-
The United Kingdom
What is the
geographical position of the uk?
It is
marked by latitude 50`N in southern England and by
latitude 60
’
across the
Shetland islands off the northwest
coast
of
Scotland.
The
distance
from
the
southern
coast
of
England
to
the
most
northern
point
of
the
Scottish
mainland is 995km,
and the
English east coast and welsh
west coast are 483km apart.
With an
area of 242,524
square km.
Could
you
give
examples
of
important
rivers
in
the
uk?
What
is
the
lake
district
famous
for
in
British
literary history.
1.
The largest
river,
the seven
, is 338 km
in length, beginning in Wales, emptying into the
Atlantic Ocean. 2.
The second largest
but most important river is the
Thames
. 3. In Scotland, the
Clyde
lake and
the forth
. 4.
in Northern
Ireland, the
lagan
,
the
Bann,
and the
foyle.
Lake
District,
located in the cumbrian
mountains
of northwest England,
comprises 15 major beautiful lakes and has become
a popular tourist destination. This
district is attractive also because of
its association with the
lake
poet
s, who settled there in the early
1800s.
What
influences
the
climate
in
the
uk?
What
are
its
features
with
respect
to
temperature
rainfall
and
sunshine?
The
moist and mild westerly
wind
from the Atlantic Ocean. The warm drift of the
Gulf Stream
around the land.
Smallness of the British Isles and its
inlet-filled coastal configuration.
Rainfall:
is fairly well
distributed throughout the year, with February to
march being the driest period and October
to
January,
the
wettest.
Temperature:
rarely
lower
than
0`c
in
winter
or
higher
than
32`c
in
summer.
July
and
august
are
normally
the
warmest
months
In
England.
December
to
February
is
often
cold,
wet
and
windy.
Sunshine:
the uk is not a
very sunny country. In summer, average daily
sunshine varies from 5 hours in northern
Scotland to 8 hours on the Isle of
Wight in the south. In winter, 1 hour in northern
Scotland, 2 hours on the south
coast of
England.
How does the weather in the uk
affect British life.
The uk unique
climate pattern inevitably results in a changeable
and often unpredictable weather. This provides a
constant
topic
of
daily
conversation
for
the
Britons
and
it
is
believed
that
this
changeability
of
weather
is
a
conditioning factor of the
national character that has helped the British
become more adaptable.
Uk
is
made
up
of:
England
(London),
Scotland
(Edinburgh),
Wales
(Cardiff),
northern
Ireland
(Belfast).
London is located
on the bank of the river Thames in southeast
England.
The uk cost ling is very long,
about 8000km.
What patterns of
settlement and immigration has the uk demonstrated
in history?
The United Kingdom has a
multinational and multi-ethnic society where its
people have diverse origins in every
continent of the world. Its
contemporary population is predominantly of
English, welsh, Scottish and northern Irish
stock, who have derived from varied
settlement internal migration and assimilation in
history.
Is it correct to describe
contemporary British society
as”
multi-
ethnic
”
and
“
multinational
”
if so,
why?
The
British
are
often
regarded
as
a
“mixed”
people,
meaning
that
they
are
products
of
waves
of
invasion
and
immigration from
different ethnic groups in the course of history.
Their ethnic origins have been complicated by
intermarriage and relocation.
They are: 1. Neolithic Iberians (in the
Bronze Age) 2. Celtic tribes (between 600 bc and
43 ad, bringing in an iron
age
civilization and two languages that became the
later Gaelic and welsh) 3. Romans (55 bc,) 4.
Germanic (5
th
to
7
th
century, come
to constitute
Britain’s
present predominant stock, their language became
the foundation of the
basic, short,
everyday words in modern English) 5.
Scandinavians(Vikings, 8
th
to 9
th
, subdued and
integrated by
the Anglo-Saxon
agricultural and Christian culture.) 6. French
Normans.( in 1066) meaning: Celtic languages are
still used to some extent and
Celtic culture is still celebrated.
Affected the developing fabric of
British life and
formed the
first foundations of the modern state. This
mixture, increased by later immigration, has
produced the
present ethnic and
national diversity in Britain.
Immigrations:
Jewish
moneylenders, 1330, Dutch and Flemish, helping
build the textile trade in England. Others,
including gypsies, enslaved blacks and
a further wave of Jews. In
16
th
and
17
th
, refutes from Europe,
such as Dutch
Protestants and French
Huguenots that added to
Britain’s
agricultural
population. 19
th
,
countryside to urban centres,
from
Wales, Scotland and Ireland to England. 1840s,
Irish people moved to Britain because of potato
famine.
