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Level 6
Unit 1
1/4
Listening
Harry bitchem works for a
high-tech German company, based in Munich.
Last month he was in an
automobile accident.
He was
on his way to attend an important meeting in New
York City.
He had just
arrived on a flight from London and was taking a
taxi into the city.
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The purpose of his trip was to attend a
meeting.
The weather was
terrible and the road was icy.
He was in a hurry so he asked the taxi
driver to get him into the city as soon as
possible.
The taxi driver
agreed and sped up. But just as they left the
airport, the car
went
out
of
control.
It
spun
around
and
skidded
into
the
path
of
an
oncoming
truck.
Fortunately, the truck
wasn
’
t going too fast, so
nobody was killed.
But the
taxi was severely damaged and both passangers were
injured.
The accident
wouldn
’
t have happened had
the weather been better.
Had the weather been better the
accident wouldn
’
t have
happened
If the weather
hadn
’
t been bad, the
accident probably wouldn
’
t
have happened.
The taxi
driver survived with only a few injuries because
he was wearing a seatbelt.
The taxi
’
s airbag
had also deployed, absorbing much of the
impact. However, Harry, who is in the
back seat, hadn
’
t put
on
his
seatbelt.
As
a
result,
he
was
severely
injured
and
had
to be rush to a hospital.
Had he put on his seatbelt,
he might not have been injured so badly.
Now a month later Harry
still can
’
t remember much of
what happened.
When he
first woke up in the hospital it was several hours
after the accident and he was
sure
where he was. The bad news was that he
couldn
’
t move his legs.
This was because his back
had been broken in the accident.
The doctors later told him that he
might never regain the use of his legs.
Some of the nerves in his
spain and legs had been damaged but everything
else was OK.
He
couldn
’
t move his legs
because his back had been broken in the accident.
Now Harry is trying to
figure out what to do.
If
he works hard and exercises every day there is
still a chance that his legs will
recover on their own. There are also
some new treatments that might help his nerves
regenerate.
Still he should be prepared for the
long recovery and the possibility that he might
never
walk again.
Without the use of his legs he
wouldn
’
t be able to continue
working in the same way.
It
wouldn
’
t be possible to
travel so he would have to find another way to
attend
meetings.
Either
that
or
he
would
have
to
look
for
another
way
to
make
a living.
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If he regains the use of his legs,
he
’
ll be able to continue
working in the same way.
Harry has good disability insurance so
money won
’
t be a problem for
a while.
But sooner or
later he wants to be able to earn a living again.
Of course he
isn
’
t planning to give up on
his legs.
If he works hard
he might still be able to regain their use and
learn to walk again.
Some
of his nerves had been damaged but there is a
chance that they will heal.
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The new drugs being developed might
make it possible for the nerves to grow back.
Still he has to face the
possibility that nothing will work.
If he wants to regain the use of his
legs he
’
ll have to work
hard.
However happens Harry
is determined to think positively.
Even if he can
’
t
walk he can still attend meetings all over the
world.
With
new
technology
he
would
be
anywhere
and
there
is
much
of
that
he
could
still
do. Luckily he still has the use of his arms and
hands and his brain
is still
functioning.
With the right
attitude he can find a way forward.
There is no reason for despair or
feeling sorry for oneself.
That kind of thinking
won
’
t solve anything.
He just hope that his
company or another company will give him the
chance to
prove himself. He can still
be a valuable asset for them, come with me.
He has a positive attitude
toward life and is determined to prove himself.
Dialogue
W: Hey, what do you think? Do you like
it?
M: No,
it
’
s too short. You
can
’
t wear that to the
office. If you do, nobody will be able to
concentrate.
W:
What about this one?
M:
That
’
s the right length, but
I hate the color. I hate pink.
W: OK, I
’
ll see
if they have it another color, but it
isn
’
t cheap.
M: It
’
s OK if you
don
’
t buy anything else for
a while.
W: Sure, this will
last for a while.
M: Well,
I
’
m glad you like your
dress. It looks great on you.
W: You should get some new clothes too.
You never buy anything for yourself.
M: I have an expensive girlfriend now,
so I can
’
t afford it. And
besides I don
’
t the time to
go shopping.
W:
What are you doing? Are you staring at that woman?
M: What? No, of course not.
W: Yes, you were. You were
staring at her. How do you think it makes me feel?
M: I was just looking in
that direction.
W: No, you
were staring at her for several seconds.
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M:
I
’
m sorry but I
couldn
’
t help it.
W:
I
’
ve told you many time to
stop that. And if you are going to stare, you
shouldn
’
t do it
like that, so obvious and rude.
M: OK.
What
’
s the best way to
stare?
W:
don
’
t stare for 4 or 5
seconds. Just take a quick looks, 2 seconds long.
Then it isn
’
t so
obvious.
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M: Sorry, My eyes just went there.
I
’
m program like that.
W:
That
’
s no excuse.
W: And
don
’
t ever tell me you
don
’
t like pink again. She
is wearing pink. Why is it that pink
is
so bad on me when you can
’
t
help staring at someone who is wearing pink?
M: I
didn
’
t notice that she is
wearing pink.
W: Ah, so the
clothes don
’
t matter. She is
more attractive than I am. Why
don
’
t you go sit with
her?
M: Hey,
come on, let
’
s not get into
a fight.
W: I thought you
were getting better. But you never change. You
just had to runling the evening.
M: Hey, come on,
I
’
m sorry.
W: No, don
’
t say
anything, I don
’
t want to
hear it.
In this exchange,
we see a lovers
’
quarrel.
He
can
’
t afford to buy new
clothes for himself because he spends a lot on his
girlfriend.
Reading
The Boy Who Cried Wolf
Once upon a time there was
a mischievous young boy who was given the task of
tending a herd of
sheep on a hillside
near a village. The boy grew tired and board while
watching the sheep, so
he found ways to
amuse himself, such as climbing trees or chasing
sheep. One day he came up with
what
he
thought
was
a
brilliant
idea.
He
climbed
to
the
top
of
a
tree
and
shouted
toward
the
village:
“
Wolf! Wolf! Help me
please!
”
When the villagers heard his cries for
help, they rushed up the hill to rescue him and
chase the
wolf away. Of course, when
they got there, there was no wolf to be seen, and
the boy, who was
still
in
the
tree,
was
laughing.
The
sheep
were
grazing
peacefully.
Annoyed,
the
villagers
returned
to the village and back to their normal
activities.
A few days
later, the boy grew bored again and played the
same trick on the villagers. This time
the
villagers
were
furious
at
the
boy.
That
night
he
was
punished
by
his
mother
for
his
bad
behavior.
For
a
while
after
that,
life
went
on
as
normal
and
the
boy
behaved.
He
didn
’
t
want
to
be
punished
again.
Then,
one
afternoon
while
he
was
tending
the
sheep,
he
noticed
that
she
sheep
were
bleating
and nervous. He
didn
’
t know what was causing
their strange behavior, so he climbed a tree to
see if he could determine what was
going on. What he saw from the tree was a
frightening sight,
a big, hairy wolf
chasing after the sheep. Terrified, he
screamed for help:
“
Wolf, Wolf!
There
’
s a wolf chasing the
sheep!
”
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This time,
when the villagers heard his cries for help, they
were convinced that it was another
one
of
his
pranks.
Nobody
believed
that
there
was
really
a
wolf,
so
they
ignored
his
frantic
calls
for
help.
The
wolf,
having
nothing
to
fear,
feasted
on
several
of
the
sheep
and
then
slipped
back
into
the forest.
The villagers
were annoyed when the boy fooled them the first
time.
He learned that lying
to others can have serious consequences.
