翻译理论集锦

具体表现为在翻译中，

尽量用目的语读者喜闻乐见的语言、文学、文化要 素来替换源语的语言、文学、文化要素，

恪守、回归目的语的语言、文学和文化规范

4)

equivalence

Ii

was

advocated

by

Jakobson.

Through

to

the 1950s

and

1960s,

discussions

in

translation

studies

tended

to

concern

how

best

to

attain

The

term

had

two

distinct

meanings,

corresponding

to

different

schools

of

thought.

In

the

Russian

tradition,

was

usually

a

one-to- one

correspondence

between

linguistic

forms,

or

a

pair

of

authorized

technical

terms

or

phrases,

such

that

was

opposed

to

a

range

of

However,

in

the

French

tradition

of

Vinay

and

Darbelnet,

drawing

on Bally,

was

the

attainment

of

equal

functional

value,

generally

requiring changes in

form. Catford's notion of equivalence in 1965 was as in the French tradition. In the course of the

1970s,

Russian

theorists

adopted

the

wider

sense

of

as

somethingresulting from

linguistic transformations.

At

about

the

same

time,

the Interpretive

Theory

of

Translation introduced

the

notion

of

deverbalized sense into translation studies, drawing a distinction between word correspondences

and sense equivalences, and showing the difference between dictionary definitions of words and

phrases

(word

correspondences)

and

the

sense

of

texts

or

fragments

thereof

in

a

given

context

(sense equivalences).

The

discussions

of

equivalence

accompanied

typologies

of

translation

solutions

(also

called

In 1958 Loh Dianyang's Translation: Its Principles and Techniques (

英汉翻译理论与技巧

) drew

on Fedorov and English linguistics to present a typology of translation solutions between Chinese

and English.

In these traditions, discussions of the ways to attain equivalence have mostly been prescriptive and

have been related to translator training.

5)

Translation studies

Translation studies

is an academic interdiscipline dealing with the systematic study of the theory,

description

and

application

of translation, interpreting,

and localization.

As

aninterdiscipline,

Translation Studies borrows much from the various fields of study that support translation. These

include

comparative

literature, computer

science,history,linguistics, philology, philosophy, semioticsand terminology.

The

term translation

studies

was

coined

by

the

Amsterdam-based

American

scholar

James

S.

Holmes

in

his

paper

name

and

nature

of

translation

studies

is

considered

a

foundational

statement

for

the

discipline. In

English,

writers

occasionally

use

the

term

(and

less

commonly

to

refer

to

translation

studies,

and

the

corresponding French term for the discipline is usually traductologie (as in the Socié

té

Fran?

aise

de

Traductologie).

In

the

United

States

there

is

a

preference

for

the

term Translation

and

Interpreting

Studies (as

in

the American

Translation

and

Interpreting

Studies

Association),

although

European

tradition

includes

interpreting

within

translation

studies

(as

in

the European

Society for Translation Studies).

Early studies

Historically, translation studies has long been prescriptive (telling translators how to translate), to

the point that discussions of translation that were not prescriptive were generally not considered to

be about translation at all. When historians of translation studies trace early Western thought about

translation,

for

example,

they

most

often

set

the

beginning

at Cicero's

remarks

on

how

he

used

translation

from

Greek

to

Latin

to

improve

his

oratorical

abilities

—

an

early

description

of

what Jerome ended up calling sense-for-sense translation. The descriptive history of interpreters in

Egypt

provided

by Herodotus several

centuries

earlier

is

typically

not

thought

of

as

translation

studies

—

presumably because it does not tell translators how to translate. In China, the discussion

on how to translate originated with the translation of Buddhist sutras during the Han Dynasty.

6)

Translation schools

?

Functional theories of translation