欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结

2021年2月2日发(作者：succeed是什么意思)

欧洲文化入门听课笔记和重点总结

1.

希腊罗马

Homer Author of epics Sappho Lyric

poet

三大悲剧家：

Aeschylus

Tragic

dramatist

Sophocles

Tragic dramatist Euripides Tragic dramatist

喜剧家：

Aristophanes Comedy writer

历

史学家

：

< p>
Herodotus wrote about wars between

Greeks

and

Persians

Father

of

history

Thucydides

wrote about wars between Athens and Sparta and

Athens and Syracuse the greatest historian that

have ever lived

哲学和科学：

Pythagoras All things were numbers

founder

of

scientific

mathematics

Heracleitue

Fire

is

the

primary

element

Democritus

Materialist

，

one

of

the

earliest

exponents

of

the

atomic

theory

Socrates

Dissect

of

oneself

，

virtue

was

high

worth

of

life

，

dialectical

method

Plato

Man

have

knowledge

because

of

the

existence

of certain general ideas

Aristotle

Direct

observation

，

theory

follow

fact

，

idea and matter together made concrete

individual

realities

Euclid

a

textbook

of

geometry Archimedes when a body is immersed in

water its loss of weight is equal to the weight

of

the

water

displaced

“

Give

me

a

place

to

stand

and I

‘

ll move the World

”

Others

Diogenes

（

the

Cynics

）

Pyrrhon

（

the

Sceptics

）

Epicurus

（

the

Epicureans

）

Zeno

（

the

Stoics

）

4th

century

B.C.< /p>

后半叶希腊在

Alexander

，

king

of

Macedon

的领导下，

5th century B.C.

达到顶峰，

146

B.C.

被罗马攻克

2.

基督教和圣经

Jews

— 以前叫

Hebrews

，

3800B. C.

穿

过中东沙漠，

< br>带领

Hebrews

离开埃及，

开

始

他

们

的< /p>

Exodus

，

他

在

Sinai

山

定

< br>了

ten

commandments in the name of God

，

40

年后< /p>

Hebrews

定居

Pelestine

，

known as Canaan

，

Hebrew

人的历

史口头传送记入

the old Testament

，

6th century

< p>
B.C.

，他们在

Babylon

形成

synagogue

（忧太集会）

来发扬他们的教义。

Jesus Christ

生活在第一个罗马帝国

Augustus

，

Emperor Constantine 1

于

313

年宣布基督教合法，

Emperor Theodosius

于

392

< p>
年宣布基督教为国教。

Hebrew

< p>
人的历史口头传送记入

the old Testament

，

旧约包含

39

本书，

写了从

1000B.C.

——

100A.D.

的事

情，最重要的前五本是

Pentateuch

，旧约主要由

Hebre w

写成，

the

New

< p>
Testment

主要是

Greek

的形式，

包含

14

本书，最 古老的

Latin

Bible

叫

Vulgate

，在

1382

年被

John Wycliff

翻译成了英语，

Greek Bible

叫

Septuagint

3.

中世纪开始于

476

年西罗马帝国 的衰败

5-11

世纪

a

period in which classical

，

Hebrew and Gothic

heritage

merged

1 054

，

教

堂

分

裂

为

the

Roman

Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church

反击

Moslems

，开始了

Crusades Charles Martel

给

士兵们

estates known as fiefs in 732 St. Thomas

Aquina s

（

Scholasticism

）写 了

Summa Theologica

，

这

本书

sums up all the knowledge of medieval

theology

他认为

feudal

hierarchy

（层次，

等级）< /p>

of

society

is

God

‘

s

rule

The

power

of

feudal

rulers

is

God

’

s

will

Pope

is

Christ

‘

s

Plenipotentiary

Charlemagne

and

Alfred

the

Great

encouraged

learning by setting up monastery schools. They

copied various ancient books and translated the

Latin works into the venacular Roger Bacon and

Experimental

Science

one

of

the

earliest

advocates of scientific research

，

called for

careful

observation

Dante

（但丁）

神曲

one

of

the

landmarks

of

world

literature

Chaucer

first

modern poet in English literature

< p>
4.

