-
Unit 1
1
、
tariff
n.
关税，关税表，关税率
?
A tax on
imported items, computed as a percentage of the
import value;
?
China imposes tariffs on automobiles,
electronic equipment, cosmetics, etc;
2
、
equilibrium
n.
平衡，均衡【同
balance
】
?
(Economics)a
situation in which supply and demand are matched
and prices
stable.
?
一般均衡
general Equilibrium
?
局部均衡
partial Equilibrium
?
国际收支平衡
Equilibrium in the balance of payments
3
、
futures
n.
期货
【
commodity futures
商品期货】
?
goods and
stocks sold for future delivery
?
A
contract
to
buy
or
sell
a
specified
amount
of
a
commodity
or
financial
instrument at an agreed price at a set
date in the future.
4
、
The reasons for
international trade:
?
The uneven
distribution of natural resources
?
International specialization
?
Different Patterns of demand
among nations
?
Economies of scale
?
Innovation or
variety of style
5
、
OPEC
=Organization of (the) Petroleum
Exporting Countries
石油输出国家组织
IBA
=Independent Broadcasting
Authority
英国独立广播机构
phosphate
cartel
（磷酸盐同业联盟）
;
tin cartel
（锡同业联盟）
Commodity Cartels
商品联盟
6
、
tangible
adj.
可触知的，有形的【反
intangible
】
7
、
portfolio
n.
有价证券财产目录
?
The group of
assets, such as stocks, bonds, mutual held by an
investor.
?
Portfolio
investment
证券投资
8
、
licensing
agreements
许可证协议
?
contract giving
someone the legal right to use a patent or
trademark
franchise
agreements
特许经销协议
9
、
FDI
=
Foreign direct investment
外国直接投资
?
ownership of
asset abroad and can take the form of either
direct or portfolio
investment.
ME
=Multinational
Enterprises
跨国公司（
MNC=MultiNational
Corporation
跨国公司）
?
A firm that
owns business operations in more than one country
10
、
Question:
comparative advantage refers to the
advantages based on the comparison
between countries?
Unit 2
1
、
access
n.
接近；通路
?
the means or
opportunity to approach or enter a place
?
Market
access
（市场准入）
for
goods in the WTO means the conditions, tariff
and non-tariff
measures, agreed by members for the entry of
specific goods
into their markets.
2
、
Validity
n.
有效；合法性
?
The term of
validity
有效期间
3
、
carrier
n.
搬运人；从事运输业的人（或）公司
?
An organization
that transports products or services using its
facilities;
4
、
Underwriter
n.
担保人；保险商
?
A company
assumes the cost risk of death, illness, fire,
theft, etc., in exchange
for payments;
5
、
Arbitration
n.
控诉；打官司
?
An informal
hearing regarding a dispute
6
、
Certificate
n.
证明书、执照、单据
?
Certificate of
deposit;
?
CPA
(certificated public
accountant
注册会计师
)
7
、
Invoice
n.
发票
?
A detailed list
of goods shipped or services rendered, with an
account of all
costs; an itemized bill.
8
、
Insurance
policy
保险单
Certificate of
origin
产地证书
Inspection
certificate
检验证
Packing list
包装单
<
/p>
9
、
FAS
=F
ree Alongside Ship
装运港船边交货
10
、
Incoterm
2000
=international commercial terms
2000
年国际贸易术语解释通则
<
/p>
11
、
FOB
=
Free on Board
装运港船上交货
?
FOB HK
< br>12
、
L/C
=Letter
of Credit
信用证
?
L/C is a
commitment, usually by a bank on behalf of client,
to pay a beneficiary
a stated amount of
money under specified conditions.
信用证是银
行作出的有
条件的付款承诺，即银行根据开证申请人的请求和指示，向受益人开具的有一
定金额，并在一定时期内凭规定的单据承诺付款的书面文件。
?
Who should open
L/C?
importers
B/L
=Bill of
Lading
提单
13
、
CFR
=Cost and Freight
成本加运费
(……
< br>指定目的港
)
=C&F
=Cost and Freight
成本加运费
CIF
=Cost, Insurance and
Freight
到岸价格，成本、运费加保险价
14
、
CPA
= certified
public accountant
注册会计师
15
、
globalization
全球化
?
The tendency of investment funds and
businesses to move beyond domestic
and
national markets to other markets around the
globe, thereby increasing
the
interconnectedness of different markets.
16
、<
/p>
Negotiation
（
n.
协商
,
谈判）的步骤
1
）
Enquiry:
询盘
Enquiry can be made by both sellers or
buyers.
?
General speaking , enquiry has not
legal effect, so we would call it invite offer.
E.g.
?
Please offer Flying Pigeon Brand
Bicycles.
?
Can
supply 1000pcs Flying Pigeon Brand Bicycles May
shipment please bid.
