-
TPO-43
The Empire of Alexander
the Great
In 334 B.C. Alexander the
Great took his Greek armies to the east and in
only a few years
completed his creation
of an empire out of much of southwest Asia In the
new empire, barriers to
trade and the
movement of peoples were removed; markets were put
in touch with one another. In
the next
generation thousands of Greek traders and artisans
would enter this wider world to seek
their fortunes. Alexander’s actions had
several important consequences for the region
occu
pied by
the empire.
The first of these was the
expansion of Greek civilization throughout the
Middle East. Greek
became the great
international language. Towns and cities were
established not only as garrisons
(military
posts)
but
as
centers
for
the
diffusion
of
Greek
language,
literature,
and
thought,
particularly
through
libraries,
as
at
Antioch
(in
modern
Turkey)
and
the
most
famous
of
all,
at
Alexandria in Egypt,
which would be the finest in the world for the
next thousand years.
Second, this internationalism spelled
the end of the classical Greek city-
state
——
the unit of
government
in
ancient
Greece
——
and
everything
it
stood
for.
Most
city-states
had
been
quite
small
in terms of citizenry, and this was considered to
be a good thing. The focus of life was the
agora, the open marketplace where
assemblies could be held and where issues of the
day, as well
as more fundamental topics
such as the purpose of government or the
relationship between law
and
freedom,
could
be
discussed
and
decisions
made
by
individuals
in
philosopher
Plato (428-348
B.C.) felt that the ideal city-state should have
about 5,000 citizens, because to the
Greeks
it
was
important
that
everyone
in
the
community
should
know
each
other.
In
decision
making,
the
whole
body
of
citizens
together
would
have
the
necessary
knowledge
in
order
generally to reach the right decision,
even though the individual might not be
particularly qualified
to
decide.
The
philosopher
Aristotle
(384-322
B.C.),
who
lived
at
a
time
when
the
city-state
system
was
declining,
believed
that
a
political
entity
of
100,000
simply
would
not
be
able
to
govern itself.
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This implied that the city-state was
based on the idea that citizens were not
specialists but had
multiple
interests
and
talents
——
each
a
so-called
jack-
of-all-trades
who
could
engage
in
many
areas of life and politics. It implied
a respect for the wholeness of life and a
consequent dislike of
specialization. ■
It implied economic an
d military
self-
sufficiency. ■But with the
development of
trade and commerce in
Alexander’s empire came the growth of cities; it
was no longer possible to
be a jack-of-
all-
trades. ■One now had to specialize,
and with specialization came professionalism.
■T
here were getting to be
too many persons to know, an easily observable
community of interests
was being
replaced by a multiplicity of interests. The city-
state was simply too
Third,
Greek philosophy was opened up to the philosophy
and religion of the East At thepeak
of
the Greek
city-state,
religion
played
an
important
part.
Its
gods
—
such
as
Zeus,
father
of
the
gods,
and
his
wife
Hera
—
were
thought
of
very
much
as
being
like
human
beings
but
with
superhuman
abilities.
Their
worship
was
linked
to
the
rituals
connected
with
one’s
progress
through
life
—
birth, marriage, and
death
—
and with invoking
protection against danger, making
prophecies, and promoting healing,
rather than to any code of behavior. Nor was there
much of a
theory of afterlife.
Even before Alexander’s
time, a life spent in the service of their
city
-state no longer seemed
ideal to Greeks The Athenian
philosopher Socrates (470-399 B.C.) was the first
person in Greece
to propose a morality
based on individual conscience rather than the
demands of the state, and for
this he
was accused of not believing in the city’s gods
and so corrupting the youth, and he was
condemned
to
death.
Greek
philosophy
—
or
even
a
focus
on
conscience
—
might
complement
religion but was
no substitute for it, and this made Greeks
receptive to the religious systems of the
Middle
East,
even
if
they
never
adopted
them
completely.
