新概念英语第4册课文(中英文对照)

自己的节目多样化。

阿尔弗 雷德人数不多的军队开始在阿塞尔纳慢慢集结时，他亲自潜入丹麦入侵司令官古瑟罗姆的营地。丹麦军已

在切本哈姆扎下营准备过冬，阿尔弗雷便来到此地。他马上发现丹麦军纪律松弛，他们以征服者自 居，安全措施马马

虎虎。他们靠掠夺附近的地区的财物过着舒适的生活。他们不仅搜刮吃 的喝的，而且抢掠妇女，安逸的生活已使丹麦

军队变得软弱无力。

阿尔弗雷德在敌营呆了一个星期后，回到了阿塞尔纳。他集结在那里的军队和丹麦大军相 比是微不足道的，然而，

阿尔弗雷德断定，丹麦人已不再适应持久的战争，他们的军需供 应处于无组织状态，只是靠临时抢夺来维持。

因此， 面对丹麦人的进攻，阿尔弗雷德没有贸然同敌人作战，而是采用骚扰敌人的战术。他的部队不停地移动，

牵着敌人的鼻子，让他们跟着跑。他派出巡逻队阻止敌人抢劫，因而饥饿威胁着丹麦军队。这时， 阿尔弗雷德发起一

连串小规模的进攻，结果不出一个月，丹麦人就投降了。这一幕历史可 以说是王室谍报活动中最精彩的篇章。

.

Lesson 10

Silicon valley

硅谷

Technology trends may push Silicon Valley back to the future. Carver Mead, a pioneer in integrated

circuits and a professor of computer science at the California Institute of Technology, notes there are

now work-stations that enable engineers to design, test and produce chips right on their desks, much

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the way an editor creates a newsletter on a Macintosh. As the time and cost of making a chip drop to a

few days and a few hundred dollars, engineers may soon be free to let their imaginations soar without

being penalized by expensive failures. Mead predicts that inventors will be able to perfect powerful

customized chips over a weekend at the office -- spawning a new generation of garage start-ups and

giving the U.S. a jump on its foreign rivals in getting new products to market fast. 'We're got more

garages with smart people,' Mead observes. 'We really thrive on anarchy.'

And on Asians. Already, orientals and Asian Americans constitute the majority of the engineering

staffs at many Valley firms. And Chinese, Korean, Filipino and Indian engineers are graduating in droves

from California's colleges. As the heads of next-generation start-ups, these Asian innovators can draw

on customs and languages to forge righter links with crucial Pacific Rim markets. For instance, Alex Au,

a Stanford Ph. D. from Hong Kong, has set up a Taiwan factory to challenge Japan's near lock on the

memory-chip market. India- born r Reddy's tiny California company reopened an AT & T chip

plant in Kansas City last spring with financing from the state of Missouri. Before it becomes a retirement

village, Silicon Valley may prove a classroom for building a global business.

参考译文

技术的发展趋势有可能把硅谷重新推向未来。

卡弗

< br>.

米德

--

集成电路的一位先驱，

加州理工学院的计算机教授

--

注意到，现在有些计算机工作站使工程技术人员可以在他 们的办公桌上设计、试验和生产芯片，就像一位编辑在苹果

机上编出一份时事通讯一样。 由于制造一块芯片的时间已缩短至几天，费用也只有几百美元，因此，工程技术人员可

能 很块就可充分发挥他们的想像力，而不会因失败而造成经济上的损失。米德预言发明者可以在办公室用一个周末的

时间生产了完美的、功能很强的、按客户需求设计的芯片

--

造就新一代从汽车间起家的技术人员，在把产品推向市< /p>

场方面使美国把它的外国对手们打个措手不及。

“

我们有更多的汽车间，那里有许多聪明人，

”

米德说。

“

我们确实是

靠这种无政府状态发展起来的。

”

靠的是亚洲人。硅谷许多 公司中工程技术人员的大多数是东方人和亚裔美国人。中

国、韩国、菲律宾和印度的工程 师一批批地从加州的大学毕业。作为新掘起一代的带头人，亚裔发明家可以凭借他们

在习 惯和语言上的优势，与关键的太平洋沿岸市场建立起更加牢固的联系。比如说，亚历克斯

.

奥，一位来自香港的斯

坦福大学博士，

已经在台湾建厂，

对日本在内存条市场上近似垄断的局面提出了挑战。

印度出生的

N.

达莫达

.

