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英语简单句、并列句、复合句及练习
一、简单句
1
、概述
只有一个主语和一个谓语动词的句子称为简单句。
I am a
student.
我是一个学生。
She likes English very
much.
她非常喜欢英语。
He
usually does morning exercises on the playground.<
/p>
他常常在操场上做
早操。
2
、简单句的基本句型
英语简单句可分为五种基本句型,其它的句子可看成是这几种基本句型的扩
展
、组合、倒装、省略。这五个基本句式:主谓结构(
S +
V
)
;主系表结构(
S
+ V + P
)
;主谓宾结构(
S + V + O
)
;主谓双宾结构(
S + V +
IO + DO
)
;主
谓宾补结构(<
/p>
S + V + O + C
)
说明:
S=
主语;
V=
谓语;
P=
表语;
O=
宾语;
IO=
p>
间接宾语;
DO=
直接宾语;
C=
宾语补足语
(
1
)主谓结构(
S +
V
)
在此句式中,
< br>V
是不及物动词,又叫自动词
(vi
.
)
。
He runs
quickly
.他跑得快。
They listened
carefully
.他们听得很仔细。
He suffered from cold and
hunger
.他挨冻受饿。
China belongs to the third world
country
.中国属于第三世界国家。
The gas has given
out
.煤气用完了。
My ink
has run out
.我的钢笔水用完了。
Plants grow well all the year
round.
一年四季植物生长良好。
(
2
)主系表结构(
S + V +
P
)
在此句式中,
V
是系动词
(link v
.
)
,
常见的系动词有:
look
,
seem
,
appear
,
sound
< br>,
feel
,
taste
,
smell
,
gr
ow
,
get
,
fall ill/asleep
,
stand/sit s
till
,
become
,
turn
等。
He
is older than he
looks
.他比看上去要老。
He
seems interested in the
book
他似乎对这本书感兴趣。
The story sounds
interesting
.这个故事听起来有趣。
The desk feels
hard
.书桌摸起来很硬。
The
cake tastes nice
.饼尝起来很香。
The flowers smell sweet and
nice
.花闻起来香甜。
You
have grown taller than
before
.你长得比以前高了。
He has suddenly fallen
ill
.他突然病倒了。
He
stood quite still
.他静静地站着。
He becomes a teacher when he grew
up
.他长大后当了教师。
He
could never turn traitor to his
country
.他永远不会背叛他的祖国。
注意
:有些动词同时也是及物动词,可构成
SVO
p>
句式。
He looked me up
and down
.他上下打量我。
He reached his hand to feel the
elephant
.他伸出手来摸象。
They are tasting the
fish
.他们在品尝鱼。
They
grow rice in their
hometown
.他们在家乡种水稻。
He's got a chair to sit
on
.他有椅子坐。
Please
turn the sentence into
English
.请把这个句于译成英语。
< br>(
3
)主谓宾结构(
S + V
+ O
)
在此句式中,
V
是及物动词
(vt
.<
/p>
)
,因此有宾语。
I saw a film
yesterday
.我昨天看了一部电影。
Have you read the
story?
你读过这个故事吗
?
They found their home
easily
.他们很容易地找到他们的家。
They built a house last
year
.他们去年建了一所房子。
They've put up a factory in the
village
.他们在村里建了一座工厂。
They have taken good care of the childr
en
.
他们把这些孩子照看得很好。
You should look after your children
well
.你应该好好照看你的孩子。
(
4
)主谓双宾结构(
S + V
+ IO + DO
)
在此句式中,
V
是带有双宾语的及物动词。
常见的须
带双宾语的动词有
give
,
ask<
/p>
,
bring
,
offer
,
send
,
pay
,
lend
,
show
,
tell
,
buy
,
get
;
rob
,
warn
等。
①简接宾语可以紧接动词之后,也可以用
p>
to
后置。
He
gave me a book/a book to
me
.他给了我一本书。
He
brought me a pen/a pen to
me
.他带给我一枝钢笔。
He
offered me his seat/his seat to
me
.他把座位让给我。
②简接宾语可以紧接动词之后,也可以用
for
后置
Mother bought me a book/a
book for me.