The
combination
of
the
religious
instinct
of
Asia
with
the
philosophic
spirit
of
Greece
spread
across
the
world
in
the
era
after
Alexander’
s
death, blending the culture of the Middle East
with the culture of Greece.
1. According to paragraph 1, Alexander
the Great did which of the following?
ORegulated the movement and
resettlement in southwest Asia of thousands of
Greek people
OOpened up
opportunities in new markets for traders and
artisans
OCreated new restrictions on
trade
OEncouraged Greek citizens to
choose military careers over careers in trade
2. The word
O
adoption
O spread
O teaching
O learning
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3. In paragraph 2,the author mentions
the libraries at Antioch and Alexandria in order
to
O provide evidence that the library
was a cultural institution in the East before it
spread to the
West
O explain
why it was important for Greek to become the great
international language
O identify two
of the sources of Greek cultural influence within
Alexander’s empire
O support
the claim that the Greeks transformed Middle
Eastern garrisons and military posts into
cultural centers
4. Which of the sentences below best
expresses the essential information in the
highlighted
sentence in the passage?
Incorrect choices change the meaning in important
ways or leave out
essential
information.
O Assemblies were held in
the agora to discuss some issues of the day, but
more fundamental
questions were decided
by key individuals.
O In a culture
where philosophical discussions were frequent,
some individuals questioned the
value
of a life focused on the marketplace.
O
Life centered around the agora, an open
marketplace and site for public debate, where
individuals could participate in
decision making.
O The focus of
individuals was on fundamental topics such as the
purpose of government and the
connection between law and freedom.
5. According to paragraph
3
，
Plato believed that the
ideal city-state should be
O governed
by a ruling body of about 5,000 city leaders with
a total population of no more than
100,000
O led by the most
qualified individual
O governed by the
group of citizens with the most knowledge about
the issues of the day
O small enough so
that everyone would know each other
6. Why does the author mention
O To provide additional evidence that
the ancient Greeks believed that political units
must be
small
O To
demonstrate the accuracy of philosophers’
predictions about the end of the classical Greek
city-state
O To show how
changes in the city-state system from the fifth to
the third century B C. were
reflected
in the ideas of its philosophers
O To
support the claim that small city-states were
ideally suited to produce philosophical inquiry
7. The word
O at its best
O
rapidly expanding
O first
being formed
O weakening
8. According to paragraph 4,
Alexander's empire was characterized by all of the
following
EXCEPT
O decreased need for military control
O growing professionalism
O growth of cities
O specialization in trades
9. The word
“
peak
” in the passage is
closest in meaning to
O end
O command
O high point
O beginning
10.
According to paragraph 5, religion in the Greek
city-state involved
O a set
of rules governing behavior
O a detailed conception of life after
death
O rituals related to
significant life events
O
worship of gods who were not like humans
11. According to paragraph
6
，
what was the basis for the
accusation against Socrates?
O He
encouraged people to be guided by their own
consciences instead of by the state.
O
He stated that people had a duty to fight against
the corruption of their leaders.
O He
reasoned that the needs of the youth were more
important than the needs of the state.
O He argued that people’s
beha
vior should be guided by the
religious systems of the Middle East.
word
O suggest
O deny
O
consider
O question
13.
Look at the
four squares [■] that indicate where the following
sentence could
be added to the
passage.
Likewise, the
collective decision-making process of the open
marketplace was no longer
practical.
Where would the sentence best fit?
Click on a square [■] to add the sentence to the
passage.
14.
Directions
: An introductory
sentence for a brief summary of the passage is
provided below.
Complete the summary by
selecting the THREE answer choices that express
the most important
ideas in the passage
Some sentences do not belong in the summary
because they express ideas that
are not
presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the
passage.
This question is worth 2
points
.
Alexander the Great’s creation of a
vast empire had important consequences for Greece
and
the conquered areas of southwest
Asia.