Survival in the Outback
What would you do if you
ever found yourself lost in the wild? To find out,
you can join a weekend
survival
course
in
Australia
’
s
Outback
Desert.
This
vast
area
is
famous
for
its
harsh
desert
climate.
To survive, your
first task will be
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to find water, a rare commodity in the
desert. Animals such as ants and seed-eating birds
are
strong
indicators
of
water.
You
can
also
cut
and
suck
moisture
from
the
roots
and
leaves
of
plants.
Trees like the
desert oak have roots near the surface. But be
careful. The branches of gum trees
are
a rich source of water, but the leaves are
poisonous, so don
’
t eat
them. The best place to
build a shelter
is in an area with a least around of sunlight,
like between sand dunes or in a
trench.
To make a trench, dig a hole big enough to lie
down in and use the extra sand to create
a barrier or wall on each side. This
can help to shield you from the glare and
scorching heat
of the sun.
Nights can be cold, so knowing how to
make a fire is essential. One way to build a fire
is to
use
the
hand
drill
method.
This
is
one
of
the
oldest
and
simplest
ways
to
start
a
fire.
It
involves
rolling
a
stick
between
your
hands
while
pressing
it
onto
a
notched
piece
of
wood
with
dry
tinder
below.
The idea is to use friction to create enough heat
to ignite the tinder. This can be a lot
of work,
As for
food, you
’
ll have to be
open-minded. Some forms of life can be ugly to
look at but can
provide you with enough
protein to survive. They may even taste good, like
scrambled eggs!
If you are
lost in the desert, your first task will be to
find water.
2/4
Listening
Now that you
studying English at a high level, you need to be
able to talk about the language
itself.
One of the biggest areas of
confusion for students is the difference between
the past tense and
the present perfect.
The
past
tense
is
indicated
by
use
of
past
tense
smarker,
represented
here
by V sub d. Here are
some examples of regular verbs and their past
tense
forms.
So,
as you can see, for regular verbs, the past tense
form is indicated by addition of an
“
ed
”
at
the end of the verb.
However,
some
of
the
most
common
verbs
in
English
are
irregular,
so
it
’
s
important
to learn them.
Here are some examples.
Altogether, there are over 200 regular
verbs in normal use.
Many people think that the past tense
form only indicates
past time. However,
that is only one of the possible
meanings.
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The past
tense form is also used to express something that
is unlikely or imaginary, from the
speaker
’
s point
of view.
Here is an
example:
“
He wishes he had a
car.
”
The fact is that he
doesn
’
t have a car, so the
use of
“
had
”
indicates that it isn
’
t
real,
it
’
s
imaginary.
If he had a car,
he could drive us to school.
Again, he doesn
’
t
have a car, so he can
’
t
drive us
to school. This condition
expresses something that
isn
’
t a
fact.
It
’
s a counter-
factual condition, which means it goes against
where we know or believe.
Look at these two sentences.
If she waits another week,
she can save money
…
If she waited for another
week, she could save money because
there
’
s going to be a sale.
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Both sentences are correct, but
there
’
s difference in
meaning.
In
the
top
sentence
the
condition
that
she
waits
is
more
likely
from
the
speaker
’
s
point
of
view.
In
the
bottom
sentence
the
speaker
thinks
it
’
s
less
likely
that
she is going to wait.
If that flight left a few
minutes later, we could take the
next
shuttle
bus.
If
that
flight
leaves
on
time,
we
are
going
to miss it, so
let
’
s run.
If that flight leaves on
time, the next shuttle bus may not get us to the
airport on time.
If
that
flight
left
an
hour
later,
we
wouldn
’
t
have
to
get
to
the
airport
so
early
tomorrow
morning. He wishes he had a car, but he
doesn
’
t have enough money to
buy
one.
There was a big sale last
week, so we all went shopping.
I wish
we didn
’
t have to run, but
if we don
’
t hurry,
we
’
ll miss the next bus.
There
’
s going to
be a sale next week, so I hope she
doesn
’
t go shopping
tomorrow.
When
we talk about experience or results, we use past
perfect form. This form uses
“
have
”
followed by the
participle.
For
regular
verbs,
these
participle
are
identical
to
the
past
tense
form.
For
irregular
verbs,
these
participle
are
often
different.
When we use the perfect form, the
primary focus on the subject of the sentence,
not
the
verb.
It
emphasizes
condition,
experience
or
result,
rather
than
actions
or
events.
In these two
examples we see the contrast.
She has already left hotel.
She left the hotel a few minutes ago.
The top sentence gives the
condition or state of the subject, and the bottom
sentence expresses
an event.
The top sentence describes
the condition of the subject of the sentence
“
she
”
rather than the
event.
The fact that she has left the hotel is
now part of her experience or state of being.
The bottom sentence
expresses the action or event, she left, which is
something she did.
In
general, the past tense form expresses events or
acts, and the perfect form expresses experience
or conditions. When we use the perfect
form of the verb, we focus on the state of the
subject, and
not an action or
event.
He
enjoyed his studies and graduated a few months
ago. Now that he had graduated,
he
’
s ready
to get
a job.
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Note that the past form expresses the
events that are persific points or periods of
time, such
as the last year or past
five years.
He worked at
several companies. (in the past)
He finished the project last week. (in
the past, last week)
These
events are distance from the
speaker
’
s point of view.
The perfect form expresses
something from the speaker
’
s
point of view, not distance in time.
He has worked at several companies.
(his
experience
now)
He
has
finished
the
project.
(his
experience now)
These two sentences are incorrect and
confusing because they give two different points
of view.
He has worked at
the company until last week. (incorrect)
He has finished the project
last week. (incorrect and confusing)
Here are some sentences that use the
perfect form.
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He has finished practicing.
He has been
practicing.
She may have eaten.
Her computer may have been stolen.
Some are simple, such as
the first one, and some are complex, like the last
one.
The last one is
complex because it combines many verb forms,
including the passive.
He
must have taken her computer with him.
He have practiced hard, so
he should do well in the competition.
He took his computer with him because
he wants to work at home.
He may have
taken his computer with him, but
I
’
m not sure if he did or
not.
He may have been travelling when
he got sick.
It might have been broken
by the accident.
He may have been
arrested by the police.
The fire might
have been started by someone.
He may
have been injur
Dialogue
Reading
Winter in Antarctica:
Staying Sane at the Bottom of the World
On
Antarctica,
the
world
’
s
coldest
continent,
the
average
high
temperature
is
-49
degrees
Celsius.
In the summer, the
sun never sets, and in the winter, it never rises.
Keeping sane there is its
own special
challenge.
The McMurdo
Station is a research base perched on the edge of
the Ross Ice Shelf, the
world
’
s
largest
body
of
floating
ice.
The
station
is
administered
by
the
United
States
and
is
the
largest
community in Antarctica. Capable of
supporting more than 1200 residents, the
population of the
station drops to 150
brave (perhaps foolish) people when winter begins
in March. Their task is
to
maintain
the
station
during
the
months
of
total
night.
The
biologists,
astronomers,
geologists,
and climate
scientists who were there before, have gone, as
any research is impossible in the
brutal winter.
Every
day
the
remaining
staff
of
maintenance
personnel
perform
their
routine
tasks
and
make
repairs
when needed.
Sometimes they peer through the darkness toward
their friends from New Zealand, at
Scott Base, about two miles away.
Though most of the time
they
’
re just voices on the
radio, it
’
s so nice to have
neighbors not too far away. Together, they share a
power grid and one coast
of a dark
forbidding continent.
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Though the
days are dark and freezing cold in the depths of
winter, the moon will rest above the
horizon
for
weeks
at
a
time.