妈妈给我买了一本书。
He got me a chair/a chair for
me
.他给我弄了一把椅子。
Please do me a favor/a favor for
me
.请帮我一下。
He
asked me a question/a question of
me
.他问我个问题。
③简接宾语不能紧接动词之后,要用介词后置
They robbed the old man of his
money
.他们抢了老人的钱。
He's warned me of the
danger.
他警告我注意危险。
The doctor has cured him of his
disease
.医生治好了他的病。
We must rid the house of the
rats
.我们必须赶走屋里的老鼠。
They deprived him of his right to
speak
.他们剥夺了他说话的权利。
(
5
)主谓宾补结构(
S + V
+ O + C
)
在此句式中,
p>
V
是有宾语补足语的及物动词。
常带宾语补
足语的词有形容词、
副词、介词短语、名词、不定式、现在分词、过去分词。
常见的可接宾语补足语的动词很多,
哪些动词可
接哪几种形式作宾补,
须根
据动词的惯用法而定,不能统而概论
。请看下面的例子。
They made the girl
angry
.他们使这个女孩生气了。
They found her happy that
day
.他们发现那天她很高兴。
I
found him out
.我发现他出去了。
I saw him
in
.我见他在家。
They
saw a foot mark in the
sand
.他们在沙地上发现了一个脚印。
They named the boy
Charlie
.他们给这个男孩起名为查理。
I saw him come in and go
out
.我见他进来又出去。
They felt the car moving
fast
.他们感到汽车行驶得很快。
I heard the glass broken just
now
.我刚才听到玻璃碎了。
He
found the door of study closed to him
.他
发现研究所的大门对他关闭
了。
3
、
There be
句型(详参
There be
结构一章)
There
be
结构是一个重要的基本句型,它由
“There
+
be
+
主语
+
壮语
“
构成。
There is a book on the
desk.
桌子上有一本书。
There is a desk and two chairs in the
room.
屋子里有一张桌子两把椅子。
二、并列句
1
、概述
由
两个或两个以上的简单句并列连接起来的句子称为并列句
(compound
sentence)
。并列句中的各个简单句彼此独立,互不依从,但它
们表达的意思之
间有一定的关系。
并
列句中的各个简单句通常用并列连词连接起来。并列连词之前可用逗号,
也可不用逗号(
但
however
、
therefor
e
、
otherwise
等并列连词前
后都常有逗
号)
。常见的并列句结构是:简单句
+
并列连词
+
简单句。这种简
单句常被叫做分
句。
I help
him
and
he helps me.
< br>我帮助他,他帮助我。
(并列连词是
and
)
This is our first
lesson,
so
I don't know all
your names.
这是我们的第一
堂课,因此我不知道
大家的名字。
(
并列连词
so
前有逗号)
She likes bread
and milk,
but
she doesn't
like eggs at all.
她喜欢面包和
牛奶,但
她一点也不喜欢鸡蛋。
(并列连词是
but
)
You can draw a good
horse in five minutes,
yet
you kept me waiting for
a
ye
ar.
你能在五分钟之内画好一匹马,然而你却让我等了一年。
(并列连词是
yet
)
Hurry up,
or
you'll be late.
快点,否则你就会迟到。
(
并列连词是
or
)
One was filled with kerosene, one with
castor oil
and
one with vine
gar.
一个(瓶子)装满煤油,一个(瓶子)装满蓖麻油,还有一个(瓶子)装满醋。
(此句由
3
个分句组成,并列连词是<
/p>
and
)
2
、并列连词
并列连词(或连接副词)根据不同含义,分为如下几类:
p>
(
1
)表示连接,常用的有
and
、
not only...but also<
/p>
、
neither...nor
等。
p>
Right now it's the summer
vacation
and
I'm helping my
dad on the
farm.
