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初中英语时态与语态分析与归纳
Tiger
纵观现行的初中英语教材,无论是人教版、新目标
、广州版等等,都没有脱离教
学大纲的要求;
对于时态和语态的
要求是一致的。
在初中阶段,
学生必须了解和
< br>掌握八种时态,
两种语态。
只有很好地掌握好时态和语态
,
才能为进一步运用语
言打下坚实的基础。下面,我们一起对此
做一分析和归纳。
(一)
时态
<
/p>
所谓时态,
在英语中,
就是通过动词的不
同形式变化来表达不同时间内以不同的
方式发生的动作或存在的状态。初中阶段要求掌握
的时态如下表:
时
式
一
般
进
行
完
成
间
现在
一般现在时
现在进行时
现在完成时
过去
一般过去时
过去进行时
过去完成时
将来
一般将来时
不做要求
不做要求
过去将来
一般过去将来时
不做要求
不做要求
从上面的表格中,
我们可以整体上把握时态的形式与结构;
我们再具体分析如下:
I.
一般现在时
1
.
p>
含义:
一般现在时表示经常发生的动作或经常存在的状态、
习惯或客观事
实与真理。
2
.
基本结构:
主语(非第三人称单数)
+
动词原形
(be
例外
)
e.g. I play
tennis .
主语(第三人称单数)
+
< br>动词第三人称单数形式
e.g. She
doesn’t play tennis. The train leaves every
morning at 8 a.m.
3
.
基本用法:
A)
< br>表示现在经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态。特征:常常与频度副词或时
间状语
连用如:
always
,
usually
,
ever,
never
,
often
,
sometimes
,
every
day ( week , month etc
)
等等。
经典例析:
Pet
er
often
goes
to
his
office
by
underground
.
“皮特常常坐地铁上班。”
Father doesn’t smoke .
“父亲不吸烟。”
B)
表示不受时
间限制的客观存在。所谓不受时间限制的客观存在即包括客观真
理、格言、科学事实等等
。注意:在宾语从句中,动词时态不变。
e.g. The
sun rises in the east and sets in he west
.“太阳东升西落。”
A rolling stone gathers no
moss. “滚石不生苔”。
Our teacher said that the moon turns
around the earth .
C)
表示主语的特征、性格、能力等等。
e.g.. John is an American .
She has brown
hair .
4
.
特别提醒:
◆
一般现在时表示将来时间:
1
)某些瞬间动词如:
begin
,
come
,
start
,
leave,
arrive,
go
,
come
,stop,
return ,open , close
等等,强调事实
的客观性或不可变更时,常常用一般现
在时替代一般将来时。
e.g. The plane leaves at 7:30 .
Class begins
at 8:00 every morning .
2
)由
if / when /
as soon as / before
等
引导的条件状语从句或时间
状语从句(动词时态用一般现在时)
,
主句用一般将来时或祈
使句,或者主句
含有情态动词
+
(
p>
V
原形)来表示将要发生的动作。
e.g. If the
phone rings , can you answer it ?
Will
you go and help to get in the crops when the
harvest time comes ?
Work hard and you
will succeed .
l
考点透析
:近来的中考题加大了综合
能力的考查,把几种
时态糅合在一定的语境中或透过相应的句式结构来考查学生
l
解题对策:不能单一地从语法角度
考虑,而应是结合语境,
综合思考。
5
.
中考链接:
①
They usually ______ TV in
the evening . (
北京
1999 )
A. watch
B. will watch
C. are watching
D. watches
②
I’ll
tell
Mrs.
Green
about
it
as
soon
as
she
_____
back
.
( 浙
江
2000 )
A. will come
B.
is coming
C. comes
D.
came
③
--- Can you guess if they ____ to play
basketball with us ?
---
I think they’ll come if
they ___ free . ( 2001 辽宁
)
A.
come
;
are
B.
will
come
;
will
be
C.
will
come
;
are
D.
come
will be
④ We will have to clean the
plates before Mother ______ home . (2003
广
东
)
A. will come
B. is coming
C. come
D. comes
⑤
We’re
not
sure
if
it
_______
tomorrow
.
