-
写作
一、
体裁：
（审题）
①
narration
②
argumentation
③
exposition
④
description
二、
确定主题句：
eg.
（一）
Good Health
①
Importance of good health
②
Ways to keep
fit
③
My own
practice
以上三句扩展成主题句：
①
It
’
s very
important to have good health.
②
There
’
re four
ways to keep fit for me.
③
My own practices are the following.
（二）
Trying to Be A Good
University
Student.
①
做合格大学生的必要性。
（议论文，
从正面
谈做合
格大学
生会怎
样；
从反
面论，
不
做合格
大学生
会怎样；
结论是
我们要
做合格
的大学
生）
②
做合格大学生的必备条件。
（可以德
智体等
方面谈，
用说明
文写）
④
我打算这样做。
----------Introduction
----------body
----------conclusion
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一、
王长喜的作文法：
第一句主题句
（
topic
sentence
）
[
启
]
第二句从正面论述
[
承
]
↓
第三句从反面论述
[
转
]
→
development
sentence
第四句为结论句
(concluding sentence)
[
合
]
二、
主题句的特征：
1
．
必须是一个完整的句子。
2
．
它由<
/p>
topic
和
controlling
idea
两部分构
成。
3
．
主题句是段落内容的概括性陈述
判断下列句子是否主题句：
eg.
1.
I
enjoy classical music for several
reasons.
（
√
）
2
．
There are many differences between
Chinese and English.
(
√
)
3
．
Excessive drinking is a dangerous
habit because it causes health
problems. (
√
)
4
．
We
celebrate Christmas on December
25.
（
×
）
（对事实的具体陈述
不能做主题句）
5
．
It
is my opinion that smoking causes
cancer.
（
×
）
（不要以个人意
< br>见做主题句，因很难用事实事做支持）
6
．
Sports and games are very useful.
（
×
）
（太笼统了）
三、
段落中常用的过度词。
（见专升本书
P189
）
在段落的过度中，按文章的“启、
承、转、合”使用过渡词（
transitional
words/connectives<
/p>
）会使段落文章条理清楚，
连贯流畅，过渡词可以分以下四类：<
/p>
（
1
）
表达“启”的常用词语
用于引导主题句或用于主题句的后
面，
引导
第一个发展句：
firstly, at first, first of
all,
in the
beginning,
in the first
place,
at
present,
to
begin with,
currently,
to start
with,
lately,
for one thing,
now,
recently,
on the one hand,
in general,
generally speaking,
in recent years,
comparatively speaking,
nowadays,
in a
sense,
in a way,
in my opinion,
obviously,
undoubtedly,
etc.
。
（
2
）
表达“承”
的过渡词语
用于主
题句或第一个（或前一个）发
展句：
secondly,
thirdly,
also,
too,
besides,
in addition,
furthermore,
moreover,
what
is more,
for another,
for
example,
for instance,
as an example,
as
another example,
namely,
then,
in other
words,
in
particular,
in the same
way,
after that,
afterwards(after a few
days/a
while),
from now on,
later,
just as
，
similarly,
meanwhile,
at
the same time,
by this
time,
soon,
of course, for this
purpose,
equally,
surely,
obviously,
especially,
indeed,
still,
in fact,
in plain
terms,
in practice,
for
the most part,
no
doubt,
etc.
。
（
3
）
表示“转”的过渡词语
表示不同或相反的情况：
after
all,
but,
yet,
however,
nevertheless,
nonetheless,
conversely,
though,
although,
despite,
in
spite of,
on the contrary,
in contrast,
unlike,
whereas,
on the other hand,
all
the same,
unfortunately,
still ,
in fact,
as a matter of fact,
in any case,
at any rate,
otherwise,
or
else,
instead,
etc.
。
（
4
）
表示“合”的过渡词语
用于总结段落中上下文的内容，引
导
一个发展句或结尾句，
也可用于文章的结论
< br>等：
finally,
hence,
in brief,
in conclusion,
in short,
in
summary,
therefore,
thus,
to
sum up,
to conclude,
to
summarize,
briefly,
above all,
as a consequence,
as a
result,
for this reason,
as has been noted,
as I have said,
at last,
at
length,
by and
large,
consequently,
eventually,
accordingly,
so,
after all,
in general,
in
a word,
on the
whole, etc.