2
）
Offer
（发盘）
?
An
offer
is
a
proposal
made
by
sellers
to
buyers
in
order
to
enter
into
the
contract.
?
Withdrawal
收回
?
Revocation
撤回
3
）
Counter-
offer
（还盘）
：
?
The offeree
doesn’t agree or precisely
agree on any conditions of the offer.
Meanwhile, the offeree suggests
modification to offerer.
?
counter-offer
can be considered as bargain
4
）
Acceptance:
?
acceptance
is
a
statement
made
by
other
conduct
of
the
offerees
indicating unconditional consent to an
offer.
17
、
Customs
clearance
海关清关、结关
?
Declare the
export goods to customs
?
Submit
documents:
commercial
invoices,
export
licenses,
copies
of
sales
contracts, and inspection certificates.
18
、
Import
procedures
?
Import license
、
Trade negotiation
、
L/C
、
Shipping
、
Insurance
、
< br>Document
examination and payment
、
Customs clearance
19
、
Export
procedures
?
Export
license
、
Negotiation
、
Cargo
Readiness
、
Letter of
Credit
、
Customs
clearance
、
Shipping and Insurance
、
Document and payment
20
、
Claim
索赔
?
Claim made against
?
if problems
such as weight shortage, inferior quality or wrong
shipment are found
and
attributed
to
the
exporter
,the
importer
should
make
claims
against
the
exporter
.
?
if the loss or
damage is due to the negligence of the carrier
,the claim should be
made
against
the carrier
.
?
if
the
loss
or
damage
has
been
caused
by
the
risks
that
are
covered
by
insurance,the claim should be made
against
the underwriter
.
?
Claim made
within time limit
21
、
Settlement of
disputes
（解决争端）的三个形式
?
Negotiation
?
Arbitration
（仲裁）
?
litigation
（诉讼、起诉）
22
、
Under CIF, the
importer should ask the exporter to advise the
shipment in time so that
the goods can
be covered by insurance without
delay.
（错，是
Under
CFR
）
23
、
Under
documentary collection, the importer himself
should examine the documents to
check
if they meet the requirements of the sales
contracts.
（对）
Unit 3
1
、
Confiscation
n.
没收，充公
?
copyright
administrative
authorities
may
confiscate
their
illegal
income or impose a
fine on them.
2
、
Consignee
n.
受货人，收货人
?
Person named in
a Bill of Lading to whom the bill promises
delivery.
3
、
Consignor
n.
托运人，发货人，寄销人
?
The one who
sends consignment.
?
Is
the
person
who
calls
on
a
common
carrier
for
transportation
service
a
consignor?
Unit 4
1
< br>、
Multilateral
adj.
多边的
?
E.g. a
multilateral treaty
全球多边贸易体系
?
Global system
of multilateral
trade
充当多边贸易谈判的论坛
?
Acting as a
forum for multilateral trade negotiations
?
Bilateral
adj.
双边的
,
双方的
2
、
Unprecedented
adj.
空前的，没有先例的
?
An
unprecedented
success
史无前例的人口膨胀
?
An
unprecedented expansion in population;
?
CPI in China
soars to unprecedented heights.
3
、
Anti-dumping
adj.
反倾销的
?
The antidumping mechanism must be
perfected.
?
dumping
倾销
4
、<
/p>
Predecessor
n.
前任者，前辈
?
Predecessor
company
?
WTO
取代了它的前身
5
、
Ratify
v.
批准，认可
?
To ratify a
treaty/ Constitutions
6
、
Infringe
v.
违反，侵犯
?
To infringe a
rule/ a contract/ a patent/ on the
right
7
、
Scrutiny
n.
详细审查
a)
Moral scrutiy
b)
Every product undergoes a close
scrutiny
8
、
Procurement
n.
采购，获得
9
、
Ministerial
Conference
部长会议（
WTO
最高机构）
Senior
Officials’ Meeting (SOM)
高官会
——
other
ministerial-level meeting
WTO
（
The World
Trade Organization
）
GATT=General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade
关税及贸易总协定
APEC=Asia-Pacific Economic
Cooperation
亚太经合组织
10
、
P56
Decisions are made by the
entire membership
. This is typically by
consensus. A
majority vote is also
possible but it has never been used in the WTO,
and was extremely
rare under GATT .The
WTO’ s agreements have been ratified in all
members’ parliaments.
11
、
P67
T
oday there are
21 member economies comprising some 2.5 billion
people ,a
combined
gross
domestic
product
(GDP)
of
over
US$$18
trillion
in
1999
and
over
47
percent
of
world
trade.
APEC
has
established
itself
as
the
primary
regional
vehicle
for
promoting open trade and practical
economic and technical cooperation.