Its
pale
light
illuminates
the
cold,
craggy
landscape
as
if
acknowledging a companion and
reaffirming the bonds of life. So even for those
who live in the
darkest part of the
Earth, there
’
s light.
It
’
s
about the importance of connection.
Something is routine if
it
’
s normal and respected.
A power grid is needed to
supply electricity.
The
writer shares what it feels like to live and work
in Antarctica
.
Most of the researchers leave because
it
’
s impossible to do
research during the winter.
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To acknowledge something means to
recognize or admit its existence.
Chernobyl: Lessons from Nature
On April 26, 1986, Unit 4
of the Chernobyl nuclear reactor in northern
Ukraine, then a part of
the Soviet
Union, was shut down for an unauthorized safety
test. When the nuclear fuel rods hit
the cooling water, the fission reaction
accelerated out of control due to a sudden power
surge.
This caused the reactor to
overheat and build up pressure until its structure
failed and it blew
up, releasing large
amounts of radiation. It took officials a whole
day to comprehend the scale
of the
disaster and to order an evacuation of the
surrounding area. Some 50,000 people had to
leave, not knowing that they would
never return. In the following months, massive
efforts were
made
to
decontaminate
the
area
while
increased
radiation
levels
were
detected
across
much
of
Europe.
Fallout from the disaster continues to
this day, decades later, and long-term effects
such as
cancers
are
still
being
investigated.
Estimates
of
the
number
of
deaths
that
will
eventually
result
from the accident
vary enormously.
The forest
area near the reactor site is one of the most
radioactive places on Earth. Named the
Red Forest because its trees turned a
reddish-brown color as they died, the forest is
trying to
make a recovery. Animals such
as elk and eagles have been seen in the area. And
birch trees grow
where the radioactive
trees of the forest were bulldozed and buried by
the Soviet government.
Some
people have returned as well, mostly former
residents who returned illegally after the
evacuation.
The
old
company
town
of
Pripyat,
once
home
to
50,000
plant
workers
is
still
deserted,
but is slowly being reclaimed by the
forest. It seems that nature can recover and even
thrive
where humans
cannot.
Let
’
s hope
that
humans can learn from
this experience.
Chernobyl, and
more
recently Fukushima in Japan, have
lessons to teach us.
The
purpose of this article is to educate.
It
’
s clearly that
officials were completely unprepared for this
accident.
We should never
underestimate the danger of nuclear technologies.
The reactor exploded
because too much pressure built up inside.
3/4
Listening
Jack is a psychiatrist,
which means he treats people who have mental
problems.
He has been
treating patients for many years and has used a
variety of treatments.
Sometimes he just listens and talks to
patients and sometimes he uses medications.
These medications affect
the brain in many different ways.
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As a psychiatrist he treats people who
have mental problems.
A psychiatrist is a doctor who treats
people who have mental problems.
He has
been a psychiatrist for many years.
Over the years
Jack
found that
some patients improved
with
the
treatment while
the
others
didn
’
t improve at all. In
some cases a patient
’
s
responds to a treatment was the opposite of what
was expected.
Several
years
ago
he
had
a
young
patient
who
showed
him
why
these
treatment
didn
’
t work. The
patient
’
s name was Bob.
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He was 20 years old when he first came
to see Jack for help.
The
reason he came was because he had attempted
suicide.
He
wouldn
’
t have come to see
Jack if he hadn
’
t tried to
kill himself.
Bob was extremely smart and was a
student at one of the best universities
in the world. However, he was often
extremely depressed.
Because of his depression he took drugs
and drank a lot of
alcohol.
It
was
an
overdose
of
drugs
and
alcohol
that
nearly
killed
him.
His
roommate called 911 when he discovered Bob
unconscious in their dormitory room.
If his roommate
hadn
’
t called 911 Bob would
probably have died.
He took
drugs and drank a lot because of his depression.
Once
Bob
recovered
and
was
discharged
from
the
hospital
he
took
time
off
from
school
to get help. That was when he came to
the clinic where Jack practices his medicine.
At first Jack attempted to
treat Bob with a tie depression medications.
He
also
used
conversation
and
recommendations
to
help
him
rethink
his
life
and
memories. After a few
months Bob began to improve but only moderately.
Through he cooperated with
the treatment he continued to think
negatively.
He
also
continued
to
go
through
periods
of
depression.
As a
result he wasn
’
t able to
return to school.
He
wasn
’
t able to return to
school because his treatment
wasn
’
t working.
Had the treatment been successful, he
probably would have returned to school.
He was also going through
periods of depression.
Because the treatment
wasn
’
t working Jack tried
something new. He decided to use brain
scans to look
inside
Bob
’
s brain.
Brain scans are a way to look inside
the brain to see how it was
functioning. What the scans showed
about Bob was crucial.
They
showed that his brain was damaged in a way that
nobody had
anticipated.
There
were
significant
damage
to
the
front
part
of
his
brain.
An injury
in this part of brain can contribute to depression
and
negative feeling. It can also
contribute to feelings of anger and
rage.
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The fact that his brain was injured and
unbalanced explained why the treatment
hadn
’
t work.
The brain scans showed why
the medications and other treatments
hadn
’
t
worked.
They
had
failed
because
they
didn
’
t
address
the
brain
injury.
After
discuss the injury with Bob and his parents, they
concluded that the cause of the injury
was from playing soccer.
In fact Jack knew of quite a few soccer
players who had suffered head injuries from
playing that sport. Heading a hard
soccer ball many times can damage the brain.
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If he hadn
’
t
played soccer, his brain
wouldn
’
t have been injured.
With this new
information, Jack used a new medicine to treat the
injury.
Gradually
Bob
improved
and
after
a
few
months
was
close
to
full recovery.
He no longer had any signs
of depression and was finally able to return to
school.
Alternately Bob
graduated from his university with honers and
entered a famous law
’
s
school.
From
this experience Jack realized that the brain
imaging had allowed him to
save
Bob
’
s
life.
If
he
hadn
’
t
been
for
the
scans
Bob
would
have
ended
up
killing
himself.
Detecting and treating the injury to
the front of his brain was the key step
in
his
treatment.
Jack
now
believed
that
brain
scans
can
be
an
important
tool
for psychiatrists.
An injured brain must be healed before
other treatments such as vitamins, drugs and
counseling,
can work.
Dialogue
W:
We
’
ve got big problems on
our hands. We are getting a lot of complaints.
M: About the proposed new
policy?
W: Yes, people
think it
’
s an invasion of
privacy.
M:
Don
’
t they agree that
regular exercise and staying in shape is good for
everyone?
W: Sure, they
agree. But they don
’
t think
we have the right to use an app to track how much
they
exercise.
M: Using the app is the only way to
make sure our employees get enough exercises.
W: This new policy will
reduce our health cause and improve productivity,
which helps everyone!
M:
That
’
s not how they see it.
This kind of regulation makes people feel like
robots. They have
no freedom anymore.
Requiring everyone to wear a smart device like
this on the wrist means they
have no
privacy.
W: Well, if you
put it that way, I can see the problem.
M:
However,
I
don
’
t
see
any
other
way
to
change
people
’
s
habits.
This
is
just
a
friendly
reminder.
W:
It
’
s more than a reminder.
It makes things public and puts press on people to
meet the
requirements. It will force
people to work out even when they
don
’
t want to. There
won
’
t be
any
choices.
M: No, it
doesn
’
t have to be that way.
We can still be flexible.
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W:
That
’
s not the point. People
hate the idea that the company knows everything
they do. It
’
s bad enough
that they have to communicate with each other at
night and on weekends.
M:
What if we make the use of the app an option?