。
---
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一、练习：重新安排下面的句子，使之成为
意思连贯的段落并按
要求在横线处填出句
子序号：
（一）
A
B
C
D
E
①
Knowledge,
perhaps, is not a good word
for this.
②
Perhaps one
would rather say my image
of the world.
③
What I have
been talking about is
knowledge.
④
What I am
talking about is what I believe
to be
true
：
my subjective
knowledge.
⑤
Knowledge has an implication of
validity.
（
3
、
1
、
2
、
5
、
4
）
（二）
A
B
C
D
E
①
Without water,
soil is worthless and crops
are poor.
②
Water is necessary.
③
However, too
much water can be
dangerous.
④
Careful use of water and other
resources
is important.
⑤
Natural
resources are precious and
limited.
（
4
、
5
、
2
、
1
、
3
）
（三）
A
B
C
D
E
①
For example,
you don
’
t need many
clothes.
②
However,
despite these advantages, those
who
have lived in warm climates and in
cold
climates often prefer a cold climate
because it is less monotonous and
offers
winter sports.
③
In addition,
you don
’
t have to shovel
snow or pay heating bills.
④
Living in a
place where the weather is
always warm
has its advantages.
⑤
You can wear
lightweight, inexpensive,
and easy-to-
clean cotton clothing all year.
（
4
、
1
、
5
、
3
、
2
）
（
四
）
A
B
C
D
E
①
They never seem to be working.
②
It
seems to workers that students lead
easy lives only because students work
and relax at different times from
workers.
③
Working people sometimes think that
college students live a very easy life.
④
The
truth is, though, that most students
spend as many hours in class or at
their
studies as workers do at their
jobs
。
⑤
To them it
appears that students have
little to
do
：
they sleep late, talk for
hours
over coffee, and go to parties
every night.
（
3
、
5
、
1
、
4
、
2
）
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------------------------------------
--------------------
------
一、开头的写作方法
（
1
）
Begin with direct
announcement.
（
2
）
Begin with definition
（
3
）
Begin with
statistics. (eg.
a recent
survey of
……
)
（
4
）
Begin
with narration and description
（
5
）
Begin with question
（
6
）
Begin
with quotation
二、结尾的表达方法
1
、
概括总结全文并指出解决方法
（
Summary
and
solution
）
2
、回答开头段提出的问题（
An
answer to a
question
）
3
、提出建议（
Recommendation
and
suggestion
）
<
/p>
4
、给出预见（
Prediction<
/p>
）
5
、发出号召（
call for
action
）
三、结尾段常用的词语
Therefore / In short / Finally / In
summary /
In a word/ on the whole / In
all / To
conclude / In brief / All this
suggests that
…
/
In conclusion / It can be concluded
that
…
四、
段落的扩展方法
1
、列举法
eg. Topic sentence: Basketball is
popular in
many countries.
（列举原因）
It is
inexpensive ./ exciting / a
healthful
sport / both an indoor and an outdoor
game.
conclusion
：
The game can be played both in
warm countries and in cold countries.
列举词语：
first
(ly)
、
second
(ly)
、
finally
、
< br>lastly
、
kind
、
variety
、
group
、
set
、
class
、
contain
、
include
、
exclude
、
except
、
also
、
likewise
、
in addition
2
、举例法
topic sentence + example (
例<
/p>
1
、
例
2
、
例
3) +
restatement.
举例词语：
for
example
、
for
instance
、
such
as
、
namely
、
frequently
、
especially
、
specifically
、
occasionally
、
in general
、
in
particular
、
to illustrate
、
that is to say
、
3
、
比较与
对比法
（
comparison and
contrast
）
compare
likeness and difference
（
part to part
or
point to point
）
常
用词：
likewise
、
just as
、
in like manner
、
similar to
、
correspondence
with
、
resemble
、
once more
、
once again
、
compare to /with
、