-
什么是
Hofstede
的五个文化尺度
吉尔特·霍夫
斯塔德（
Hofstede
）的五个文化尺度是用来衡量不同国
家文化差异、价值
取向的一个有效架构：
?权力距离。一国范围内人与人之间的不平等程度。
?个人主义与集体主义。个人对于人际关系（他们所属的家庭
或组织）的认同与重视程度。
?男
性气质与女性气质。男性气质的文化有益于权力、控制、获取等社会行，与之相对的女
性
气质文化则更有益于个人、情感以及生活质量。
?不确定性规避。一国范围内人们对于结构性情景（相对于非结构性情景、非常规态势）的
偏爱程度。
?长期
取向与短期取向。长期：着眼于未来的价值取向，比如储蓄习惯和坚持力。短期：着
眼于
短期和眼前的价值取向，比如尊重传统、重视履行社会义务。
权力距离是指“一个社会对组织机
构中权力分配不平等的情况所能接受的程度。
”在权
力距离大的
文化中，下属对上司有强烈的依附性，人们心目中理想的上司是开明专制君主，
是仁慈的
独裁者；
在权力距离小的文化中，
员工参与决策的程度较高，<
/p>
下属在其规定的职责
范围内有相应的自主权。
个人主义是指一个松散的社会结构，假定其中的人们都只关心自己和最亲密的家庭成
员；
而集体主义则是在一个紧密的社会结构中人们分为内部群体与外
部群体，
人们期望自己
所在的那个内部群体照顾自己，而自己则
对这个内部群体绝对忠诚。
所谓“不确定性的规避”
，是指“一个社会对不确定和模糊态势所感到的威胁程度，试
图保障职业
安全，
制订更为正式的规则，
拒绝越轨的观点和行为，
相信绝对忠诚和专业知识
来规避上述态势。
”<
/p>
男性气质与女性气质，是指“社会中‘男性’价值观占优势的
程度，即自信、追求金钱
和物质、不关心别人、重视个人生活质量”
；其反面则是“女性”价值占优势。
长期导
向性、
短期导向性表明一个民族对长远利益和近期利益的价值观。
具有长期导向
的文化和社会主要面向未来，
较注重对未来的考
虑，
对待事物以动态的观点去考察；
注重节
约、节俭和储备；做任何事均留有余地。
短期导向性的文化与社会则面向过去与现在
，
着重
眼前的利益，注重对传统的尊重，注重负担社会的责任；
在管理上最重要的是此时的利润，
上级对下级的考绩周期较短，要求立见功效，急功近利
，不容拖延。
要了解一个国家的管理文化，
你不仅仅要有关于这个国家的知识，
还要对它的文化有一
个完整概念，能够心领神会。
Hofstede
的
独特统计调研法给出的结果告诉我们，即便在处理
最基本的社会问题上，
另一个国家的人们的思想、
感受以及行动可能都会和我们有很大的差
别。
Hofstede
的文化尺度理论同时提醒管
理人员与战略家们必须牢记：
人类总会习惯性地根
据根据他的既
有经验去思考、感受和行动，尤其是在国际环境中工作的时候。
Power
Distance
Index
(PDI)
that
is
the
extent
to
which
the
less
powerful
members
of
organizations
and
institutions
(like
the
family)
accept
and
expect
that
power
is
distributed
unequally. This
represents inequality (more versus less), but
defined from below, not from above.
It
suggests
that
a
society's
level
of
inequality
is
endorsed
by
the
followers
as
much
as
by
the
leaders.
Power
and
inequality,
of
course,
are
extremely
fundamental
facts
of
any
society
and
anybody with some international
experience will be aware that 'all societies are
unequal, but some
are more unequal than
others'.
