以控制，我们用让泥桨顺着钻杆向
下循环的方法来控制
压力。
【讲解】
it
指
pressure
。
【单词和短语】
circulate:
环行；环流；循环（
to move around
within a system, or to make
something
do this
），例如：
The
earth circulates around the sun.
地球绕着太阳转。
Blood
circulates through the body.
血液在体内循环。
13-11.
We
endeavour
to
avoid
the
old,
romantic
idea
of
a
gusher,
which
wastes
oil and gas.
< br>【译文】我们尽量避免使用陈旧浪漫的、会浪费石油和天然气的喷井方法。
【讲解】
of
意为
“
关于
”
。
13-12.
We
want
it
to
stay
down
the
hole
until
we
can
lead
it
off
in
a
controlled
manner.
【译文】在用能控制的方法把石油引上来之前
，我们要让它留在钻孔下面。
【讲解】句中两个
it
都指
oil
。
to stay down the
hole
作宾语补足语。
Lesson 14 The Butterfly Effect
第十四课蝴蝶效应
by JAMES
GLEICK
from Chaos
14-1. Beyond two or three days, the
world's best weather forecasts are
speculative, and beyond six or seven
they are worthless.
【译文】世界上最好的两三天以上的天气预
报都具有很强的猜测性，如果超过六七
天，天气预报就没任何价值了。
< br>
【单词和短语】
specu
lative
：推测的，猜测性的（
based on
guessing, not on information or
facts
），例如：
Government
’
s
estimate of possible coal resources as lasting for
800 years
is speculative.
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政府关于煤的资源能够持续
开采
800
年的估计纯粹是推断出来的。
speculative
的动词形式为
speculate
，名词形式为
speculation
。
worthless
：无价值的，不值钱的，没用处的（
something
that
is
worthless
has
no
value,
importance, or use
），例如：
worthless
currency
不值钱的货币
a
worthless, broken
tool
不值钱的坏工具
worth
less
的同义词有
valueless
，反义词有
worthwhile
，
worthy
，
valuable
和<
/p>
invaluable
。
14-2. The Butterfly Effect is the
reason.
【译文】原因就在于蝴蝶效应。
【讲解】
Butterfly Effect
< br>，即
“
蝴蝶效应
”
，指一个复杂系统中的微小变化可能导
致别处的巨大变化
（据称里约热内卢的一只蝴蝶扇动翅膀可能改变芝加哥的天气）
。
< br>
14-3.
For
small
pieces
of
weather
—
and
to
a
global
forecaster,
small
can
mean
thunderstorms and
blizzards
—
any prediction
deteriorates rapidly.
【译文】就小范围天气而言，任何预报
都很快走样，而对于全球预报员来说，雷雨
和暴风雪也算是小范围的事。
【单词和短语】
dete
riorate
：恶化，质量（价值）下降，退化，变质，堕落（
to
become
worse
）
，
例如：
Relations
between the two countries began to deteriorate in
the 1990s.
在
20
世纪<
/p>
90
年代，两国关系开始恶化。
His work has deteriorated in recent
years.
近年来他的工作质量逐渐下降。
His health deteriorated with age.
随着年龄增长，他的健康每况愈下。
deteriorate
的名词形式为
deteriorati
on
，形容词形式为
deteriorative
。
14-4. Errors and
uncertainties multiply, cascading upward through a
chain
of turbulent features, from dust
devils and squalls up to continent-size
eddies that only satellites can see.
【译文】误差和不确定性剧烈放大，它们通过一系列湍流状态，从小尘暴和暴风剧
增到只有卫星才能观察到的大陆范围的气旋。
【讲解】
that only satellites can
see
系定语从句，修饰
eddies
。
【单词和短语】
turbulent
在文中意为
“
湍流的
”
（
turbulent
air or water moves around a lot
），
该词的常见意为
“
动荡的，骚乱的
< br>”
（
a
turbulent
situation or period
of time is
one in which there are a lot of sudden
changes
），例如：
a
turbulent childhood
动荡的童年
a turbulent period of history
动荡的历史时期
a
turbulent crowd
骚乱的人群
turbulent
的名词形式为
turbulen
ce
。
14-5. The
modern weather models work with a grid of points
of the order of
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sixty miles
apart, and
even so, some
starting data has
to be
guessed, since
ground stations and
satellites cannot see everywhere.
【译文】现
代气象模型以一个坐标图来显示，图中相邻两点约间隔
60
英里
。既使是
这样，
有些开始时的资料也得靠猜测，
因为地面工作站和卫星不可能看到每个地方。
【单词和短语】
of the
order of
：大约（
approximately
），例如：
His income is
of the order of $$6000 a month.
他的月收入约为<
/p>
6000
美元。
14-6. But suppose the earth could be
covered with sensors spaced one foot
apart,
rising
at
one-foot
intervals
all
the
way
to
the
top
of
the
atmosphere.
【译文】但假设地球上可以布满间隔
1
英尺的传感器，并按
1
英尺的间隔从地面一直
排到大气层顶端。
【单词和短语】
space
：
（用间隔）分隔开（
to
arrange
objects
or
events
so
that
they
have
equal
spaces or periods of
time between them
），例如：
a closely spaced series of explosions
相隔紧密的一系列爆炸
space
one
’
s time evenly
均匀地分配时间
Letters
might be spaced to two or three days.
每隔两三天会有信来。
14-7.
Suppose
every
sensor
gives
perfectly
accurate
readings
of
temperature,
pressure,
humidity, and any other quantity a meteorologist
would want.
【译文】再假定每个传感器都丝毫不差地读出了温度、气压、
湿度和气象学家可能
需要的任何其他数据。
【单词和短语】
由
< br>meteorologist
（气象学家）联想到
met
eorology
（气象学）、
meteorological
observatory
（气象台）和
meteorological station
（气象站）。
14-8. Precisely at noon an infinitely
powerful computer takes all the data
and calculates what will happen at each
point at 12.01, then 1202, then
12.03...
【译文】在正午时分，一台功能不可限量的
计算机搜集了所有的资料，计算出每个
点
12
< br>点
01
分、
12
点
02
分、
12
点
03
分及以后每分钟可能出现的情况。
【单词和短语】
infinite:
无限的，无穷的，无边的（
very great in
amount or degree
），例如：
the infinite ingenuity of man
人类无穷无尽的创造力
Space
is infinite.
宇宙的无边无际的。
infinite
的名词形式为
infinity
（想到无穷大的符号∞）或
infinitude
。
14-9. The computer
will still be unable to predict whether Princeton,
New
Jersey, will have sun or rain on a
day one month away.
【译文】
计算机将
仍然无法预测新泽西州的普林斯顿
1
个月后那天究竟是晴天还是
雨
日。
【单词和短语】
predict
：预言，预计，预料，预报（
to
say
that
something
will
happen,
before
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