语法(完整版)

表示从过去某个时间看某个已经开始的动作到将

来某个时间仍在进行。< /p>

He said that he would have been writing that thesis

by the end of next month.

他说到下个月底他将还在写那篇论文。

第二讲

被动语态

一、

英语被动语态各种时态构成表（ 以

ask

为例）

一

般

时

进行时态

态

完成时态

现在

is asked

is

am

asked

are

asked

过去

was

asked

were

asked

asked

will

asked

过

去

should

将来

be asked

would be

asked

For example:

be

asked

am

asked

are

asked

was

asked

were

asked

being

has been asked

being

have been asked

being

being

had been asked

being

shall

have

been

asked

will

have

been

asked

should have been

asked

would

have

been

asked

将来

shall

be

1.

English is spoken in the world.

2.

The bridge is being built.

3.

A lot of questions have been asked.

4.

My watch was stolen yesterday.

5.

At that time, my computer was being repaired.

6.

Five men had been arrested before he came in.

7.

Don

’

t worry. Help will be given to you at any time.

8.

Three book cases will have been made by the time

you came back.

9.

He

said

that

ten

sets

of

air-conditioners

would

be

sold five days later.

10.

They

reported

that

a

new

station

would

have

been built by the time you came to Shanghai again.

二、被动语态使用要点

1.

不及物动词不能用于被动语态

Great

changes

have

been

taken

place

in

my

hometown.

2.

表示状态的动词不能用于被动语态

Her

mother

is

resembled

by

Jane.

(Jane

resembles

her mother.)

有些动词的进行时也可表示被动语态，如：

b ake,

owe, cook, print, bind

等。

The cakes are baking.

蛋糕在烘烤。

The money is still owing.

那笔钱仍欠着。

The meat is cooking.

肉在煮着。

The dictionary is binding.

词典在装订。

4.

主动形式表示被动意义

The dish tastes delicious.

This type of recorder sells well.

The meat cuts easily.

肉容易切。

The point deserves mentioning.

The coat requires mending.

大衣需要补。

+

不及物动词的过去分词为系表结构

The guests are arrived. = The guests have arrived.

The sun is set. = The sun has set.

The leaves are fallen. = The leaves have fallen.

6.

祈使句的被动语态

肯定祈使句的被动语态为：

let+

宾语

过去分词

；

否定 祈使句的被动语态为：

Don

’

t < /p>

let+

宾语

+be+

< br>过去

分词

=let+

宾语

+ not + be +

过去分词

Move the table into the corridor

.

→

Let the table be

moved into the corridor.

Don

’

t forget to water the flowers.

→

Don

’

t let the

flowers

be

forgotten

to

be

watered.

=

Let

it

not

be

forgotten to water the flowers.

7.

双重 被动句，即句中谓语动词和其后的不定式均为

被动结构，句子主语既是谓语动词的承受者 ，又是不

定式动作的承受者

She

offered

to

buy

a

watch

for

me.

→

A

watch

was offered to be bought for me.

I

want

the

trees

to

be

planted

this

afternoon.

→

The trees are wanted to be planted this afternoon.

I

think

that

she

has

read

the

book.

→

She

is

thought by me to have read the book.

Or:

The book is

thought by me to have been read by her

.

三、被动语态的使用范围

1.

不知道或不必指出动作的执行者

The glass is broken.

The audience is asked to keep silence.

2.

强调动作的承受者

A subway will be built in the city.

Mr. Li was elected chairman of the committee.

3.

出于策略、婉转、礼貌等不提出动 作的执行者。

Any suggestion or criticism is heartily appreciated.

About

that

project,

much

has

been

said

but

little

has been done.

4.

避免变更主语，以求行文通顺

She gave a lecture on modern American poetry and

was attentively listened to

.

比较：

The

old

professor

wheeled

himself

to

the

platform

and

the

students

warmly

applauded

.

(

不简

洁

)

The

old

professor

wheeled

himself

to

the

platform

and

was warmly applauded by the students

.

(

简洁、连贯

)

第三讲

动词的不定式

一、

构成与特征

动词的不定式是动词的一 种非限定形式，

由

“

to +

动

词原形”构成，在句中起名词、形容词或副词的作

< br>用，同时也保留动词的一些特征，可以带宾语或状

语。其具体构成如下：

语

态

时态

一般式

进行式

完成式

to write

to be writing

to be written

have

been

written

主动语态

被动语态

to have written

to

完成进行式

to

have

been

writing

二、

功能

1.