If
it
______,
we
won’t
climb
the
South Hill ( 2004
西宁市
)
A.
will snow snows
B. will snow
will snow
C. snows
snows
D.
snows will snow
⑥ He said that light
_____
much faster than
sound . (
沈阳
)
A. travelled
B. will travel
C. travels
D. is
traveling
II.
一般过去时
1
.
基本结构:
主语
+
动词过去式
(
规则动词是在其后
+ ed ,
不规则动词变化要记住)
2
.
基本用法:
A)
p>
表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。特征:常常与频度副词连用如:
a
lways , usually
等等
B)
表示过去习惯性的动作,但现在已终止。用
used to
来表示。
C)
p>
表示在过去某一时间内的某个时刻或某一段时间内发生的动作或存
在
的状态。
特征:
常常与表示具体的过去时间状语连用如:
yesterday,
last
week
,
just now , a week ago , in
1998, when she was 14
等等。
D)
特别提醒:
特殊句式:
It is / has been +
时间名词
+ since
从句
(
用一般过去式)
3
.
中考链接:
①
Sorry
,
Miss
Wang
.
I
_____
the
key
to
the
door
of
the
classroom
at home. I have to
go back
for it
( 2001
黑龙
江
)
A. left
B. missed
C. forgot
D.
lost
②
It
_____
ten
years
since
they
_____
to
France
.
(
2001
河北
)
A.
was;
moved
B.
was;
have
moved
C.
is
;
have
moved
D.
is;
moved
③
---
I’m sorry ,
Mr Wang . I _____ my homework at home
---
That’s
OK
.
But
don’t
forget
_____
it
to
school
tomorrow
.
(
2004
安徽芜湖
)
A.
forgot
;
to
take
B.
left
;
to
bring
C.
forgot
;
to
bring
D.
left to take
④
He
used
to
_____
very
late
,
but
now
he
is
used
to
_______
early
.
(2003
潍坊市
)
A. get up getting up
B. get up
get up
C. getting up
; get up
D. getting up getting up
III.
一般将来时
1
.
基本结构:
A.
主语
+ will
/ shall + V
原形
(通常
shall
用于第一人称
)
B.
主语
+ be going to +
V
原形
(
be
随着主语的变化,而对应变
化)
2
.
基本用法:
1
)
p>
表示在将来某个时间内要发生的动作或存在的状态。
特征:
常与表示将来
的时间状语连用。如:
tomorrow
,
next
week
(
month
,
year
etc. )
from
now
on
等等。
e.g. My
father will go to Beijing tomorrow .
3
.
特别提醒:
1
)
be
going to + V
原形
;
will +V
原形
在表示“将来”的区别。
A.
表示说话人的计划、打算、或准备要做的事,常用
be going
to
结构表达。
e.g. He
is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii .
We’re going to meet each other tonight
at 7:00 PM.
B.
表示根
据现有的情况一种推测或预言将要发生的事情。常用
be going to
结
构表达。
e.g. Look at the cloud. It is going to
rain .
2
)
在时间状语从句和条件状语从句中,常用一般现在时来表示将
来。
e.g. I’ll give the note
to him as soon as he comes back .
4
.
中考链接:
①
--- Mike wants to know if _____ a
picnic tomorrow .
---
Yes.
But
if
it
_______
,
we’ll
visit
the
museum
instead
.
(
2001
河北
)
A.
you
have
;
will
rain
B.
you
will
have
;
will
rain
C.
you
will
have
;
rains
D.
will
you
have
;
rains
② I
don’t know if she _____ me when she
________________.(2000 黑龙
江
)
A. tells
arrives
B. tells; will arrive
C. will tell will
arrive
D. will tell arrives.
③
--- Do you know when the world cup
_________ next week ?
--- Next Friday . When it ________, I
will ring you .