W: If you do that, it still
puts press on people to use it. I think
it
’
s best that we get rid
of this idea. I
’
m
all for standards, but what about freedom and
creativity? If we go ahead with
this
policy, I think we will lose some of our best
people.
W: There are other
ways to deal with health issues.
M: Such as?
What
’
s your suggestion?
W: Give extra holidays to
people who take fewer sick days.
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M: No, that
wouldn
’
t work. It will put
press on people to come to work sick and get
everyone
else sick too. If someone is
sick, I
’
d rather that they
stay at home.
W: Then there
’
s a
radical idea. Why not let your department managers
handle it? They are the
ones who decide
on promotions and bonus. Setting everything in
stone in a form of policies can
be very
dangerous.
M: OK,
I
’
ll consider it. For now,
I
’
ll give up the idea of
using this app. Please let people
know
that we are listening to them. We do care about
our employees.
W: I will.
I
’
m sure people will
appreciate it. It shows that you have faith in
them.
M: Thanks, I
appreciate your advice.
They think it gives the company too
much control over their
lives. They
don
’
t want the company to
know so much about
their lives. Even if
it were an option, it would still put
press on people to use it. He would
rather have sick people
stay at home
than come to work.
People would be able to see how well
they are doing in comparison
with
others. The policy is still being considered and
hasn
’
t been
put
into effect yet.
Creative people often value
their freedom more than other and
won
’
t like the new policy.
Reading
Preventing Injuries
Exercise and a certain amount of
strenuous physical activity are important for
maintaining good
health. However,
before engaging in them,
it
’
s important to know how
to prevent injuries from
occurring,
especially
for
athletes
and
elderly
people.
Injuries
can
be
minimized
by
doing
a
proper
warm
up.
This
consists
of
increasing
your
heart
rate
and
the
blood
flow
to
all
parts
of
your
body.
A good way to do this is through a
series of static stretches followed by a series of
dynamic
stretches, which are done while
moving. Using the proper equipment is essential,
especially in
contact sports. To
protect the head, for example, well-designed
helmets can greatly reduce the
incidence of concussions. Concussions
are caused when the soft, jello-like brain slams
into the
hard human skull. Research
shows that repeated concussions can have serious
consequences.
Compression
sportswear is another way to reduce the risk of
injury, especially muscle injuries.
More and more athletes are using them
because their use can also speed up muscle
recovery when
an
injury
occurs.
Another
contributing
factor
in
sports
injuries
is
fatigue.
Doctors
believe
that
fatigue is an important warning sign
that the body has reached its limit. When fatigued
it is
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more
difficult for the body to protect itself.
Therefore it
’
s a good idea
to stop an activity
at the first sign
of fatigue. Rest periods, even for professional
athletes, can prevent serious
injuries
from occurring.
Understanding injuries and the
body
’
s reaction to them can
help people cope with problems that
accompany
physical
exercises.
The
support
and
understanding
of
coaches,
teammates
and
family
can
be
a
critical
factor
in
prevention
and
recovery.
Once
and
injury
occurs,
it
’
s
too
late
to
prevent
it, and recovery can
take a long time. For the elderly, a simple fall
can be fatal.
A fatal
accident or injury is one that causes death.
It
’
s
important to know how to prevent injuries from
occurring.
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Blood Pressure and Stroke
A large international study has found
that ten risk factors account for 90 percent of
all the
risk of stroke. Of that list,
five risk factors usually related to lifestyle are
responsible for
a full 80 percent of
stroke risk. According to the researchers these
risk factors
–
high blood
pressure, smoking, abdominal obesity,
diet and physical activity
–
are modifiable and can be
controlled.
The findings come from a
study
of 3,000
people who
had
had strokes and an equal number of
healthy
individuals with no history of
stroke. The study also includes a brain scan of
all participating
stroke survivors,
according to the researchers. Across the board,
high blood pressure was the
most
important
factor,
accounting
for
one-third
of
all
stroke
risk.
Blood
pressure,
it
was
noted,
plays a major role in both forms of
stroke ischemic, the most common form (caused by
blockage
of
a
brain
blood
vessel),
and
hemorrhagic
or
bleeding
stroke,
in
which
a
blood
vessel
in
the
brain
bursts.
Blood pressure is easily
measured, and there are lots of treatments.
Lifestyle modifications to
control it
include increasing physical activity and reducing
salt intake. The other lifestyle
risk
factors are modifiable as well. High intake of
fish and fruits, for example, is associated
with a lower risk of stroke.
Many of the same risk
factors have been reported in other studies, but
this is the first stoke
risk
study
to
include
both
low-
and
middle-income
participants
in
developing
countries.
The
study
confirms
that
high
blood
pressure
is
the
leading
cause
of
stroke
in
both
developing
can
developed
countries.
This
highlights
the
need
for
health
authorities
in
those
countries
to
develop
strategies
to reduce high blood pressure, salt
intake and other risk factors.
According to this article, lifestyle
factors are responsible for most strokes.
The other lifestyle risk
factors are modifiable as well.
Blood pressure is easily measured, and
there are lots of treatments.
The most common form of stroke is
caused by blockage of a blood vessel.
High blood pressure accounts for a one-
third of all stroke risk.
The study confirms that high blood
pressure is the leading cause of stroke.
4/4
Listening
John and Linda are worry
about their future.
They
both have good jobs, but they are concerned about
economy.
Of the two of
them, Linda is the most worried.
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She wants
the security of owning her own home.
Her husband disagrees.
As a result they often fight about
money.
They live in a nice
apartment but the rent goes up every year.
So now they are trying to
decide whether or not to buy a house.
Linda wants to buy a house but John is
against the idea.
He thinks
the prices are too high, and he
doesn
’
t want to be trapped.
If
they
owned
a
house
or
flat,
it
would
be
more
difficult
to
move
somewhere
else
if
things
changed.
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For example what would happen if he
lost his job?
If he lost
his job, they might want to move to another city
or country.
If they owned a
home or flat, it would be more difficult to move.
If they decided to move,
they would probably have to sale.
If prices had risen they would be OK.
In fact they might even
make a profit.
However if
price were down when they had to sell, they would
lose money.
Owning a home
could make it more difficult to move to another
location.
Last week John
got some bad news.
His
company is downsizing and moving its head office
to another city.
It
’
s moving
because it can no longer afford to do business
where they are now.
Expenses
are
too
high,
especially
salaries,
so
it
’
s
more
difficult
to
compete
with
other
companies.
In fact, several other companies would
be moving out too.
Office
base
is
expensive in
the area,
along with the
cost of living
for employees. As a
result, it
’
s becoming more
difficult to hire
good employees.
Nobody wants to live there
unless their salary can support a good standard of
living.
With all of these
changes, John thinks there
’
s
a good chance that he would be transferred to
the new head office.
This could happen fairly soon.
If so, it would be foolish
to buy a house at this time.
Linda
still
disagrees
about
buying
a
house
but
she
’
s
willing
to
wait
a
year
to
see
what
happens.
She hopes that they
won
’
t have to move but they
may have to unless John is willing to
change companies. She would prefer not
to move because she doesn
’
t
want to lose her job.
Now
they have to consider what
they
’
ll do if
he
’
s transferred.
John has to decide whether
or not he should begin to look for a new
company. If he could find another job
in the area, it would put less
stress
on his wife.
If
they stay and can wait for a while maybe housing
prices would begin to come down.
If prices don
’
t
come down, then he and his wife will continue to
disagree about buying a house.
Sooner or later they are going to have
to make a decision and stop fighting about it.
It
’
s
downsizing and relocating its head office to a
less expensive area.
If
he
’
s transferred,
he
’
ll have to decide whether
or not to stay with the company.