●
●
●
Answer choices
O
Scholars from Antioch, Alexandria, and other
Middle Eastern cultural centers came to Greece to
study the Greek language and culture.
O Increasing urbanization and the
elimination of trade barriers meant the end of the
Greek
city-state and the creation of a
much larger political and economic body.
O The professionalism and
specialization so prized by the ancient Greeks
were replaced by a more
generalized
philosophy of education in the empire.
O The expansion of Alexander’s empire
led to the diffu
sion of Greek language,
literature, and
thought throughout the
Middle East.
O The empire saw the birth
of a new culture, merging Greek philosophical
ideas with the religious
spirit of
Asia.
O Religion played an important
part in the expansion of the empire, as Alexander
introduced Zeus
and the other Greek
gods to Asia.
参考答案：
1-5 BBCCD
6-10 ADACC
11-13
AAC
14
BDE
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参考译文：亚历山大帝国
公元前
334
年，
亚力山大大帝带领希腊军队来到
东方，
在短短几年里，
他就建立了一个
包括亚洲西南大部分的帝国。
在新帝国中，
贸易壁垒和民族运动
都不复存在，
市场也互通有
无。
在下一
代，
成千上万的希腊商人和工匠将进入这个更广阔的世界去寻求财富。
< br>亚力山大
建立的帝国对所在的地区有几个重要的影响。
首先是希腊文明在整个中东地区的扩张。
希腊语成为了国际语言。
城镇和城市建立起来，
不仅成为驻
军之地（军事哨所），也是传播希腊语言、文学、思想的中心。这种传播尤其是
在图书馆
进行，
比如在安提阿（今土耳其）的图书馆。而最为著名的是埃及亚历山大的图书
馆，该图书馆在接下来的一千年里都是世界一流的。
其次，
这种国际主义使古典希腊城邦
（古希腊的政府单位）
以及它所代表的一切走向了
结束。
大多数城邦在市民数量上来说都很小，
这在当
时被认为是一件好事。
市民们生活的中
心是市集。
市集是一个开放的市场，
市民们可以在那集会，讨论当下的各种问题，
以及如政
府的目的或法律与自由的关系这类的基本问题，
并且每个人都做出自己的决定。
哲学家柏拉
图（公元
前
428-348
）认为一个理想的城邦应该有大约
5000
名公民，因为对希腊人来说，
社区的每个
人要互相认识是很重要的。
在做决策的过程中，
全体公民都得掌
握必要的知识以
做出正确的决定，
即使这个人并非特别有资格做
决定。
生活在城邦制度衰落时期的哲学家亚
里士多德（公元前<
/p>
384-322
）认为一个政治实体若是有
100000
人，那根本就无法自治。
这意味着城邦是基于公民虽然不是专家但有着广泛的兴趣和才
能这一理念的，
每个人都是可
以参与到生活和政治的许多领域的
多面手。
这意味着对人生的完整性的尊重和随之而来的对
专业化
的厌恶。
这也隐含经济和军事上的自给自足。
但随着亚力山大帝
国的贸易和商业的发
展，城市也发展起来；人们不再可能是多面手。每个人都要专门化，
随着专门化而来的是专
业度。
由于有太多的人要了解，
原来很显而易见的群体利益被各种各样的利益取代。
城邦实
在是太
“
小
”
了。
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TPO
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第三，
希腊哲学建立在东方的哲学和
宗教之上。
在希腊城邦的繁盛时期，
宗教发挥了重
要的作用。
其神如众神之父宙斯和他的妻子赫拉通常认为很像人类，
但具有超能力。
他们的
信仰会结合与生命历程（
出生、结婚、死亡）、祈求远离危险、做出预言、提高治愈能力的
仪式，而不是与行为规
范有关。他们的信仰中也不存在一个来世的理论。
即使在亚力山大之前的时代，
希腊的城邦生活也不是理想的。
雅典哲学家苏格拉底
（公
元前
470-399
）是希腊第一个提出道德要基于个人良心而不是国家要求的人，为此
他被指控
亵渎神明和腐蚀青年，
所以被判了死刑。
希腊哲学
——
或甚至仅是对良心的关注
——
可能会
成为宗教的补充，
但不能替代宗教，
这让中东的宗教系统接受了希腊人，
即使希
腊人从未采
纳他们的宗教系统。
亚洲的宗教本能与希腊的哲学精
神这种结合在在亚历山大死后传遍了世
界，将亚洲文化和希腊的文化融合在一起。
The Origin of Petroleum
Petroleum
is
defined
as
a
gaseous,
liquid,
and
semisolid
naturally
occurring
substance
that
consists
chiefly
of
hydrocarbons
(chemical
compounds
of
carbon
and
hydrogen).
