语言学名词解释76959

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一、

Term Definition:

Language

: is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

Phonetics

:

the

study

of

sounds

used

in

linguistic

communication

led

to

the

establishment of phonetics.

Semantics

: the study of meaning

Pragmatics

:

the

study

of

how

speakers

of

a

language

use

sentences

to

effect

successful communication.

Syntax

:

in

linguistics,

what

a

language

expresses

about

the

world

we

live

in

or

any

possible or imaginary world.

Morphology

: the study of the way in which these symbols are arranged and combined

to form words has constituted the branch of study

Synonym

: words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.

Reference

: what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals

with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non- linguistic world

of experience.

Sense

:

concerned

with

the

inherent

meaning

of

a

linguistic

form,

the

collection

of

all its features; it is abstract and de-contextualized.

Duality

: language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two

levels.

Dialect

:

a

variety

of

a

language,

spoken

in

one

part

of

a

country

(regional

dialect),

or

by

people

belonging

to

a

particular

social

class

(social

dialect

or

sociolect),

which is different in some words, grammar, and/or pronunciation from other forms

of the same language.

Accent

: a particular way of speaking which tells the listener something about the

speaker's background.

Conversational maxim

: an unwritten rule about conversation which people know and

which influences the form of conversational exchanges.

Context

: it is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the

speaker and the hearer.

Competence

: the ideal user

’

s knowledge of the rules of his language.

Performance

:

the

actual

realization

of

this

knowledge

in

linguistic

communication.

Register

: the type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of

situation.

Locutionary act

: the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses. It is the act

of conveying literal meaning. It is the act performed in saying something.

Hyponymy

:

refers

to

the

sense

relation

between

a

more

general,

more

inclusive

word

and a more specific word.

Phonology

: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how

these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.

Speech community

: the social group that is singled out for any special study.

Transcription

:

the

use

of

symbols

to

show

sounds

or

sound

sequences

in

written

form.

Bound morpheme

: a morpheme that must be attached to another one is called bound

morpheme.

Minimal Pair

: when two different forms are identical in every way except for one

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。

sound segment which occurs in the same position in the strings, the two sound

combinations are said to form a minimal pair.

Stress

:

the

pronunciation

of

a

word

or

syllable

with

more

force

than

the

surrounding

words or syllables.

Compounding

: a word formation process in which words are formed by putting two or

more words together.

Affixation

:

is

the

process

of

forming

words

by

adding

derivational

affixes

to

stems.

Allophone

:

the

different

phones

which

can

represent

a

phoneme

in

different

phonetic

environments.

Complementary Distribution

: Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in

complementary distribution.

Conversion

: refers to the derivational process whereby an item comes to belong to

a new word class without the addition of suffix.

Deep

Structure

:

formed

by

the

XP

rule

in

accordance

with

the

head

’

s

subcategorization

properties

Surface

Structure

:

corresponding

to

the

final

syntactic

form

of

the

sentence

which

results from appropriate transformations.

Saussure

:

the

distinction

between

langue

and

parole

was

made

by

the

Swiss

linguist

F. de Saussure in the 20 century.

Vowel

:

The

sounds

in

the

production

of

which

no

articulators

come

very

close

together

and the air stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction are called

vowels.

Consonant

:

The

sounds

in

the

production

of

which

there

is

an

obstruction

of

the

air

stream at some point of the vocal tract are called consonants.

Linguistics

: the scientific study of language.

General Linguistics

: the study of language as a whole.

Inflectional Affix

: The manifestation of grammatical relationships through the

addition of inflectional affixes, such as number, tense, degree and case.

Derivational

Affix

:

The

manifestation

of

relation

between

stems

and

affixes

through

the addition of derivational affixes.

Open

Class

:

in

English,

nouns,

verbs,

adjectives

and

adverbs

which

are

the

content

words of a language, which are sometimes called open class words.

Closed

Class

:

conjunctions,

prepositions,

articles

and

pronouns,

which

are

in

small

number and stable since few new words are added, therefore such words have been

referred to as closed class words.

Sociolinguistics

:

the

study

of

all

the

social

aspects

of

language

and

its

relation

with society form the core of the branch.

Speech Variety

: refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or

a group of speakers.

Pidgin

: a special language variety that mixes or blends languages and it is used

by people who speak different languages for restricted purposes such as trading.

Creole

: when a pidgin become the primary language of a speech community, and is

acquitted by the

children of that speech community as their native language, it

is

said to have become a creole.

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2

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二、单项选择题：

1

、语音学中元音和辅音的发音特征和分类。

元音分类

:

vowels

may

be

distinguished

as

front,

central

and

back

according

to

which

part of the tongue is held highest.

辅音分类

: By place of articulation and by manner of articulation

2

、音位学中的音素、音位、音位变体、音位对立、互补分布和最小对 立体、音位规则、超

音段特征：

Phone

: is a phonetic unit or segment.

Phoneme

: a phonological unit; it is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an

abstract unit. It is not any particular sound, but rather it is represented or

realized by a certain phone in a certain phonetic context.

Allophone

:

the

different

phones

which

can

represent

a

phoneme

in

different

phonetic

environments.

Phonemic

contrast

:

it

can

be

easily

observed

that

phonetically

similar

sounds

might

be

related

in

two

ways.

If

they

are

two

distinctive

phonemes,

they

are

said

to

form

a phonemic contrast.

Complementary distribution

: Two allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in

complementary distribution.

Minimal pair

: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one

sound

segment

which

occurs

in

the

same

place

in

the

strings,

the

two

words

are

said

to form a minimal pair.

音位规则

: (1) sequential rules (2) assimilation rule (3) deletion rule

Suprasegmental feature

: The phonemic features that occur above the level of the

segment are called suprasegmental features.

3

、语言的特征、乔姆斯基的转换生成语法、深层结构和表层结构、能力和行为的概念等：

语言特征

:

(1)arbitrariness

(2)productivity

(3)duality

(4)displacement

(5)cultural

transmission

Chomsky transformation

: a special step of rule that can move an element from one

position to another.

Deep

Structure

:

formed

by

the

XP

rule

in

accordance

with

the

head

’

s

subcategorization

properties

Surface

Structure

:

corresponding

to

the

final

syntactic

form

of

the

sentence

which

results from appropriate transformations.

4

、形态学中的构词法及派生词素等、如词根、词干和基词等。

构词法

:

Derivation

: a process of word formation in which new words are created by added

affixes to root.

Root

: the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss

of identity.

Stem:

the existing form to which a derivational affix can be added. a stem can be

a bound root ,a free morpheme, or a derived form itself.

基词

:

四、简短回答问题

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