She is
willing to postpone the decision until they know
where John is going to work.
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She hopes
that they won
’
t have to
move, but they may have to unless John is willing
to change
companies.
Dialogue
M1: Are you
having any luck finding a new girlfriend?
M2: No,
I
’
m not. I
haven
’
t found anyone I like.
So far they are all after my money and fancy
life style. What is
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happen to real love?
M1: I don
’
t know.
The same thought has occurred to me lately.
I
’
m afraid I become a bit of
a
cynic.
M2: I
was just reading about some new robots called AIs.
They have artificial intelligent, or
AI.
M1: Yes,
AIs. I heard about it. And
they
’
ve been in some movie
too.
M2: Evidentely, these
new AIs can be very attractive companions. What do
you think about that?
M1:
You must be kidding. Relating to a smart robot? It
sounds sick to me.
M2: I
don
’
t know, maybe not. I
wonder what would be like to have an AI girl-
friend? Maybe you
could program to be
like your dream woman.
M1: A dream woman, hah. Well,
it
’
s an interesting idea,
but hard to imagine in reality. I guess
it could be fun for a while, but then
it would get boring, don
’
t
you think?
M2: For sure, no
real emotion. Everything would
be
mechanical and artificial, even the language.
There wouldn
’
t be
a soul inside, just an empty machine.
M1: Well, not necessarily. That would
depend on how intelligent it is. There are some
who say
that AIs are going to be more
intelligent than we are.
M2: Emm, I
’
ve
heard that too. In fact, they may even be a threat
to us, right?
M1: Anyway,
if it were possible, would you want a woman you
could control?
M2:
A
woman
I
could
control?
No,
I
can
’
t
imagine
it.
Most
of
the
women
I
’
ve
been
with
have
tried
to control me.
M1: Well,
that
’
s one of the
differences between men and women. We see things
differently.
M2: We never
measure up to their standards, hah.
M1: However, if
there
’
s real love, the bonds
between two people can be very deep. It may not
happen very often, but
I
’
ve seen it.
M2: Yes, that
’
s
what I
’
m looking for. I hope
it
’
s not just a dream.
M1: If
that
’
s what you want, you
are probably not going to find her in a bar.
M2: Maybe
I
’
ll just let people know
I
’
m looking for someone
nice.
M1: Be sure they
don
’
t tell her
you
’
re rich. Maybe I can
help you find someone.
M2:
You
have
my
promision.
And
just
for
fun,
I
’
ll
start
checking
out
some
of
those
smart
robots.
It sounds crazy, but
I
’
m curious.
M1: With all the lonely people out
there, it may turn out to be a huge business.
He was reading about some
new AIs that are designed to be attractive
companions.
Reading
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Mysteries of Mona Lisa
Without a doubt, one of the
world
’
s most recognizable
pieces of art is the Mona Lisa. Painted
in
the
16
Century
by
Leonardo
da
Vinci,
it
continues
to
attract
crowds
of
people
who
are
captivated
by
the
mysterious
woman
in
the
portrait.
Her
enigmatic
smile
and
penetrating
gaze
reach
out
through
the ages as if she were alive today.
Critics
and
art
lovers
still
argue
about
her
identity.
One
theory
is
that
the
way
she
posed
suggests
that she was
th
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with
child.
Another
theory
argues
that
her
hairless
face
–
no
brows
or
lashes
–
indicates
that
she was a
prostitute
. It seems that in
16
Century Italy women working in the
world
’
s oldest
profession
has
hairless
faces
in
order
to
make
themselves
more
sexually
arousing.
There
is,
however,
evidence
that
at
one
time
the
woman
in
the
portrait
had
thick
eyebrows.
Perhaps
they
were
inadvertently
erased when
the painting was cleaned. Nobody knows for sure.
The
painting
itself
has
an
interesting
history.
With
the
death
of
Leonardo,
it
went
to
his
friend
King Francois I, and
then to Louis XV and the Palace of Versailles. It
wasn
’
t until 300 years
after
its
completion
that
it
was
recognized
as
a
masterpiece.
For
a
time,
Emperor
Napoleon
Bonaparte
hung
it
in
his
bedroom.
Eventually,
it
found
a
permanent
home
when
it
was
added
to
the
collection
of
the
Louvre
in
Paris.
In
1911
it
was
stolen
by
a
museum
employee
and
two
accomplices.
This
theft
made the painting
famous all over the world. During World War II it
was taken away and hidden
from the
Nazis, as were many important works of art.
Today the painting resides
at Louvre, captivating a whole new generation.
Whoever she was, the
mysteries
surrounding the Mona Lisa continue to engage our
imaginations.
th
This article was written
in a style to keep the mystery alive.
A Story of Friendship and Love
This is the story of a
donkey named Jellybean and a goat named Mr. G. For
ten years they lived
together on a farm
owned by a woman who loved animals but could
barely care for herself. She had
dozens
of animals, but the living conditions for all of
them were deplorable. Finally, an animal
rescue organization came and took the
animals away, relocating them to animal
sanctuaries.
Throughout
their
years
at
the
farm,
Jellybean
and
Mr.
G
had
been
inseparable.
Wherever
the
donkey
was,
the goat was never far away. For the same reason,
they had bonded, and nobody suspected how
strong the bond had become. When
Jellybean was taken to local animal rescue center,
Mr. G was
moved to a center far away.
When he arrived, he refused to eat. Not only did
he refused to eat,
but he refused to
get up or move around. He spent his days lying in
a corner of the barn, barely
lifting
his head. The staff at the center tried feeding
him treats, including apples and sweets,
but nothing worked.
As the days went by, he continued to
weaken. The staff had to move him physically to
ensure he
didn
’
t
spend too long lying down. Worried that he was
ill, they gave him a series of health
examinations, but none showed anything
wrong. Finally, they realized that he was
depressed and
mourning the loss of his
best friend.
With
his
condition
getting
worse,
drastic
measures
were
required.
A
volunteer
at
the
center
offered
to
make the 14-hour-round-trip journey to fetch
Jellybean so the two could be reunited.
Once Jellybean arrived and
the goat sensed his presence, he rose to his feet,
breathed in deeply
and rushed to his
friend
’
s side. Shortly after
that, he began to eat, moving the entire staff
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to
tears.
Such
a
beautiful
reunion
was
inspiring
–
an
amazing
testimonial
to
the
depth
of
nonhuman
emotions.
Since the video of the
reunion was posted on the Internet, it has been
viewed by millions. And
from now on,
the two friends will remain together.
The animals were taken away because
their living conditions were deplorable.
This story teaches us that
humans have much in common with animals.
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Unit 2
1/4
Listening
Walter wants to retire within the next
few years.
He
’
s been working
at the same company for over 15 years as an
accountant. During
that time
he
’
s
been saving
his money
and paying
off his
debts.
However
even
with
his
savings
and
investments,
he
isn
’
t
sure
that
he
’
ll
have
enough
money
for
retirement.
If
he
doesn
’
t,
he
’
ll
have
to
keep
on
working,
which
depends
on
the
company.
For
now, the company is okay, but
it
’
s no longer growing as
fast as it used to.
Whether
or not he can keep
on
working will
also
depend on
his health.
Fortunately
he
’
s
in
good
health,
but
he
knows
that
that
could
change
at any time. If he
fell down or had a stroke, it could force him to
stop working.
If
that
happened,
he
would
have
to
rely
on
his
savings
and
other
assets
to survive. Sooner
or later, he knows his health will
decline and he
’
ll
have to stop working. So he needs to prepare.
He
’
s
been saving money and paying off debts to prepare
for retirement.