A. begins
; begin
B. begins will
begin
C.
will
begin
;
will
begin
D.
will
begin
;
begins
IV.
一般过去将来时
1
.
含义:表示在过去某个时间内将要发生的动作。
2
.
基本结构:
would +
V
原形
was /were going to + V
原形。常常用于
宾语从句中。
经典例析:
She said
that she would go to Sweden .
Tom said
he was going to swim next week
3
.
特别提醒:
would
常常缩写成为’d. 如:I’d you’d .等。
4
.
中考链接:
1
)
The teacher said that she
______ us to the park the next day .
(
北京
1993 )
A. will take
B. has taken
C. would take
D. is taking
2
)
--- What did the
scientists say ? (2001
广州
)
--- He said he wondered if _______ into
space by spaceship one day .
A. he had
to fly
B. he could fly
C. can be fly
D. could he fly
V.
现在进行时
1
.
基本结构:主语
+ be + V ing (be
的形式随主语的变化而变化
)
2
.
基本用法:
1
)
p>
表示现在正在进行的动作。特征:常常与
now
或具体的时间连用,有时句
中会有感官动词来提示,或上下文来暗示。
e.g. Look ! The car is coming to
you .
--- What are you
doing ?
---
I’m
writing a letter to my mother.
2
)
p>
表示现阶段一直进行的动作。特征:这类动词常常是延续性动词。常与
at present
,
this week ,
these days
等连用。
e.g. At present , computers are playing
a more and more important role .
3
.
特别提醒:
A.
表示位置移动的动词如:
come
, go , leave , arrive , start ,
begin ,
fly , return
等,常常用其进行时来表示将来。
e.g. I am leaving for Nanjing tomorrow
.
B.
感官动
词不能用于进行时态。
如:
see
,
hear,
smell
,
taste,
feel
等等。
C.
表示感情的动词如:
love
,hate , fear, like , prefer
等不能
用于进行时。
D.
表示思考和理解意义的动词如:
know ,
understand , believe,
think , forget,
remember
等等不能用于进行时。
4
.中考链接:
①.
Don’t talk loudly here. My little baby
_____________. ( 2003 辽
宁
)
A. has gone out
B. is
sleeping
C. sleeps
D. went to school
②
People in
Qingdao _______ learning English to get ready for
the 2008 Olympic Games .
A. is active
in
B. takes an
active part in
(2003
青岛
)
C. are taking an active part in
D. are joining
③
Be quick ,the
monitor _______ for you in the library . (
河
南
)
A. was waiting
B.
waits
C. is
waiting
D. waited
VI.
过去进行时
1
.
基本结构:
主语
+ be (was / were ) + V
ing
(形式)
2
.
基本用法:
表示在过去某个时刻或某
一段时间内正在进行或发生的动作。
特征:
常常与表示
过去的时间状语连用如:
then , at this
/ that
time , at 9 last
night
等等。
经典例析:
I was watching TV at 9
last night .
3
.
特别提醒:
①表示位置移动的动词如:
come
,
go
,
leave
,
arrive
,
start
,
begin
,
fly
,
return
等,常常用其进行时来表示过去将来要发生的动作。
He didn’t said when he was going
.
②特殊句式:
A.
主语
+
(
过去进行时
);
when
引导的从句(一般过去时
)
[
表示动作的
暂时性
]
When she knocked at the door , I was
doing my homework.
有时,
when
p>
引导的从句,也可以用进行时,关键看这个动词是不是延续性动词。
When I was walking in the park , I
dropped my wallet .
B.
主语
+
(一般过去时
);
while
引导的从句(
过去进行时
)
[
表示动作
的延续性
]
While Jim was making a cake , the bell
rang .
C.
主语
+
(过去进行时);
while
引导的从句(
过去进行时
)
[
表示两个动
作同时发生或进行
]
Some
students
were
playing
basketball
,
while
others
were
walking
around
the corner .
4
.
中考链接:
1
)
When
her
father
came
back
home
,
Joan
_________
with
her
friend
.
(
2002
南州市
)
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