Meaning:
in
history,
the
multicultural
communities
have
helped
build
today’s
vibrant
uk
and
contributed
to
its
economic and social
development.
With its range and unique
mix of cultural identities and heritages, is seen
to
have
defined
and
added
cultural
value
to
the
contemporary
uk.
But,
inequality
and
discrimination
do
exist
in
Britain
society because of the differences in religion,
race, and cultural habits, particularly at times
of economic
stagnation.
As
a
consequence,
it
seems
that
ethnic
divisions
and
tensions
will
have
increasing
rather
than
diminishing significance for British
life.
How has English language evolved
in history?
Why is it said that it is
important to the uk`s class structure?
Class
structure:
1.
upper-middle
class
2.
Middle
class
3.
lower
middle
class
4.
Skilled
working
class
5.
Semi-
skilled and unskilled working class 6. Those at
the lowest level of subsistence.
Who
were
the
main
foreign
invaders
of
Britain
at
different
times
in
British
history?
What
contributions
have they
respectively made to the British culture, or what
impacts have they had?
Settlers
（
5000BC-55BC
）
early man came from the European continent, stone
circles and
tools appeared all over the
British Isles in the Neolithic Age from around
4400 bc. Famous sites of
Stonehenge and
silbury hill.
celts
invaded
from
central
Europe
by
500
BC.
They
introduced
2
important
changes:
the
beginning of the Iron
Age and the building of hill forts.
II.
Roman Britain (55BC-410AD)
罗马人统治时期的英国（公
元前
55
年
-410
< br>年）
h recorded
history begins with the Roman invasion. In 55BC
and 54BC, Julius Caesar, a
Roman
general, invaded Britain twice.
2. Roman's influence on Britain.
The Roman built many towns, road,
baths, temples and buildings. They make good use
of Britain's
natural resources. They
also brought the new religion, Christianity, to
Britain.
罗马人修建了许多城镇网，道路，澡堂，庙宇和其他建筑物。他们还
很好地利用了英国的自
然资源。罗马人还把基督教这门新宗教带到不列颠。
III. The Anglo-Saxons
(446-871)
盎格鲁
-
撒克逊
人（公元
446-871
年）
1
．
Basis of Modern English race: the
Anglo-Saxons.
盎格鲁
-
萨克逊时代（奠定了英国的基础）
In the
mid-5th century a new wave of invaders, Jutes,
Saxons, and Angles came to Britain. They
were
three
Teutonic
tribes.
In
the
7
century,
they
developed
7
separate
kingdoms
known
as
England,
and established the English language now refered
to as Old English.
The Anglo-Saxons
brought their own Teutonic religion to Britain.
Christianity soon disappeared,
3
．
The Early
Anglo-Saxons make the contributions to the English
state.
早期盎格鲁
-
撒克逊人
为英国做出的贡献。
The Anglo-Saxons
laid the foundations of the English state.
Firstly, they divided the country into
shires, with shire courts and shire
reeves, or sheriffs, responsible for administering
law. Secondly,
they
devised
the
narrow-strip,
three-field
farming
system
which
continued
to
the
18th
century.
Thirdly,
they
also
established
the
manorial
system.
Finally,
they
created
the
Witan
（
council
or
meeting of the
wisemen
）
to
advise the king, the basis of the Privy Council
which still exists today.
盎格鲁
-
撒克逊人为英国国家的形成打下了基础。首先，他们把国家划分为郡，郡法庭和郡<
/p>
法官、或行政司法长官负责执法。其次，他们设计的窄条三圃田农耕制延用至
18
世纪。此
外，他们还建立了领地制。最后，他们
还创立了议会
(
贤人会议
)
，向国王提供建议，这就成
为了今天仍存在的枢密院的基础。
IV
．
Viking
and Danish invasions
北欧海盗和丹麦人的入侵
1
．
The invaders
were the Norwegians and the Danes. They attacked
various parts of England from
the end
of the 8th century.
2
．
King Alfred
(849-899) and his contributions
艾尔弗雷德国王
（
849-899
）和他所做出的贡献
Alfred was a king of Wessex. He
defeated the Danes and reached a friendly
agreement with them
in 879. The Danes
gained control of the north and east, while he
ruled the rest. He also converted
some
leading Danes into Christians.