Most of his wealth is in the form of
company stock and the value
of his
home. Both of this are at risk.
The
company
stock
may
go
down
and
the
value
of
his
home
may
also
fall.
The company he works for is a pharmaceutical
company.
It develops new
drugs, which is a risky business, and sells them
worldwide.
It
’
s expensive to
develop new drug and it can take a very long time
to get new
drug
approved.
Without
government
approval,
it
can
’
t
be
sold,
which
can
result
in a
huge loss.
Another threat
to the company comes from foreign competition,
which is getting strong.
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The
company has also started to move some of its
research and production
facilities
overseas. Salary levels are lower there, and the
quality of foreign
worker is getting
better.
As
a
result,
the
company
has
reduced
its
local
hiring
and
is
no
longer
going
large
bonuses.
It has reduced its local hiring,
because salaries levels are lower overseas.
One thing he is considering
is to sell his shares in the company.
He could begin to sell a little at that
time and reinvest the money
somewhere
else. But where could he invest?
He doesn
’
t know
much about investing and several of his friends
have lost a lot by making
bad
investments. Investing in real estate or the stock
market could be very risky.
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In the best case he would make a lot of
money.
If that happed, he
could finally retire and enjoy a comfortable life.
On the other hand, in the
worst case, his investments could result in a huge
loss.
If that happed, he
wouldn
’
t be able to enjoy
his retirement.
He
wouldn
’
t be able to travel
or do any of the things he has dreamed about
doing.
So, now he has to
decide what he should do.
Should he begin to sell his stock in
the company or should he wait until he actually
needs the money. If he sold now, he
would have to decide what to do with the money.
His investments could turn
out well, or, they could turn out to be a
disaster.
On the other
hand, if he decides to wait, everything will
depend on the company.
The
one in advance he has with this option is that
he
’
s being on the inside of
the company.
With his
insider information, he can predict the
company
’
s short-term future.
This is especially true,
because as an accountant, he has
access
to the
company
’
s
financial
data.
If
things
start
to
go
badly,
he
can
begin
to
sell
his
stock
and
avoid a
big loss.
Otherwise,
it
’
s probably safer to keep
his stock and hope that the company does well,
even if
its growth rate declines.
So for now,
that
’
s probably what he
should do.
If you were he,
what would you do?
If his
investment resulted in a huge loss, he
wouldn
’
t be able to enjoy
his retirement.
In his role
as an accountant, he has special access to the
company
’
s financial data.
Dialogue
W: So, where
should we go on the vocation? What about Africa?
M: Africa? No,
that
’
s not for me. Why do
you want to go to Africa?
W:
I
’
d
like
to
get
out
and
see
the
wild
life,
the
drama
of
nature.
We
could
see
some
of
the
great
migrations.
M:
Wow, you are an adventurer. What about food and
diseases? What about terrorism?
W:
Sure,
something
bad
could
happen,
but
if
we
never
take
any
risks,
we
won
’
t
have
an
interesting
life. I
don
’
t want to have a boring
life.
He
’
s concerned
about food, diseases and terrorism.
She thinks
it
’
s worth taking a few
risks in order to have an interesting life.
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M: So, you
think I
’
m boring then,
right?
W: Well, you are
certainly not the exciting person. You play things
save and secure.
M: I
don
’
t mind taking a few
risks, but it
’
s got to be
worth it. Watching animal
’
s
migration
is
something
I
can
see
in
the
documentary.
And
I
don
’
t
like
the
idea
of
being
around
prejectors,
like lions and
hienors.
W: OK, my brease
man. What would you like to do?
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M: Well, I
’
ve
been thinking about it. I think it would be nice
to go to Paris in the fall, and
visit
some museums. We could go to a concern and maybe
see boa.
W: Ah,
we
’
ve been to Paris before.
There
’
s nothing excited
about going to Paris and I
’
m
tired
of museums.
She thinks his suggestion
isn
’
t very exciting.
W: Any other ideas?
M: One place that might be
interesting is in South America, Machu Picchu.
It
’
s an abandon city
way up in the mountain and Peru.
W: Yes,
I
’
ve heard of it. That might
be interesting.
M: Should
we look into it?
W: Sure,
you look into it, and I
’
ll
get some information about trips to Africa.
M: So your heart is really
set on Africa, isn
’
t it?
W: Yes, it really is. I
need something exciting in my life now. I do is
working be with you. I
need a change.
Don
’
t you ever feel that
way?
M: OK, I hear you.
Let
’
s go to Africa. Ant
don
’
t blame me if you get
sick along the way.
W:
Great, you are not so bad after all. I can only
depend on you.
M: Be
careful. Maybe one of these days
I
’
ll surprise you.
He agrees to go to Africa
with her because he sees how important it is to
her.
Reading
Is Online
Dating Killing Love
A fair
maiden is guarded by a dragon. A handsome prince
must stay the dragon to save her. Then,
magically, they all in love and live
happily ever after.
Traditional
stories
tend
to
emphasize
the
fantastic,
magical
side
of
love.
Fate
plays
matchmaker.
Strangers
see
each
other
from
across
a
room
and
instantly
know
that
they
are
destined
to
be
together.
It
isn
’
t difficult to imagine
two strangers coming together and falling in love
despite their
differences. It suggests
that love is challenging, uncertain, and
incomprehensible.
But with
more people using online dating services, a very
different kind of love has emerged:
one
that is scientific, convenient, and self-directed.
It minimizes risk and provides a choice,
like on a menu. There is anonymity and
the avoidance of immediate rejection. Meeting
terms are
negotiated online.
Online dating also allows
the setting of preconditions. Computer algorithms
exclude undesirable
traits such as the
wrong hair color, race or age. But they also
exclude randomness. They reduce
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the
chances
of
meeting someone
different, or someone
who could
challenge one
’
s
romantic ideals.
Instead,
they find the partner we think we want and exclude
everyone else. As a result, we could
be
missing the opportunity of lifetime, to meet
someone we would never have expected to fall in
love with.
Perhaps this new way represents a more
efficient form of romance. Traditional ideas of
love may
be enchanting
–
but are they useful?
Loneliness and boredom are less exciting than
chance
encounters,
but
they
represent
the
more
realistic
side
of
love.
All
too
often
people
have
suffered
through
bad
dates
and
humiliations.
If
they
could
just
choose
what
they
wanted,
wouldn
’
t
it
save
time and
reduce suffering?
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However,
by
choosing
partners
based
one
our
preconceived
ideas,
we
may
be
indulging
in
our
illusions.
Instead of
letting ourselves grow with someone, love becomes
more about looking for ourselves
in the
other. What if we don
’
t know
ourselves as well as we think? Perhaps love
isn
’
t about
knowing what we want. Perhaps
it
’
s about being open to
unimagined possibilities.
Sport injuries
Sports injuries are injuries that
happen to athletes participating in sporting
events. In many
cases, these types of
injuries are due to overuse of a part of the body.
For example, runner
’
s
knee
is
a
painful
condition
associated
with
running,
while
tennis
elbow
is
a
form
of
repetitive
stress injury at
the
elbow.
Other types of
injuries, such as a broken bone,
can be
caused by hard
contact with something.
Injuries are a common
occurrence in professional sports, and most teams
have a staff of trainers
and close
connections to the
medical community.
Controversy has arisen at times,
when teams
have
made decisions that could threaten a
player
’
s long-term health
for short-term gain.
Sports
injuries can be classified as either traumatic or
overuse injuries. Traumatic injuries
account for most injuries in contact
sports such as soccer, rugby, and American
football. This
is of course due to the
dynamic and high collision nature of these games.
These injuries range
from bruises and
muscle strains to fractures and head injuries.