12
、
The WTO’s
top
-level decision-making body is
Ministerial Conference
部长级会议是
世贸组织的最高决策权力机构
?
Meeting every
two years
一般两年举行一次会议
13
、
General
Council
（负责世贸组织日常会议和工作）
?
Three councils
reporting to GC
：
?
Goods
Council
、
Services
Council
、
Intellectual
Property Council
14
、
When was APEC
founded?
?
It’s
established
in 1989
15
、
What APEC its
goal?
?
Its goal is to advance economic
dynamism and the sense of commodity within
the Asia-Pacific region
16
、
APEC
——
1
989: 12 founding members:
?
Australia, Brunei Darussalam, Canada,
Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea,
Malaysia,
New
Zealand,
Republic
of
the
Philippines,
Singapore,
Thailand,
and U.S.
?
Today there are
21 member
economies
comprising some 2.5 billion people.
17
、
What is the
key difference between WTO and
APEC
？？
18
、
What are the
key features
between APEC
and other international organizations?
?
Its commitment
to facilitating business and its exposure of the
business/private
sector a wide range of
APEC activities.
Unit 5
1
、
voluntary
export restraint agreement
自愿限制出口协定
2
、
P73
Nontariff
Barriers(NTBs)
include
quotas,
voluntary
export
restrains,
export
subsidies, and a variety of other
regulations and restrictions covering
international trade.
International
economists and policy makers have become
increasingly concerned about
such
barriers in the past few years.
3
、
P74
The economic effects of NTBs to trade
are roughly similar to those of tariffs; that is,
they
are
inefficient
distortions
which
reduce
potential
gains
from
trade.
Nations
have
resorted to them more frequently for
protection in lieu of tariffs.
4
、
P74
Historically, the GATT has prohibited
import quotas except on agricultural products,
as emergency measures, or when a
country has short-run balance of payments problems
.
过去，
关税及贸易总协定规定，
除农
产品以外，
禁止在实行紧急措施或在一国出现短期性国
际收支问
题时实行进口配额。
?
对应：
The EEC
（
European economic
community
欧共体）
flatly refused
to discuss
its Common Agricultural
Policy (CAP) at the Tokyo round, the CAP sets
variable
tariffs on imports so as to
maintain high domestic prices by excluding or
impeding
imports.
5
、
Quotas
Theory
配额理论
?
An import quota
is a direct restriction on the quantity of a good
that is imported.
6
、
Custom
Valuation
关税估价
During
the
Tokyo
round,
considerable
progress
was
made
in
the
area
of
customs
valuation for duty. Value for duty is
now generally on the invoice cost, even for
intrafirm
trade
between
related
subsidiaries
of MNEs, unless transfer price
manipulation
can
be
demonstrated. The
latitude of customs to reclassify products was
also reduced. Prior to
this agreement,
some countries had highly idiosyncratic valuation
system.
7
、
Technical
Barriers
技术贸易壁垒
?
Product and
process standards for health, welfare, safety,
quality, size, and
measurements
can
impede
trade
by
excluding
“nonstandard”
products,
standards can be used not only to
ensure quality and performance but also to
impede trade.
?
National
governments
have
the
rights
and
duty
to
protect
their
citizens
by
setting standards to prevent the sale
of hazardous or shoddy products.
?
At
one
time
the
new
regulations
for
automobile
safety
in
the
US
required
bumpers to be above the height
practical for imported subcompact cars.
8
、
Subsidies,
Countervailing duties, antidumping legislation
出口补贴，反倾销税，
反倾销法
?
The
GATT
allows
importing
countries
to
protect
domestic
producers
from
unfair
competition
by
imposing
additional
duties
on
products
that
have
received export
subsidies or are dumped at low prices.
?
The Tokyo round
developed a code on countervailing duties and
antidumping
duties that expedited the
process of determining whether exports had been
dumped or subsidized and whether the
domestic industry had been injured.
9
、
Agricultural
Products
农业产品
?
The
European
Economic
Community
flatly
refused
to
discuss
its
Common
Agricultural Policy
(CAP) at the Tokyo round.
10
、
P86
Part B Dumping & Anti-
Dumping
看一遍，尤其是第三段
Unit 6
1
< br>、
EDI
=Electronic Data
Interchange
电子数据交换
,
无纸贸易
2
、
broker
n.
经纪人（
a person who buys and
sells goods or assets for
others
）
3
、
Types of
e-commerce
电子商务种类
?
General
speaking,
e-commerce
is
divided
into
2
main
categories:
business-to- cus
tomer
（
B2C
）
and
business-to
business(B2B)
.
?
E-commerce is approached differently
depending on if you are communicating
with a business or an individual on the
internet.
Other types of
e-commerce
?
Government-to- Business and Government-
to-Citizen.
4
、
International
e-commerce is the way of future, but there is
still a long way to go to make
it
perfect.