作主语

To hesitate means failure.

犹豫不决意味着失败。

To have known

you

is a

privilege.

认识 了你真是荣

幸。

It is very difficult to drive in the mountains.

2.

作表语

The

next

step

is

to

make

sure

that

you

know

exactly what is required.

The regulations are to be observed.

She is to blame.

3.

作宾语

I

prefer

to

call

off

the

meeting

on

account

of

our

director

’

s absence.

I can

’

t afford to take flying lessons.

I find it difficult to work with him.

He thought it a great pity not to have invited her.

4.

作宾语补足语

I wrote him to come at once.

She asked me to answer the phone in her absence.

(

比较：

I

was

asked

to

answer

the

phone

in

her

absence.)

5.

作定语

He is a pleasant fellow

to work with

.

She bought a bookshelf

to put her books on

.

He asked for a piece of paper

to write on

and a pen

to write with

.

The conference

to take place next month

is bound

to be a great success.

不定式作前置定语

:

a much-to-be longed-for place

the never-to-be forgotten experience

a difficult-to-solve puzzle

a wake-up call

6.

作状语

1

）表示目的

其动作发生在谓语动词之后，一般放在句子后部，

但如要表示强调，也可位于句首，前 面可加

in order,

但不能用

so as

。其否定式不能用

not +

不定式，必须

用

in order not +

不定式，或

so as not +

不定式

The

whole

family

went

to

beach

to

spend

their

weekend.

To save the child, he laid down his life.

They came

not to save us,

but to conquer us

.

（此处

是强调对比，

所以每个不定式前重复

< br>to

，

通常是当

几个不定式具有 同样的功能时，

to

只用在第一个

不

定

式

前

。

如

：

He

decided

to

settle

down

in

Switzerland and

continue

his fiction writing.

）

Let

’

s hurry

so as not to be late for

the meeting.

（不

能说

Let

’

s hurry

not to be late for

the meeting.

）

在英语中，

目的一般用不定式表示，

而不用

for+< /p>

动

名词：

We eat to live. (

不用

for living)

She has phoned to say that she will resign. (

不用

for

saying)

比较以下两句：

To open the window,

she saw a bird flying over.

（错

误，不定式可以 位于句首或句尾，作目的状语，但不

能作时间状语）

Opening

the

window,

she

saw

a

bird

flying

over.

（正确， 分词无论位于句首或句尾，都不能作目的状

语，但可作时间状语）

A: Why was the official meeting called?

B: ___ new officials.

A.

Select

B.

Selecting

C.

To

select

D.

For

selecting

2)

表示结果

A

few

days

later,

he

came

back

only

to

find

that

that the troops had left.

He lifted a rock only to drop it on his own feet.

He is generous to lend us a large sum of money.

3)

表示原因

She grieved to hear of the sad news.

听到那不幸的

消息，他非常悲痛。

（不定式动 作在先发生）

You are foolish to believe him.

He is rude to behave like that.

4)

表示说话人的态度，在句中作独立成分

To

tell

you

the

truth,

this

is

all

Greek

to

me.

说实

话，我对此一窍不通。

To be brief, we can not agree to do it.

5)

表示条件

To look at her, you would think her a young woman,

but she is in fact 47 years old. (To look at her= If you

were to look at her.)

One would be careless

not to see the mistake. = if

one should not see the mistake.

6)

表示伴随情况，常以独立结构形式出现

They

divided

the

work,

John

to

wash

the

vegetables and Mary to cook the meal.

A

number

of

students

sat

around

the

professor,

some

to

ask

questions,

some

to

discuss

among

themselves.

7)

表示方面或方式

He is slow to move.

表示方式

He is likely to go back on her words.

可能性也是表

示方面

7.

不定式的逻辑主语

It is quite possible

for you to catch up with

them in

a short time.

I

’

ll

try

to

arrange

it

for

your

husband

to

be

the

first to speak.

I sent him some pictures

for him to see

what Paris

is like.

8.

用

of

还是用

for

表示

< br>人物特征

的形容词后用

of:

It is very

thoughtful of

her to come to see me when

I was ill.

It was

nasty

（卑劣的）

of J

im to behave like that

that.

表示

事物性质