A
bruise
is
damage
to
small
blood
vessels
which
causes
bleeding
within
the
tissues.
A
muscle
strain
is a small tear of
muscle fibers and a ligament sprain is a small
tear of ligament tissue. The
body
’
s
response
to
these
injuries
is
the
same
in
the
initial
five-day
period
immediately
following
the incident
–
inflammation. Inflammation
is characterized by pain, localized swelling,
heat,
redness and a loss of function.
Inflammation is the first phase of healing, and
typically lasts
for around five days.
However, too much of an inflammatory response can
mean that the healing
process
will
take
longer,
and
a
return
to
activity
is
delayed.
Sports
injury
treatments
are
intended
to
minimize
that
inflammatory
phase
of
an
injury
so
that
the
overall
healing
process
is
accelerated.
The
tone of this article is logical and informative.
To account for means the
same as to be responsible for.
Collision means about the same thing as
crash.
2/4
Listening
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Now that
you start in English at a high level,
let
’
s get a better
understanding of modals. By now, you
should already have a good
understanding of what they mean.
Here are the modals which
are used to express degree of
certainty. Will, shall, may, can.
These
modals
are
used
for
making
predictions,
judgements,
and
speculations. They indicate how much
the speaker knows about the
likelihood
of an event. First, the modal will, expresses
certainty,
as in, if you heat water, it
will boil.
Based
on what has known, the speaker is certain it will
happen.
The modal may
expresses possibility, as in, it may rain this
evening, but I
’
m not sure.
Based on what has known,
the speaker asserts that the event is possible,
rather that certain,
or impossible.
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The modal can expresses potential, or
ability, as in, he can afford it, but he may
decide not
to buy.
Which modal predict something with
certainty?
–
will.
–
the modal will shows that
the speaker is making a prediction of certainty.
Which sentence express possibility but
not
certainty? -he may be here a bit
late.
-in this sentence,
the speaker is expressing possibility.
The modal shall is a bit different from
the others.
“
Tina shall be
there
”
means the speaker is
determined that Tina will be there.
In other words, the speaker is
determined to get her to come and will try to
influence events
to make it happen. We
would never say
“
it shall
rain
”
.
Nobody can make it rain, so whether or
not it rains is beyond
anyone
’
s control.
If someone were to say
that, it would seem as if they were claiming the
power to control or
influence nature.
Note that the question, shall I open the door,
invites the person who is
asked to make
the decision.
Whether or
not the door is opened depends on the
person
’
s answer.
In contract, will I open the door, asks
for a prediction rather than a decision.
Which sentence
is an invitation?
-would
you
like
to
come
to
the
party?
-This
is
an
invitation
to
come
to
the
party.
Which
sentence is a prediction with
certainty? -we will overcome all
obstacles!
- we will overcome all
obstacles, is a prediction with certainty,
…
or stong belif.
She has something else planed for that
evening,
so she
…
-can
’
t come to the party.
Note
that
these
modals
can
be
weakened
or
removed
from
reality
by
the
use
of
their
past
tense form. Would,
should, might, could.
“
We would go if we had more
money, but we don
’
t.
< br>”
This
sentence
expresses
the
speaker
is
certainty
of
going
IF
they
had
more
money,
which
they
don
’
t.
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So the certain prediction exist, but is
in an imaginary or unreal situation.
The
modal
“
might
”
expresses
less
possibility
than
“
may
”
,
so
“
might
go
”
is
less
likely
than
“
may
go
”
.
The
modal
“
could
”
expresses
less
potential
than
“
can
”
,
and is often used in conditionals.
“
If he could
come
”
expresses less
potential than
“
If he can
come
”
.
The sentence
”
if
he could come, we would all be
happier
”
expresses the
feeling that, in fact,
he
can
’
t come.
They
’
ll finish
working at 5:00, unless the boss gives them more
work to do, which is likely, which
is
the best choice?
-They might finish at 5:00.
-It
’
s unlikely
they
’
ll finish at five, but
it
’
s possible.
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They
’
ll finish
working at 5:00, unless the boss gives them more
work to do, which is unlikely,
which is
the best choice?
-They should
finish at 5:00.
- It
isn
’
t certain, but
there
’
s a good probability
that they will finish at five.
They
can
’
t leave on Friday if the
weather is still bad. Which is
the best
choice? -They might not be able to leave on
Friday.
-We
don
’
t know for sure, but
there is still a possibility that they can leave
on Friday.
Here is the
second set of modals.
These
modals expresses degree of logical force, or
social
expectation. Must, had better,
should, ought to.
Note
that
none
of
them
has
a
past
tense
or
weakened
form.
The first one, must, indicates logical
or social
necessity.
It expresses a strongest
logical or social force.
The modal should and ought to assert
that something is probable or expected, but
not necessary. The modal had better
expresses advicebility.
In
other
works,
if
someone
had
batter
do
something,
they
should
do
it,
or
there
may
be
negative
consequences.
Therefore,
had
batter
has
the
feeling
of
a
threat,
as
in
“
you
had
better
be
there.
”
This
isn
’
t
the same as
you should do it,
which
means that you are expected to do it,
but without
an imply threat
if you don
’
t.
One
interesting
rule
is
that
no
more
than
one
modal
can
be
used
with
any verb. There are no exception to
this rule.
Therefore
it
’
s incorrect to say:
“
He will must be
there
”
.
To avoid breaking this rule, there are
other words that have the same meaning, but
are
not
modals.
In
the
case
of
“
must
”
,
for
example,
we
use
“
have
to
”
,
as
in
“
He
will have to
be there
”
.
Similarly, we cannot say
”
He may can
come
”
.
Instead,
we
say
“
He
may
be
able
to
come
”
.
One last thing to know
about modals.
They use the
same form regardless of what the subject is.
If the gramical subject is
“
I
”
,
“
it
”
,
“
we
”
or
“
they
”
< br>, we use the same form,
“
will
”
.
We would never say
“
He wills be
there
”
.
But in expression,
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Dialogue
W1:
What
’
s wrong? You look
awful.
W2: My boyfriend and
I have just had another fight. I think
I
’
m going to break up with
him.
W1: Hey,
you
’
ve said that before.
Calm down. Is that really what you want to do?
W2: Yeah, I think so. I
don
’
t see any future in our
relationship.
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W1: Is there anyone else
you
’
re interested in?
W2: No, but there are some
guys on the internet who had sent me messages.
W1: What?
You
’
ve been on line?
W2: Sure, just for fun.
It
’
s nice to know that I can
meet people if I want to.
W1: Does your boyfriend know about it?
W2: No, if he knew it, he
would be furious. He can be very jealous and he
has a violent temper.
W1:
Anyway, what was your fight about?
W2: Oh, it
’
s just
the way he talks to me. He never shows any
interest in what I
’
m doing
or in
what I
’
m
feeling. If I have a bad headache or anything, he
says nothing.
W1: So who
started the fight?
W2: He
came over and wanted to kiss me and I turned away.
I told him I didn
’
t feel
anything for
him right then. So then he
got angry and we both blew up.
W2: Now we are not talking to each
other.
W1: Oh, is that all?
That kind of thing is normal. Maybe you are
overreacting.
W2: No,
it
’
s just that
I
’
m beginning to realize
that I don
’
t feel anything
for him anymore.
Our relationship is
getting cold. I don
’
t feel
appreciated.
W1: Well then, maybe you should break
up for a while and start seeing other men. But be
careful.
If I were you, I
wouldn
’
t start seeing
anybody else until I break up first.
W2: Why do you think so?
W1: If he sees that you are serious
about breaking up, he may change.
W2: Maybe, but I doubt it.
