-
Definition of
tort
侵权的定义
Categories of
tort
侵权行为的分类
Intentional
torts
故意侵权
Meaning
of intent
意向书的含义
The main intentional
torts
主要的故意侵权
Defenses to intentional
torts
故意侵权的抗辩
Cases for in-class discussion
Negligent tort
*
过失侵权
*
Meaning of
negligence
疏忽的含义
Components of a negligent
tort: Duty of care
疏忽侵权的组件：注意义务
Defenses to negligent
torts
过失侵权行为的抗辩
Cases for in-class discussion
Strict liability
*
严格责任
*
Meaning of
strict liability
严格责任的含义
The main torts where strict liability
applies
主要侵权，严格责任的适用范围
Limitations on strict liability
严格法律责任的限制
Cases for in-class
discussion
General Introduction
The
definition of tort
侵权的定义
A
civil
wrong
wherein
one
person’s
conduct
causes
a
compensable
injury
to
the
person,
property, or a recognized interest of another, in
violation of a duty imposed by
law.
一个人的行为引起了一种损害他人的人身，财产，公共利益，或违反法律所
规定的义务的可赔偿的民事错误。
There is no
really useful definition of a “tort” which will
allow all tortious conduct to
be
distinguished from all non-tortious conduct.
没有真正用
“
侵权
”
的定义，这将允许所有侵权的行为区别于非侵权的行为
。
Not
contractual
不具法律效力
every member of society will be liable
in tort if he behaves in certain ways, whether
or not he has consented to such
liability or not
每一个社会成员将承担侵权责任，如
果他实施了某些方面的行为，无论他是否同意负责。
Compensation
赔偿
the
overall
purpose
of
tort
law
is
to
compensate
plaintiffs
fro
unreasonable
harm
which
they
have
sustained.
侵权
法的总体目的是补偿原告来本不应受到承受但是
承受了的损害。
Shifting of
burden
转移负担
Apart
from
tort
law’s
interest
in
promoting
economic
efficiency,
this
branch
of
law
also has an interest in imposing the
cost of accident on those who can afford them.
除
了侵权法在促进经济效率方便的法益，
这个法
律分支也有征收能够支付他们的事
故花费的法益。
Conflict
冲突
The courts standing change confronted
with the conflicting purposes of tort law.
站在变化的法院面临的冲突与侵权法的目的。
Tort and breach of
contract
侵权和违约
Breach of a legal duty; breach of a
contractual duty.
违反了法律责任，违反合同义
务。
The same act may be both a tort and a
breach of contract.
同样的行为可能是侵权和
违约。
Tort and crime
侵权和犯罪
Against the
specific person; against the
public.
对特定的人，针对公众
Compensation V
.
penalty
赔偿五，罚则
The
same act may be both a tort and a
crime.
同样的行为可能是侵权和犯罪。
General Introduction
Categories of
torts
侵权行为的分类
There are three broad categories of
torts, and there are individual named torts within
each category. -
有三个大类侵权行为，<
/p>
并有不同名字命名的每个类别中的侵权行
为。
1.
Intentional torts
(
蓄意侵权行为
)
battery;
assault; false imprisonment; infliction of mental
distress; trespass.
1.
暴行，殴打，
非法监禁
;
造成精神痛苦
;
妨害。
2.
Negligent torts
(negligence)(
过失侵权行为
)
3.
Strict
liability(
严格责任
)
animals;
abnormally
dangerous
activities;
product
liability
动物异常危险活动
;
产品
责任
- Miscellaneous torts: e.g.
invasion of
privacy
混合侵权行为，例如侵犯隐私
Intentional
Torts
故意侵权
Meaning
of intent
One person desires to bring
about some sort of physical or mental effect upon
another
person.
一个人期望对另一人造成一些
身体或心理上的影响。
Do you think
there is an intentional tort committed by A in the
following two cases ?
你认为这是在以下两种情况下，哪一个是故意侵权？
(1) A intends to tap B
lightly on the chin to annoy him. If B has a
“glass jaw” which is
broken by the
light blow.
（
1
）打算轻
轻敲
B
的下巴去骚扰他。如果
B
有
“
玻璃下
巴
”
，轻轻敲也敲断了。
(2) A intended to shoot at B with a
water gun, but accidentally hits C.
(2)
打算用水枪射击
B
< br>，却意外地击中了
C
* Distinguish
intent from
consequences.
区别于后果的意图。
The Main intentional Torts
against the
person
主要对人的故意侵权行为
Battery
(
暴行
) is
the intentional
infliction
of a harmful
or offensive bodily
contact.
(attack and hitting
).
暴行是故意发生有害的或者进攻性身体接触的行为
The intent must be at least to bring
about some sort of physical or mental effect upon
another person.
这样做的目的至少对另一个人
产生了一些身体或心理影响。
e.g. A
intentionally punches B in the nose. A has
committed battery.
例如故意一拳打在
B
的鼻子上。这就是一种暴行。
Assault
(
恐吓
) is the threatening to
inflict
harmful or offensive bodily contact.
恐吓是一种威胁并使遭受伤害或令人反感的身体接触。
e.g.
D,
a
bill
collector,
threatens
to
punch
F
in
the
face
if
F
does
not
pay
a
bill
immediately.
例如<
/p>
D
，一个账单冲突，威胁
F
如果
F
不立刻支付账单就打
F
的脸。
False
Imprisonment (
非法拘禁
) is the
intentional confinement.
非法拘禁是一种故意的监禁
Infliction of Mental Distress is the
intentional infliction of severe emotional or
mental
distress by extreme and
outrageous conduct.
造成精神痛苦是通过极端和蛮横的行为故意造成严重的情绪或精神痛苦。
Libel and slander protect a person’s
interest in his reputat
ion.
诽
谤和流言侵犯了一个
人的名誉权。
Common law strict
liability
普通法的严格法律责任
Recent
Supreme
Court
Decisions
have
eliminated
court’s
right
to
impose
strict
lia
bility.
最高法院最近决定取消法院施加严格法律责任的权利。
< br>
Public figure: a requireent of
actual malice
统一条件：要求实际恶意
Private figures: must prove defendant
at least negligent - a media defendant.
个体条件：必须至少证明被告有过失
-
媒体被告。
Main intentional torts
against property
主要针对财产的故意侵权行为
Trespass to land
(
非法侵入
)
intentional entering a person’s land or
intentionally interference with a person’s use or
possession of a chattel.
有意进入一个人的领地或故意干扰一个人的使用或占有其动产。
Trespass to chattels
(
动产侵害
)
The
owner
of
chattels
may
have
several
possible
tort
actions
against
one
who
interferes with his use of possession
of that chattel. (negligence; trespass to chattels
or
conversion)
动产的所有者可能有几个可能的
侵权理由诉讼一个干扰他占有该动
产的使用的人。
（疏忽
;
侵犯动产或侵占）
e.g.
D
takes
P’s
car
for
a
5
minute
“joy
ride”,
and
returns
with
a
dent
in
it.
D
has
committed
trespass to chattels.
例如
D
用
P
的汽车
“
兜风
”5
分钟，并
归还的时候上面有划痕。
D
已侵犯动产。
Conversion
(
侵占
)
depriving an
owner of possession of tangible
property
剥夺财产所有者的所有权
The
dividing
line
between
trespass
to
chattels
and
conversion
is
the
degree
of
the
interference.
Conversion
occurs
when
the
defendant
so
substantially
interfered
with
the plaintiff’s
possession of ownership that it is fair to
requir
e the defendant to pay the
property’s full value.