雷迪经营

的小小的加州公司在堪萨斯城重新启用了美国电话电报公司 的一家芯片工厂，并从密苏里州获取了财政上的支持。在

硅谷变成一个退休村之前，它很 可能成为建立全球商业的一个教学场地。

Lesson 11

How to grow old

如何安度晚年

Some old people are oppressed by the fear of death. In the young there is a justification for this

feeling. Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in

the thought that they have cheated of the best things that life has to offer. But in an old man who has

known human joys and sorrows, and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do, the fear of death

is somewhat abject and ignoble. The best way to overcome it -- so at least it seems to me -- is to make

your interests gradually wider and more impersonal, until bit by bit the walls of the ego recede, and your

life becomes increasingly merged in the universal life. An individual human existence should be like a

river -- small at first, narrowly contained within its banks, and rushing passionately past boulders and

over waterfalls. Gradually the river grows wider, the banks recede, the waters flow more quietly, and in

the end, without any visible break, they become merged in the sea, and painlessly lose their individual

being. The man who, in old age, can see his life in this way, will not suffer from the fear of death, since

the things he cares for will continue. And if, with the decay of vitality, weariness increases, the thought

of rest will be not unwelcome. I should wish to die while still at work, knowing that others will carry on

what I can no longer do, and content in the thought that what was possible has been done.

参考译文

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外语下载中心

有些老 年人因为怕死而感到烦恼。青年人有这种感觉是情有可原的。有理由害怕自己会死在战场上的年轻人，想

到自己被剥夺了生活所能给予的最美好的东西时，感到痛苦，这是可以理解的。可是老年人已经饱 尝了人间的甘苦，

一切能做的都做了，如果怕死，就有点儿可怜又可鄙。克服怕死的最好 办法

--

至少在我看来是这样

--

就是逐渐使

自己的兴趣更加广泛，逐渐摆脱个人狭小的圈子，直到自我的 围墙一点一点地倒塌下来，自己的生活慢慢地和整个宇

宙的生活融合在一起。个人的存在 应该像一条河流，开始很小，被紧紧地夹在两岸中间，接着热情奔放地冲过巨石，

飞下瀑 布。然后河面渐渐地变宽，两岸后撤，河水流得平缓起来，最后连绵不断地汇入大海，毫无痛苦地失去了自我

的存在。上了年纪的人这样看待生命，就不会有惧怕死亡的心情了，因为自己关心的一切事件 都会继续下去。

再者，

随着精力的衰 退，老年人的疲惫会增长，有长眠的愿望未尝不是一件好事情，我希望工作到死为止，明白了有人会继

Lesson 12

Banks and their customers

银行和顾客

When anyone opens a current account at a bank, he is lending the bank money, repayment of which

he

may

demand

at

any

time,

either

in

cash

or

by

drawing

a

cheque

in

favour

of

another

person.

Primarily, the banker-customer relationship is that of debtor and creditor -- who is which depending on

whether the customer's account is in credit or is overdrawn. But, in addition to that basically simple

concept, the bank and its customer owe a large number of obligations to one another. Many of these

obligations can give in to problems and complications but a bank customer, unlike, say, a buyer of

goods, cannot complain that the law is loaded against him.

The bank must obey its customer's instructions, and not those of anyone else. When, for example,

a customer first opens an account, he instructs the bank to debit his account only in respect of cheques

draw by himself. He gives the bank specimens of his signature, and there is a very firm rule that the

bank has no right or authority to pay out a customer's money on a cheques on which its customer's

signature has been forged. It makes no difference that the forgery may have been a very skilful one: the

bank must recognize its customer's signature. For this reason there is no risk to the customer in the

practice, adopted by banks, of printing the customer's name on his cheques. If this facilitates forgery,

it is the bank which will lose, not the customer.

参考译文

任何人在银行开一个活期账户，就 等于把钱借给了银行。这笔钱他可以随时提取，提取的方式可以是取现金，也

可以是开一 张以他人为收款人的支票。银行与储户的关系主要是债务人和债权人的关系。究竟谁是债务人谁是债权人，

要看储户是有结余还是透支。除了这一基本的简单的概念外，银行和储户彼此还需承担大量义务 。其中许多义务往往

引起问题和纠纷。但是储户不能像货物的买主那样来抱怨法律对自己 不利。

银行必须遵照储户的嘱托办事，不能听从其他人的指令。比如 ，储户首次在银行开户时，嘱咐银行他的存款只能

凭本世人签字的支票来提取。他把自己 签名的样本交给银行，对此有一条非常严格的规定：银行没有任何权利或理由

把储户的钱 让伪造储户的支票取走。即使伪造得很巧妙，也不能付款，因为银行有责任辨认出其储户的签名。因此，

某些银行已采用把储户印在支票上的作法。这种做法对储户毫无风险。如果因这种作法出现了伪造 的话，受损失的将

不是储户，而是银行。

Lesson 13 The search for oil

探寻石油

The deepest holes of all made for oil, and they go down to as much as 25,0000 feet. But we not need