W1: It could be that he feels the same
way about you. Maybe he
’
s
lost interest. So it
’
s best
to find out. You need to have a serious
conversation with him.
W2:
Hmm, you
’
re right. Maybe
it
’
s time to really find
our.
Reading
The Love Lab
How we communicate with our
romantic partners can have a strong impact on the
quality of our
relationships.
Psychologists John and
Julie Gottman run the
“
Love
Lab
”
, where thousands of
couples have been
studies over the last
30 years. The purpose of their research is to
determine the factors that
lead to
happy and unhappy relationships. From their data,
they have concluded that contempt,
criticism, defensiveness, and
stonewalling are the most significant factors that
can hurt a
marriage or relationship.
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Among
these, contempt is the biggest predictor of
divorce. People who feel contempt for their
partner
often
convey
disapproval
without
addressing
the
issue.
They
sometimes
label
their
partner
with insulting words such as
“
lazy
”
”
stupid
”
or
“
emotional
”
, which is particularly damaging.
Many couples try to address
issues by criticizing their
partner
’
s flaws or mistakes
directly.
Being too direct with
criticism can hurt your
partner
’
s self-esteem. Some
people may react to
criticism by
becoming defensive and focused on winning the
argument, rather than on improving
themselves. Others may react to
criticism by
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stonewalling,
where
they
refuse
to
acknowledge
and
respond
to
their
partner
for
a
period
of
time.
Unfortunately,
fighting
back
or
ignoring
your
partner
can
make
it
difficult
to
determine
the
root
of your problems. If
your partner feels that they
aren
’
t valued, it may lead
to increased
dissatisfaction with the
relationship.
The Gottmans
maintain that being aware of these factors in
communication is the first step to
improving a
relationship. It
is important to acknowledge that all
relationships
have issues.
The
goal
shouldn
’
t be to avoid these
issues, but to learn to resolve them. In
particular, we should
avoid
communicating
in
ways
that
hurt
our
partner
’
s
self-esteem.
It
is
better
to
discuss
problems
in a way that is less confrontational
and can better help your partner sympathize with
your
perspective.
For
example,
rather
than
saying
“
Why
are
you
ignoring
me?
It
’
s
rude!
”
,
one
should
say
“
I feel hurt and undervalued
when I don
’
t get a response
from you.
”
By being
conscious
of how we communicate with
our partner, we can begin to build a healthier
relationship.
-The tone of
this article is
…
–
logical and insightful.
-What is the purpose of the passage?
–
It
’
s
to advise readers on how to identify and improve
problems in a relationship.
-Which sentence best summarizes the
idea of the passage?
–
We can
use their research findings
to improve
our relationship.
-Which
sentence
below
would
most
likely
lower
somebody
’
s
self-esteem?
–
You
are
too
lazy
around
the house. -What can
make your partner feel that they
aren
’
t valued?
–
Refusing to acknowledge
and respond to them. -What is the
purpose of Gottmans
’
research?
–
to identify
characteristics
of successful and
unsuccessful relationships.
-Someone who is defensive in an
argument will probably
…
-not
admit fault. -To confront something
means
…
-to face it.
-To
sympathize
with
perspective
means
…
-to
understand
another
person
’
s
feelings. -To determine the root of a problem
means to find
…
-its
source.
-What is
another word for acknowledge?
–
to recognize
or
admit -To show contempt
means
…
-to be
disrespectful.
-What is the biggest
predictor of devoice?
–
Among
this, contempt is the biggest predictor of
devoice.
-how
should
we
avoid
communicating
with
our
partners?
–
In
particular,
we
should
avoid
communicating in ways that hurt our
partner
’
s self-esteem.
-What
’
s an
example of insulting word? -They sometimes label
their partner with insulting words
such
as
“
lazy
”
”
stupid
”
or
“
emotional
”
, which is particularly damaging.
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-What
may
happen
if
your
partner
feels
undervalued?
-If
your
partner
feels
that
they
aren
’
t
valued,
it may lead to
increased dissatisfaction with the relationship.
-What is the first thing we should do
to repair our relationship? -The Gottmans maintain
that
being aware of these factors in
communication is the first step to improving a
relationship.
-What
might
make
it
be
difficult
to
find
out
the
cause
of
your
relationship
problems?
-Unfortunately,
fighting
back
or
ignoring
your
partner
can
make
it
difficult
to
determine
the
root
of
your
problems.
Some people
respond
to criticism by
stonewalling,
where
they
refuse to
acknowledge
and
respond
to
their
partner
for
a
period
of
time.
Unfortunately,
ignoring
your
partner
can
make
it
difficult
to
determine the
root
of your
problems. If your partner feels that they
aren
’
t
valued
, it may
lead to increased
marital
dissatisfaction.
Their research has given us insight
into how to make our relationships better.
Stonewalling your partner can make them
feel like they aren
’
t
valued.
Telling somebody that they are
too lazy would probably hurt their self-esteem.
They used data from
observing thousands of couples to determine the
factors that lead to unhappy
relationships.
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The purpose of their research is to
determine the factors that lead to happy and
unhappy
relationships.
The Lost City of the Incas
Machu Picchu is one of the
world
’
s most impressive
historical sites. It was built around 1450
by the Incas, who ruled most of South
America at that time. They called themselves
children of
the Sun, the powerful god
they worshipped as the source of light and life.
Located in the Andes
Mountains of Peru, at 8,000 feet above sea level,
the
“
City of the
Incas
”
was
mysteriously
abandoned just
100 years after its
construction. This
was when
the Spanish were
beginning
their conquest of the
Inca
Empire,
in
the
1530
’
s.
There
is
no
evidence
that
the
Spanish
invaders
ever
attacked
or
even
reached
the
mountaintop
city,
so
many
believe
that
the
city
’
s
inhabitants
deserted
the
site
because
of a smallpox epidemic. The city was
almost forgotten until 1911 when it was discovered
by an
American historian, Hiram
Bingham, after he heard rumors of its existence.
Bingham was led to
the
site
by
local
farmers
and
was
amazed
by
what
he
saw,
which
seemed
like
an
unbelievable
dream.
He wondered if anyone would believe
what he had found.
Though
the surrounding jungle had overgrown
the
site, what remained
was
impressive. The city had
been
built on a
remote
and nearly
inaccessible mountaintop, often shrouded in
clouds. Forty rows
of farming terraces
hugged the steep mountainside, each over 10 feet
high and linked together
by over 3000
stone steps. Among the city were what appeared to
be neighborhoods of homes and
exquisite
stone buildings that are thought to be temples.
Even today, the mystery remains as to
the purpose of these temples, how the
city was used and what its citizens did.
Despite
its
remote
location,
Machu
Picchu
has
become
one
of
the
most
popular
tourist
destinations
in the world. Every year, thousands of
people travel to Peru to admire its magnificent
stonework
and breathtaking design. What
they see is a wonderful harmony between the city
and the landscape
around it that is
captivating.
-How does the
author describe the relationship between the city
and the landscape around
it?
–
harmonious.
-The
purpose
of
this
article
is
probably
to
…
-encourage
tourists
to
visit
the site.
-As a
piece of
writing this article succeeds
in
…
-expressing the
author
’
s
fascination with
the
site.
-Why did the
city
’
s inhabitants live the
city?
–
It may have been
because of
an epidemic. -What led to
the discovery of the city?
–
An American historian
heard rumors of its existence. -How did
the American historian find the site?
–
He was led to the site by
local farmers. -The conquest of a country or
territory happens
when
…
?
–
It is defeated and taken
over.
-If something is
remote, it is
…
-far away.
-If something is
inaccessible, it is
…
-difficult to reach.
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