Individualism (IDV) on the
one side versus its opposite, collectivism, that
is the degree to which
individuals are
inte-grated into groups. On the individualist side
we find societies in which the ties
between
individuals
are
loose:
everyone
is
expected
to
look
after
him/herself
and
his/her
immediate family. On the collectivist
side, we find societies in which people from birth
onwards
are
integrated
into
strong,
cohesive
in-groups,
often
extended
families
(with
uncles,
aunts
and
grandparents)
which
continue
protecting
them
in
exchange
for
unquestioning
loyalty.
The
word
'collectivism' in this sense has no
political meaning: it refers to the group, not to
the state. Again,
the issue addressed
by this dimension is an extremely fundamental one,
regarding all societies in
the world.
Masculinity (MAS) versus
its opposite, femininity, refers to the
distribution of roles between the
genders which is another fundamental
issue for any society to which a range of
solutions are found.
The IBM studies
revealed that (a) women's values differ less among
societies than men's values;
(b)
men's
values
from
one
country
to
another
contain
a
dimension
from
very
assertive
and
competitive and
maximally different from women's values on the one
side, to modest and caring
and similar
to women's values on the other. The assertive pole
has been called 'masculine' and the
modest, caring pole 'feminine'. The
women in feminine countries have the same modest,
caring
values as the men; in the
masculine countries they are somewhat assertive
and competitive, but not
as much as the
men, so that these countries show a gap between
men's values and women's values.
Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI) deals
with a society's tolerance for uncertainty and
ambiguity;
it
ultimately
refers
to
man's
search
for
Truth.
It
indicates
to
what
extent
a
culture
programs
its
members
to
feel
either
uncomfortable
or
comfortable
in
unstructured
situations.
Unstructured
situations are
novel, unknown, surprising, different from usual.
Uncertainty avoiding cultures try
to
minimize the possibility of such situations by
strict laws and rules, safety and security
measures,
and on the philosophical and
religious level by a belief in absolute Truth;
'there can only be one
Truth
and
we
have
it'.
People
in
uncertainty
avoiding
countries
are
also
more
emotional,
and
motivated
by
inner
nervous
energy.
The
opposite
type,
uncertainty
accepting
cultures,
are
more
tolerant of opinions
different from what they are used to; they try to
have as few rules as possible,
and on
the philosophical and religious level they are
relativist and allow many currents to flow
side
by
side.
People
within
these
cultures
are
more
phlegmatic
and
contemplative,
and
not
expected by their
environment to express emotions.
Long-Term
Orientation (LTO) versus short-term orientation:
this fifth dimension was found in a
study among students in 23 countries
around the world, using a questionnaire designed
by Chinese
scholars It can be said to
deal with Virtue regardless of Truth.
V
alues associated with Long Term
Orientation are thrift and
perseverance; values associated with Short Term
Orientation are respect
for tradition,
fulfilling social obligations, and protecting
one's 'face'. Both the positively and the
negatively
rated
values
of
this
dimension
are
found
in
the
teachings
of
Confucius,
the
most
influential Chinese
philosopher who lived around 500 B.C.; however,
the dimension also applies
to countries
without a Confucian heritage.
/hofstede_united_
Geert Hofstede? Cultural
Dimensions
*
Description for each of Hofstede's Dimensions
listed below
Geert Hofstede analysis for China has
Long-term Orientation (LTO) the highest-ranking
factor (118), which is true for all Asian
cultures. This Dimension indicates a society's
time perspective and an attitude of
persevering; that is, overcoming obstacles with
time, if not with will and strength. (see Asian
countries graph below)
The
Chinese rank lower than any other Asian country in
the Individualism (IDV) ranking, at 20 compared to
an average of 24. This may be attributed, in part,
to the high level
of emphasis on a
Collectivist society by the Communist rule, as
compared to one of Individualism.
The low Individualism
ranking is manifest in a close and committed
member 'group', be that a family, extended family,
or extended relationships. Loyalty in a
collectivist
culture is paramount. The
society fosters strong relationships where
everyone takes responsibility for fellow members
of their group.