to send men down to get the oil our, as we must with other mineral deposits. The holes are only borings,

less than a foot in diameter. My particular experience is largely in oil, and the search for oil has done

more to improve deep drilling than any other mining activity. When is has been decided where we are

going to drill, we put up at the surface an oil derrick. It has to be tall because it is like a giant block and

tackle, and we have to lower into the ground and haul out of the ground great lengths of drill pipe which

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are rotated by an engine at the top and are fitted with a cutting bit at the bottom.

The geologist needs to know what rocks the drill has reached, so every so often a sample is obtained

with a coring bit. It cuts a clean cylinder of rock, from which can be seen the strata the drill has been

cutting through. Once we get down to the oil, it usually flows to the surface because great pressure,

either from or water, is pushing it. This pressure must be under control, and we control it by means of

the mud which we circulate down the drill pipe. We endeavour to avoid the old, romantic idea of a

gusher, which wastes oil and gas. We want it to stay down the hole until we can lead it off in a controlled

manner.

参考译文

在所有洞穴中，为寻找石油所钻出 的洞是最深的，这些洞可深达

25,000

英尺。但是，我们不 必像开采其他矿藏

那样，把人送到地下去把石油取出。这些洞只不过是一些钻孔，直径不 到

1

英尺。我是专门搞石油的，寻找石油比其

< br>他任何采矿业对改进钻探作的贡献都要大。当确定钻孔地点后，我们就在那里竖起一个井架。井架必须很高 ，因为它

像一个巨型滑轮组。我们必须把很长的钻杆一节节地钻入地下，然后再从地下拉 出来。钻杆顶部安装的发动机带动钻

杆旋转，它的底部装有钻头。

地质学家需要知道钻头已以到达什么样的岩层，因此时常要用芯钻头取样。这种钻头能切 割一段光滑的圆柱形岩

石，从中能看出所钻透的地层。一旦到达油层，石油就会由于地下 巨大的压力流到地面上来，这种巨大的压力来自地

下天然气或水。这种压力必须加以控制 ，我们让泥桨顺着钻杆向下循环，用这种方法来控制压力。我们尽量避免使用

陈旧天真的 喷井方法，那样会浪费石油和天然气。我们要让石油留在井下，直到我们能用一种有控制的方法把它引上

来为止。

Lesson 14

The Butterfly Effect

蝴蝶效应

Beyond two or three days, the world's best weather forecasts are speculative, and beyond six or

seven they are worthless.

The Butterfly Effect is the reason. For small pieces of weather -- and to a global forecaster, small can

mean

thunderstorms

and

blizzards

--

any

prediction

deteriorates

rapidly.

Errors

and

uncertainties

multiply, cascading upward through a chain of turbulent features, from dust devils and squalls up to

continent-size eddies that only satellites can see.

The modern weather models work with a grid of points of the order of sixty miles apart, and even

so, some starting data has to guessed, since ground stations and satellites cannot see everywhere. But

suppose the earth could be covered with sensors spaced one foot apart, rising at one-foot intervals all

the

way

to

the

top

of

the

atmosphere.

Suppose

every

sensor

gives

perfectly

accurate

readings

of

temperature, pressure, humidity, and any other quantity a meteorologist would want. Precisely at noon

an infinitely powerful computer takes all the data and calculates what will happen at each point at 12.01,

then 12.02, then 12.03...

The computer will still be unable to predict whether Princeton, New Jersey, will have sun or rain on

a day one month away. At noon the spaces between the sensors will hide fluctuations that the computer

will not know about, tiny deviations from the average. By 12.01, those fluctuations will already have

created small errors one foot away. Soon the errors will have multiplied to the ten- foot scale, and so on

up to the size of the globe.

