-
情态动词
+ have done
动词
+
动词完成式即“情态动词
+ have + done
”,表示对过去行为或动作进行推
测、评论
或判断。这个结构是近几年高考情态动词的重点和难点。
一、在虚拟语气中的用法
1. should have done
表示“过去本应该做某事却未做。”其否定结构
shouldn't have done
表
示
“过去本不该做某事却做了。”
2. ought to have done
表示
“过去本应该做某事却未做。
”
其否定结构
p>
oughtn't to have done
表
示
“过去本不该做某事却做了。”
3. need have done
表示“过去本有必要做
某事却未做。”
其否定结构
needn't have done
表示
“过去本没必要做某事却做了。”
4. could (
不能用
can) have done
表示
“过去本能够做某事却未做。
”
注意:
其否定形式
couldn't
have done
没有虚拟语气的用法,
couldn't have done
只能表推测,相当于
can't
have done
,
意为:“过去不可能做了某事。”
5.
might
(
不能用
may)
have
done
表示“过去本可以做某事却未做。”
注意:其否定形式
might
not have done
没有虚拟语气的用法,
might not have
done
只能表推测,
相当于
may not
have
done
,意为:“过去可能没有做某事。”
二、表推测的用法
1. must have done
表示对过去某事的肯定猜测,译为:过去肯定做了某事。不存在
mustn't have done
的形式。
其否定或疑问形式须用
can(could)
来表示
.
例如:
Since the road is wet, it must have
rained last night.
既然路是湿的,那昨天晚上肯定下雨了。
He can't have missed the
way. I drew him a map.
他不可能迷路。我(当时)给他画了张图。
“
The dictionary
has disappeared. Who could have taken
it?
”
词典不见了,(过去)谁可
能把
它拿走了?
2. may / might have done
may / might have done
表示“过去可能做了某事”。
may
比
might
表示的可能性在说话人
看来稍大些。
may/might
not have
done
表示“过去可能没有做某事。”例如:
I can't find my
keys. I may / might have left them at the school
yesterday.
我找不到我的钥匙了。
我可能昨天把他
们落在学校了。
John
may/might not have passed the exam; he looks very
sad.
约翰可能没有通过考试。
他看起来
很忧伤。
注意:
may/might have
done
表推测不能用于疑问句中。
3. can/could have done
表推测一般用在否定句和疑问句中,表示不相信或怀疑的态度。
Can/Could he have passed
the exam?
他可能通过了考试吗?
I think that he
couldn
’
t/can't have gone
abroad. I saw him just now.
我认为他不可能出国了。我
刚才还看见他了。
注:
表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时,
就表示的可
能性程度而言,
must
最大,
could
其
次,
may
更次之,
might
最小。例如:
“
I wonder how
Tom knew about your past.
”
“我想知道汤姆是怎么知道你的过去的。”
“
He must / could
/ may / might have heard of it from
Mary.
”
“他肯定
/
很可能
/
可能
/
兴许(没
准儿)已从玛丽那儿听说此事了。”<
/p>
三、高考例析
1. Sorry I'm late. I ________ have
turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep
again.
(
2000
北京春季)
A. might
B. should
C. can
D. will
答案为
A
。表推测的用法。句意:对不起,我迟到了。我(当时)兴许是关了闹钟又回去
睡觉了。
might
相当于
may,
但语气更加不肯定。
2. I was really anxious about you.
You_________ home without a word.
(
01
全国)
A. mustn't leave B. shouldn't have left
C. couldn't have left D. needn't leave
答案为
B
。
虚拟语气用法。句意:我(那时)真地很担心你。你本不应该不留个话就离开
家。
3.
—
I
’
ll tell Mary
about her new job tomorrow.
—
You________ her last week.
(
04
福建)
A
.
ought to tell
B
.
would have told
C
.
must tell
D
.
should have told