Petroleum
is
therefore a term that
includes both oil and natural gas. Petroleum is
nearly always found in marine
sedimentary
rocks.
In
the
ocean,
microscopic
phytoplankton
(tiny
floating
plants)
and
bacteria
(simple, single-
celled organisms) are
the principal
sources of organic matter that is
trapped and
buried
in
sediment.
Most
of
the
organic
matter
is
buried
in
clay
that
is
slowly
converted
to
a
fine-grained
sedimentary
rock
known
as
this
conversion,
organic
compounds
are
transformed to oil and
natural gas.
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■Sampling on the continental shelves
and along the base of the continental slopes has
shown
that fine muds beneath
the seafloor contain up to 8 percent
organic matter. ■Two additional kinds
of evidence support the hypothesis that
petroleum is a
product of the
decomposition of organic
matter: oil
possesses optical properties known only in
hydrocarbons derived from organic matter,
and oil contains nitrogen and certain
compounds believed to originate only in living
matter.
■A
complex sequence
of chemical reactions is involved in converting
the original solid organic matter
to
oil and gas, and additional chemical changes may
occur in the oil and gas even after they have
formed. ■
It is now well established that
petroleum migrates through aquifers and can become
trapped
in reservoirs. Petroleum
migration is analogous to groundwater migration.
When oil and gas are
squeezed
out
of
the
shale
in
which
they
originated
and
enter
a
body
of
sandstone
or
limestone
somewhere
above,
they
migrate
readily
because
sandstones
(consisting
of
quartz
grains)
and
limestones (consisting
of carbonate minerals) are much more permeable
than any force
of molecular attraction
between oil and quartz or carbonate minerals is
weaker than that between
water and
quartz or carbonate minerals. Hence, because oil
and water do not mix, water remains
fastened
to
the
quartz
or
carbonate
grains,
while
oil
occupies
the
central
parts
of
the
larger
openings in the porous sandstone or
limestone. Because oil is lighter than water, it
tends to glide
upward past the
carbonate- and quartz-held water. In this way, oil
becomes segregated from the
water; when
it encounters a trap, it can form a pool.
Most of the petroleum that
forms in sediments does not find a suitable trap
and eventually
makes its way, along
with groundwater, to the surface of the sea. It is
estimated that no more than
0.1 percent
of all the organic matter originally buried in a
sediment is eventually trapped in an oil
pool.
It
is
not
surprising,
therefore,
that
the
highest
ratio
of
oil
and
gas
pools
to
volume
of
sediment
is
found
in
rock
no
older
than
2.5
million
years
—
young
enough
so
that
little
of
the
petroleum has leaked
away
—
and that nearly 60
percent of all oil and gas discovered so far has
been found in strata that formed in the
last 65 million years. This does not mean that
older rocks
produced less petroleum; it
simply means that oil in older rocks has had a
longer time in which to
leak away.
How
much
oil
is
there
in
the
world?
Thisis
an
extremely
controversial
question.