参考译文

世界上 最好的两三天以上的天气预报具有很强的猜测性，如果超过六七天，天气预报就没有了任何价值。

原因是蝴蝶效应。对于小片的恶劣天气

--

对一个全球性的气象预报员来说，

“

小

”

可以意味着雷暴雨和暴风雪< /p>

--

任何预测的质量会很快下降。错 误和不可靠性上升，接踵而来的是一系列湍流的徵状，从小尘暴和暴风发展到只有卫

星上 可以看到的席卷整块大陆的旋涡。

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现代气 象模型以一个坐标图来显示，

图中每个点大约是间隔

60

英里。

既使是这样，

有些开始时的资料也不得 不依

靠推测，因为地面工作站和卫星不可能看到地球上的每一个地方。假设地球上可以布 满传感器，每个相隔

1

英尺，并

按

1

英尺的间隔从地面一直排列到大气层的顶端。再假定每个传感器都 极极端准确地读出了温度、气压、温度和气象

学家需要的任何其他数据。在正午时分，一 个功能巨大的计算机搜集了所有的资料，并算出在每一个点上

12

：

01

、

12

：

02

、

12

：

03

时可能出现的情况。

计算机无法推断出

1

个月以后的某一天，新 泽西州的普林斯顿究竟是晴天还是雨天。正午时分，传感器之间的距

离会掩盖计算机无法 知道的波动、任何偏平均值的变化。到

12

：

< br>01

时，那些波动就已经会在

1

英尺远的地方造成偏

差。很快这种偏差会增加到尺

10

英的范围，如此等等，一直到全球的范围。

Lesson 15 Secrecy in industry

工业中的秘密

Two factors weigh heavily against the effectiveness of scientific research in industry. One is the

general atmosphere of secrecy in which it is carried out, the other the lack of freedom of the individual

research worker. In so far as any inquiry is a secret one, it naturally limits all those engaged in carrying

it out from effective contact with their fellow scientists either in other countries or in universities, or

even, often enough, in other departments of the same firm. The degree of secrecy naturally varies

considerably.

Some

of

the

bigger

firms

are

engaged

in

researches

which

are

of

such

general

and

fundamental nature that it is a positive advantage to them not to keep them secret. Yet a great many

processes depending on such research are sought for with complete secrecy until the stage at which

patents can be taken out. Even more processes are never patented at all but kept as secret processes.

This applies particularly to chemical industries, where chance discoveries play a much larger part than

they do in physical and mechanical industries. Sometimes the secrecy goes to such an extent that the

whole nature of the research cannot be mentioned. Many firms, for instance, have great difficulty in

obtaining technical or scientific books from libraries because they are unwilling to have names entered

as having taken out such and such a book, for fear the agents of other firms should be able to trace the

kind of research they are likely to be undertaking.

参考译文

有两个因素严重地妨碍工业中科学 研究的效率：一是科研工作中普遍存在的保密气氛；二是研究人员缺乏个人自

由。任何一 项研究都涉及到保密，那些从事科研的人员自然受到了限制。他们不能和其他国家、其他大学、甚至往往

不能与本公司的其他部门的同行们进行有效的接触。保密程度自然差别很大。某些大公司进行的研 究属于一般和基础

的研究，因此不保密对他们才有利。然而，依赖这种研究的很多工艺程 序是在完全保密的情况下进行的，直到可以取

得专利权的阶段为止。更多的工艺过程根本 就不会取得专利权，而是作为秘方保存着。在这化学工业方面尤为突出。

同物理和机械工 业相比，化学工业中偶然发现的机会要多得多。有时，保密竟达到了这样的程度，即连研究工作的整

个性质都不准提及。比如，很多公司向图书馆借阅科技书籍时感到困难，因为它们不愿让人家记下它们 公司的名字和

借阅的某一本书。他们生怕别的公司的情报人员据此摸到他们可能要从事的 某项科研项目。

Lesson 16 The modern city

现代城市

In the organization of industrial life the influence of the factory upon the physiological and mental

state of the workers has been completely neglected. Modern industry is based on the conception of the

maximum production at lowest cost, in order that an individual or a group of individuals may earn as

much money as possible. It has expanded without any idea of the true nature of the human beings who

run the machines, and without giving any consideration to the effects produced on the individuals and

on their descendants by the artificial mode of existence imposed by the factory. The great cities have

been built with no regard for us. The shape and dimensions of the skyscrapers depend entirely on the

necessity of obtaining the maximum income per square foot of ground, and of offering to the tenants

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offices and apartments that please them. This caused the construction of gigantic buildings where too

large masses of human beings are crowded together. Civilized men like such a way of living. While they

enjoy the comfort and banal luxury of their dwelling, they do not realize that they are deprived of the

necessities of life. The modern city consists of monstrous edifices and of dark, narrow streets full of

petrol

fumes

and

toxic

gases,

torn

by

the

noise

of

the

taxicabs,

lorries

and

buses,

and

thronged

ceaselessly by great crowds. Obviously, it has not been planned for the good of its inhabitants.