阿尔弗雷德是威塞克
斯的国王。他打败了丹麦人，并于公
元
879
< br>年与他们达成了友好协议。协议规定丹麦人控制英格兰北部和西部（丹麦法区）
，
而
他统治其他地区。他还劝服一些丹麦首领成为基督教徒。
V
．
The Norman
Conquest (1066)
诺曼征服（公元
1066<
/p>
年）
1
．
The Norman
Conquest and its consequences
诺曼征服及其产生的影响。
The
Norman
Conquest
of
1066
is
perhaps
the
best-
known
event
in
English
history.
the
feudal
system
was completely established in England. Relations
with the Continent were opened, and the
civilization
and
commerce
were
extended.
Norman-French
culture,
language,
manners
and
architecture were introduced. The
Church was brought into closer connection with
Rome, and the
church courts were
separated from the civil courts.
1066
年的诺曼征服也许是英国历史上的最著名事件。于是，封建制度在英国完全建立。开
放了与欧洲大陆的关系，文明和商业得到发展，引进了诺曼
-
法国文化、语言、举止和建筑。
教会与罗马的联系更为密切，教会法庭与世
俗法庭分离。
How did feudalism
emerge and decline in medieval Britain?
Feudalism,
a
concept
often
used
to
describe
the
medieval
society,
had
existed
under
the
Anglo-Saxon,
to
consolidate his power.
The
Black Death
, a fierce and
widespread outbreak of plague that ravaged the
whole of Europe.
killed
perhaps
up to one-third of the British
population. As a result, in 1381, wat Tyler led a
band of Kentish rebels to stage a
revolt, but was subdued with force. It
inspired other public demonstrations and
rebellions against the feudal power
throughout the later medieval period.
the
hundred years` war
(1337-1453),
a series of dynastic civil
wars for the
English between
French
, The war destroyed the feudal
nobility and therefore brought about a new social
order.
Internationally, by ending
England’s
status as a power
on the continent, it led the English to expand
their power at
sea. After,
wars of the roses
, a series
of dynastic civil wars for the English throne were
staged from 1422 onwards
between
the
houses of Lancaster and
York.
With
Henry
Tudor’s
accession
as Henry vii, the central authority of
the crown was soon to be resumed,
bringing
England’s
turbulent
medieval period to an end and, most importantly,
ushering in a mew age.
In
1215, the Magna carta
大宪章
to impose legal limits on the
king’s
personal powers in
raising money from his
subjects.
In 1265,
Simon
de Montfort summoned the
first elected
parliament.
Enclosure
movement
圈地运动，
helped accumulate enough capital for
capitalism to develop in Britain.
British
civil
war
:
1642-1651,
took
place
between
parliamentarians
and
royalists,
was
a
constitutional
issue
between a king who claimed to rule by
divine right and represented the feudal
nobility.
内战
in
1865, James took
the throne.
Th
e
industrial revolution:
started in age-old
wool
textile industry.
James watt.
The seven years`
war(
英法，
殖民地掠夺
):
e
nd with the treaty of Paris, firmly
establishing the British in India and
Canada.
Victorian Britain:
from 1837 to 1901, queen Victoria had
the longest reign in British history
,
presiding over, first,
a
kingdom and then an empire.
两党演变：
civil
war(roundhead,
royalist)
17
th
century
(Whigs,
Tory)
工革
(liberal
party,
conser
vative
party)
1922(labour party, conser party)
What was the social background for the
reformation to take place in England ? what major
achievements
did the Elizabethan era
witness?
1.
Henry
iii failed to get the papal approval for divorcing
his wife, he initiated a revolution in 1533,
separating
the English church from
roman and establishing himself head of the
church.2. king Henry desired to make the
pope and all church officers of England
acknowledge his superior jurisdiction over the
church in England.
2.
she succeeded
in putting to rest religious issue; her government
was effective in reducing the power of the old
nobility, expanding the power of her
government, and effecting common law and
administration throughout
England; she
also witnessed the English renaissance.
British history entered
the
reign of Elizabeth I in 1558,
an age of
glory.
The Civil Wars and their
consequences
Because of the absolute
rule of Charles, the confrontation between Charles
I and the parliament
developed into the
civil war. The war began on August 22,1642 and
ended in 1651. Charles I was
condemned
to death.
The English Civil War is also
called the Puritan Revolution. It has been seen as
a conflict between
the
parliament
and
the
King,
and
a
conflict
between
economic
interests
of
the
Crown.
The
economic interests of the urban middle
classed coincided with their religious ( Puritan)
ideology
while
the
Crown's
traditional
economic
interests
correspondingly
allied
with
Anglican
religious
belief.
The
English
Civil
War
not
only
overthrew
feudal
system
in
England
but
also
shook
the
foundation of the feudal
rule in Europe. It is generally regarded as the
beginning of modern world
history.