Many
billions of barrels of oil have already
been pumped out of the ground. A lot of additional
oil has
been
located
by
drilling
but
is
still
waiting
to
be
pumped
out.
Possibly
a
great
deal
more
oil
remains to be found by
drilling. Unlike coal, the volume of which can be
accurately estimated, the
volume
of
undiscovered
oil
can
only
be
guessed
at.
Guesses
involve
the
use
of
accumulated
experience from
a century of drilling. Knowing how much oil has
been found in an intensively
drilled
area, such as eastern Texas, experts make
estimates of probable volumes in other regions
where
rock
types
and
structures
are
similar
to
those
in
eastern
Texas.
Using
this
approach
and
considering
all
the
sedimentary
basins
of
the
world,
experts
estimate
that
somewhere
between
1,500 and 3,000 billion barrels of oil
will eventually be discovered.
1. According to paragraph 1, petroleum
is formed in which of the following ways?
O Bacteria and tiny plants
undergo a change while they are buried in clay.
O Carbon and hydrogen
combine to form shale.
O Ocean rocks
are converted into organic compounds.
O
Oil and gas rise to the surface of sediment and
are trapped in rocks.
2.
The word
O hidden
O destroyed
O
caught
O found
3. All of the following are cited in
paragraph 2 as evidence that petroleum is a
product of the
decomposition of organic
matter EXCEPT
O the amount of organic
matter found in layers of mud below the seafloor
O the chemical changes that
occur in oil and natural gas after they have
formed
O the optical
properties of oil
O the fact that oil
contains nitrogen and other compounds believed to
be of organic origin
4.
According to paragraph 2, which of the following
is true of the change of solid organic material
into oil and gas?
O It is
more likely to occur along the base of continental
slopes than on the continental shelves.
O It only takes place in areas where
the seafloor contains at least 8 percent organic
matter.
O It is a process that can be
reversed through chemical changes that occur after
the oil and gas have formed.
O It
involves a complicated series of chemical
reactions.
of the
sentences below best expresses the essential
information in the highlighted
sentence
in the passage? Incorrect choices change the
meaning in important ways or leave out
essential information.
O
When oil and gas are squeezed out of the rock in
which they originated, it is probably because
the layer of rock above them is much
more permeable than shale.
O
Sandstones, which are made of quartz grains, and
limestones, which are made of carbonate
minerals, can hold much more oil and
gas than any shale can.
O When they are
squeezed from the shale in which they were formed,
oil and gas move easily into
the much
more permeable layers of sandstone or limestone
above.
O Oil and gas are squeezed out
of sandstones, consisting of quartz grains, and
migrate readily into
limestones, which
consist of carbonate minerals and are much more
permeable.
6. Why does the
author include the information that
and
quartz or carbonate minerals is weaker than that
between water and quartz or carbonate
minerals.
O To help explain
why petroleum behaves differently from water in
bodies of sandstone and
limestone
O To illustrate why petroleum migrates
more rapidly through sandstone than it does
through
limestone
O To help
explain how water and petroleum can mix in certain
aquifers
O To account for
the different molecular structures of oil and
water
7. The word
Omeets
Oforms
Oescapes
Oavoids
8. The word
O noticeable
O permanent
O protected
O appropriate
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9. According to paragraph
4, what happens to most of the petroleum that
forms in sediments?
OIt remains in
underground pools.
OIt is buried under
organic matter.
OIt rises to the
surface of the ocean.
OIt combines with
the minerals found in groundwater.
aph 4 supports which of the following
statements about future petroleum discoveries?
O Less petroleum will be found than in
the past because the ratio of petroleum pools to
volume of
sediment will decrease.
O Most of the petroleum will come from
rocks that are less than 65 million years old.
O Petroleum that has leaked away from
older rocks will be the source of most new
discoveries.
O More petroleum will
become available because the amount of trapped
organic matter will
increase.
11. The phrase
O is a question of great importance
O is a question causing
strong disagreement
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