参考译文

在工业生活的组织中，工厂对工人 的生理和精神状态的影响完全被忽视了。现代工业的基本概念是：以最低成本

获取最多产 品，为的是让某个个人或某一部分人尽可能多地赚钱。现代工业发展起来了，却根本没想到操作机器的人

的本质。工厂把一种人为的生存方式强加给工人，却不顾及这种生存方式给工人及其后代带来的影 响。大城市的建设

毫不关心我们。摩天大楼完全是按这样的需要修建的：每平方英尺地皮 取得最大收入和向租房人提供使他满意的办公

室和住房。这样就导致了许多摩天大厦拔地 而起，大厦内众多的人挤地一起。文明人喜欢这样一种生活方式。在享受

自己住宅的舒适 和庸俗的豪华时，却没有意识到被剥夺了生活所必需的东西。大得吓人的高楼和阴暗狭窄的街道组成

了今日现代化的城市。街道上充斥着汽油味和有毒气体，出租汽车、卡车、公共汽车的噪音刺耳难忍， 络绎不绝的人

群挤来挤去。显然，现代化的城市不是这居民的利益而规划的。

Lesson 17

A man-made disease

人为的疾病

In

the

early

days

of

the

settlement

of

Australia,

enterprising

settlers

unwisely

introduced

the

European rabbit. This rabbit had no natural enemies in the Antipodes, so that it multiplied with that

promiscuous abandon characteristic of rabbits. It overran a whole continent. It caused devastation by

burrowing and by devouring the herbage which might have maintained millions of sheep and cattle.

Scientists

discovered

that

this

particular

variety

of

rabbit

(and

apparently

no

other

animal)

was

susceptible to a fatal virus disease, myxomatosis. By infecting animals and letting them loose in the

burrows, local epidemics of this disease could be created. Later it was found that there was a type of

mosquito which acted as the carrier of this disease and passed it on to the rabbits. So while the rest of

the world was trying to get rid of mosquitoes, Australia was encouraging this one. It effectively spread

the

disease

all

over

the

continent

and

drastically

reduced

the

rabbit

population.

It

later

became

apparent

that

rabbits

were

developing

a

degree

of

resistance

to

this

disease,

so

that

the

rabbit

population was unlikely to be completely exterminated. There were hopes, however, that the problem

of the rabbit would become manageable.

Ironically, Europe, which had bequeathed the rabbit as a pest to Australia, acquired this man-made

disease as a pestilence. A French physician decided to get rid of the wild rabbits on his own estate and

introduced

myxomatosis.

It

did

not,

however,

remain

within

the

confines

of

his

estate.

It

spread

through France, Where wild rabbits are not generally regarded as a pest but as sport and a useful food

supply, and it spread to Britain where wild rabbits are regarded as a pest but where domesticated

rabbits,

equally

susceptible

to

the

disease,

are

the

basis

of

a

profitable

fur

industry.

The

question

became one of whether Man could control the disease he had invented.

参考译文

在澳大 利亚移民初期，一些有创业精神的移民不明智地把欧洲兔子引进了澳大利亚。这种兔子在澳大利亚及新西

兰没有天敌，因此便以兔子所特有的杂乱交配迅猛繁殖起来。整个澳洲兔子成灾。它们在地下打洞 ，吃掉本可以饲养

数百万头牛羊的牧草，给澳洲大陆造成了毁灭性的破坏。科学家们发现 ，这种特殊品种的兔子（显然不包括别的动物）

易患一种叫

“< /p>

多发性粘液瘤

”

的致命毒性疾病。通过让 染上此病的动物在洞内乱跑，就可以使这种疾病在一个地区蔓延

起来。后来又发现，有一 种蚊子是传播这种疾病的媒介，能把此病传染给兔子。因此，世界上其他地方在设法消灭蚊

子的时候，澳大利亚却在促使这种蚊子大量繁殖。蚊子把这种疾病扩散到整个澳洲大陆，效果甚佳，结果兔子的 数目

外语下载中心

外语下载中心

在为减少。后来，明显 看出，兔子对这种疾病已产生了一定程度的免疫力，所以兔子不可能被完全消灭。但是，已有

希望解决兔子所带来的问题。

具有讽刺意味的是，欧洲把这种兔 子作为有害动物传给澳洲，而欧洲自己却染上了这种人为的瘟疫般的疾病。一

位法国内科 医生决定除掉自己庄园内的野兔子，于是引进了这种多发性粘液瘤疾病。然而，这种疾病并未被局限在他