眼下正是暑假期间,我帮助爸爸在农场里干活。
Not only
is he our teacher,
but also
he is our friend. <
/p>
他不仅是我们的
老师,而且是我们的朋友。
Neither
did
the
naughty
boy
go
home
nor
did
his
parents
come
to
search for him.
这调皮的男孩既不回家,他的父母也不寻找他。
(
2
)表示转折,常用的有
but
、
yet
、
sill
、
however
、
p>
while
等。
We grow rice in the south of the
States,
but
in the north
where it is
colder
they
grow
wheat.
在美国的南方
,我们种植稻谷,而在较冷的北方,人
们种植小麦。
The worker hunted for jobs in New York
for months,
yet
he couldn't
find any work.
这个工人在纽约找工作己有几个月之久,但是仍然没有找到。
Certainly he apologized,
however
, I won't forgive
him.
他的确道歉了,
然而我不会原谅他。
Instead, he asked his father why he was
not able to hatch chickens
while
hens could.
他反问他父亲,为什么他不能孵出小鸡,而母鸡却能。
(
3
)表示选择,常用的有
< br>or
、
or
else
、
otherwise
、
otherwise
、
either...or
等。
They must be taken
away from the heat of the fire,
or
they might get
burnt.
他们必须从炉火边拿走,不然就有可能烤糊的。
Take this bus
or
else
you won't get there in
time.
搭这辆公共汽车吧,否
则你将无法及时到达那里。<
/p>
Work hard,
otherwise
you'll be sorry.
努力用功,否则你会后悔。
Either you are mad or I am.
不是你疯了,就是我疯了。
(
4
)表示原因,只有
for
< br>一个词。
They had often heard
of elephants, but they had never seen one ,
for
being blind,
how could they?
他们常常听说过大象,但从来没看到过,因为他
p>
们是瞎子,怎么能看到呢?
(
5
)表示结果,常用的有
so
、
therefore
。
It's time of year for the rice harvest,
so
every day I work from
dawn
until dark.
这是一年中收割稻谷的时期,因此,我每天都从早到晚的劳动。
He worked day and night,
therefore
, he was able to
buy the sports car.
他日夜工作,所以有能力买那辆跑车。
(
6
)并列复合句
除以上简单的并列句之外,还有一种较复杂的并列句,叫做并列复合句
(com
pound complex
sentence)
,即其中的一个分句可包含一个以上从句。
I sucked a finger,
but the
finger I put into my mouth was not the one
I had dipped into the cup.
我
吮吸了手指,但是我放进嘴里的指头不是我在
杯子里蘸了一下的那个指头。
这句话中的第二个分句即含有定语从句
I
put
into
my
mouth
及
I
had
dipped into the cup
。在语言的实际运用中,可能会有更加复杂的并列句,如并
列句可有更多的
分句,
分句里可能有一个以上的从句,
从句里可能又有从句。<
/p>
但
读者只要掌握了各种句子的结构,不管句子多么复杂,自会迎刃
而解。
三、复合句
1
、概述
复合句
(complex
sentence)
由一个主句
(main clause)<
/p>
和一个或一个以上的从
句
(subord
inate
clause)
构成。主句是全句的主体,通常可
以独立存在;从句则
只用作句子的一个成分,不能独立。
After
the
students
were
all
in
the
chemistry
lab
, the teacher brought out
three
bottles.
在学生
全都进入化学实验室后,老师拿出三个瓶子来。
(主句是
“th
e teacher brought out three
bottles”
,从句是
“After the
students were
all in the chemistry
lab”
。
)
Corn is a very useful plant
that
can
be
prepared
in
many
different
ways
.
p>
玉米是一种非常有用的作物,
可用许多不同的方法制作成食物。
p>
(主句是
“Corn is
a
very
useful
plant”
,从句是
“that
can
be
prepared
in
many
different
ways”
。
)
We also believe
that many
more people will prefer to travel by ai
r.
我们还认为会有更多的人愿意乘飞机旅行。
(主句是
“We also believe”
但意义不
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