The Industrial Revolution (1780-1830)
1
．
The industrial
Revolution refers to the mechanisation of industry
and the consequent changes in
social
and economic organization in Britain in the late
18th and early 19th centuries.
工业革命指的是<
/p>
17
世纪末、
18
世纪初英国工业的机械化，以及因此而导致的社会结构和经
济结构的变化。
Consequences of the industrial
Revolution
工业革命的结果
（
1
）
Britain was by 1830 the
（
2
）
Towns grew rapidly and became the
source of the nation's wealth.
（
3
）
Mechanization destroyed the livelihood
of those who could not invest in it . The working
men worked and lived in a appalling
conditions.
（
4
）
The industrial revolution created the
industrial working class, the proletariat, and it
later led
to trade unionism.
What
are
the
characteristics
of
the
British
constitution
?
1.
Constitutional
monarchy
mentary
sovereignty entative democracy rule of
law. The United Kingdom is a constitutional
monarchy, the
head of state is a king
or a queen. The United Kingdom is governed, in the
name of the Sovereign by His or Her
Majesty's
Government.
The
System
of
parliamentary
government
is
not
based
on
a
written
constitution,
the
British
constitution
is
not
set
out
in
any
single
document.
It
is
made
up
of
statute
law,
common
law
and
conventions. The
Judiciary determines common law and interprets
statutes.
What are the functions of the
parliament?
The UK parliament is one of
the oldest representative assemblies in
the world, having its origins in the
mid-thirteenth-century great councils. It
comprises three elements: the Crown,
the
non-elected
House
of
Lords,
and
the
elected
House
of
Commons.
The
main
function
of
parliament
is
to
legislate, that is, to
create, abolish or amend new laws for the entire
nation. But, in practice, it normally passes bills
that are often proposed by the
government. It also votes the taxation and
expenditures of the government; examine
government policies and administration,
and debates major political issues of the day.
Queen:
is not only the
sovereign of the United Kingdom, but also the head
of state of 15 other realms and head of
the commonwealth. (declare war,
dissolve parliament, dismiss the prime, minister,
appoint a new, prime minister)
Parliament
comprises
three
elements
:
the
crown,
the
non-elected
House
of
Lords,
and
the
elected
House
of
Commons.
House
of Lords: initiate legislation, debating the
issues of the day and improving certain non-tax
bills inadequately.
It serves as the
highest court of appeal in the uk, hearing appeals
with the exception of criminal cases in Scotland.
The
Prime
Minster
:
is
the
leader
of
the
party
that
holds
the
most
seats
in
the
house
of
commons,
his
responsibilities
include
presiding
over
the
cabinet,
allocating
functions
among
ministers
and
meeting
with
the
queen regularly to
inform her of the general business of the
government.
Prime Minister Margaret
Thatcher
第一女首
How does the UK differ from other
countries like the United States in the division
of powers of the state?
The judicial
system of the
UK is among the oldest
and most traditional of
British
institutions. 4 places zx/have
separate
legal system, with marked differences in law,
court names and procedures. The British law and
politics are
closely intertwined. There
is no ministry of justice in the uk, various
government departments and agencies are
also
responsible
for
administering
the
legal
system,
including
the
department
for
constitutional
affairs
and
the
home
office.
What are the main sources of
British laws
?
The
three
main
sources
of
English
and
Welsh
law
are
common
law,
statute
law
and
European
Union
law.
①
Common
law:
decided
by
Judhes,
their
decisions
in
cases
being
arrived
at
after
considering
the
customs
and
practices
of
the
people
involved.
This
kind
of
law
has
envolved
long
before
parliament
became
the
main
law-
making body.
②
Statute law:
made by parliament.
③
European
Union law became part of British law when the
UK entered the European Economic
Communnity in1973, it is confined mainly to
economic and social matters
T
he principle court system
is divided into criminal law and civil
law.
Criminal
law
：
mostly
involves the rules laid down by the state for
citizens and acts punishable by the state, such
as theft and murder.
Civil
law:
governs
the
relationships
and
transactions
between
private
parties,
individuals,
organizations,
or
companies, dealing with
disputes about issues such as compensation for
loss or damage.
Criminal
Courts
刑事法庭（一级法庭）
Magistrates’
Courts
二级法院
Crown
Court
皇家法庭（三级法院）
Keynesian
demand
management
—
the
economic
theories
of
English
economist
john
Maynard
Keynes,
that
advocate government
monetary and fiscal programmes, designed to
increase employment and stimulate business
activity.
,
Using fiscal policy to control the level
of aggregate demand. Consequently, it
nationalized railways,
road
transport, water, gas, electricity, coal, iron and
steel industries, airlines, the health service,
the post office and
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