文

艺

复

兴

与

宗

教

< br>改

革

14th

and

17th

Century

Starting in Florence and Venice Boccaccio the

greatest achievement of prose fiction in

中世纪

Petrarch Sonnet

，

father of modern poetry

文

艺

复

兴

早

期

的

艺

术

家

：

Giotto

forerunner

of

renaissance

Brunelleschi

showed

a

systematic

use

of

perspective

Donatello

one

of

the

first

artists

engaged in anatomy Giorgione made happy use of

colour schemes to unify his pictures

意大利文艺复兴全盛时期的四位艺术家：

Da Vinci

Michelangelo Raphael Known for his Titian Oil

color the most prolific of the great Venetian

painters of Western World

Pre-Luther

Religious

Reformers

John

Wycliffe

chief

forerunner

of

the

reformation

，

took

up

the

translation of the Bible into English for the

first

time

in

1382

Jan

Hus

Czech

Religious

leader

John

Calvin

基

督

教

教

义

one

of

the

most

influential

theological

works

Calvinism

Rabelais

拉伯雷

french

writer

Ronsard

Pl eiade

七星诗社代

表人

法国第一个近代抒情诗人

Montaigne

蒙田

散

文集

French Writer Cervantes father of modern

European novel spain Thomas More British writer

Shakespeare

作品包括

>

点击下载

>

点击下载

< br>>

点击下

载

>> crowned literature of England

代表欧洲文艺

复兴的最高成就

Copernicus The father of modern

astronomy

现代天文学之父

Vesalius marked the

beginning

of

a

new

era

in

the

study

of

anatomy

（解

剖学）

founder

of

modern

medicine

Aldus

Manutius

foremost printer in Italy Machiavelli Father of

political science Vosari 1492

，

Columbus

发现了

America 1487

< p>
，

Dias

发现了

the cape of good hope

1497

，

da

Gama

发现了

the

route

to

India

round

the

Cape of Good Hope

5.

17

世纪

Copernicus

天体运行论

Although

he

did

not

belong

to

the

17th

century

he

was

the

forerunner

of

modern

medicine

Kepler

Kepler

‘

s

Law

（

the three laws of planetary motion

）德

国

the

three

laws

formed

the

basis

of

all

modern

planetary

astronomy

and

led

to

Newton

’

s

discovery

of

the

laws

of

gravitation

Galileo

意

大

利

acceleration in dynamics

，

the law of inertia

，

the law of falling bodies

动力加速度，惯性定律，

落体定律

Newton

英国

Leibniz

Distinguishes

three

levels of understanding

：

self-consciou s

（自我

意识）

conscious< /p>

（意识）

unconscious/subconscious

（潜意识）他和牛顿都是

caculus

的创始人

Milton

Areopagitica

，

English

revolution

Bacon

Knowledge is power

英国

反对

deductive method

，

创立了

inductive method

认为哲学应该与神学分开

Hobbes

利维坦

Materialist

（

knowledge

come

from

experience

）

Social Contract

英国

认为最好的统

治

方

式

是

monarchy

Locke

政

治

论

Materialist

views

（

ideas

derived

from

sensation

or

from

reflection

）

Social

Contract

英国在英国革命中有

两个领袖，

Cromwell

和

John Milton Cromwell the

man of action John Milton the man of thought

在

英国文学史上

ranks with Shakespear and Chaucer

Descartes

笛

卡

尔

Cartesian

Doubt

I

think

therefore

I

am

法国

it

is

generally

believed

that

modern philosophy begins with Bacon in England

and Descartes in France Corneille

高乃依熙得

法

国第一部古典主义悲剧，表现责任与爱情的冲突

Racine the greatest tragic dramatist of French

neoclassical

theatre

表

现

情

感

和

理

性

的

冲

突

Moliere

达

尔

杜

夫

愤

< br>世

嫉

俗

吝

啬

鬼

the

best

representative

dramatist

of

French

Classical

comedies

很多科学器械在

被发明：

microscope

，

telescope

，

thermometer

，

barometer

，

pendulum

1689

，

the Bill of Rights

建立了

the Parliament

< p>
至

高

无

上

的

权

利

法

国

最

著

名

的

建

筑

：

Pa lace

of

Versailles

Garden

Front

East

Front

of

the

Louvre

英国最著名建筑：

St. Paul

‘

s Cathedral

6.

启

蒙

运

动

the

age

of

reason

18th

century

intellectual movement starting from France the

most important forerunners of the enlightenment

were two 17th century Englishmen John Locke and

Issac

‘

s

materialist

theory

and

Newton

’

s theory of gravitation

Major

force

of

the

enlightenment

is

French

Philosophes

18

世

纪

两

大

著

名

运

动

：

The

American

War

of

Independen ce

（

1776

）

ended

British

colonial

rule

over

the

U.S.

独

立

宣

言

The

French

Revolution

（

1789

）

ended the French Monarchy and the first

French Republic was born in 1792

人权宣言

French

Philosophy

and

Literature

Montesquieu

Separation

of

pow ers

法国启蒙运动的先驱

Voltaire

most famous of his novels Rousseau one of the

greatest

figures

of

French

enlightenment

Diderot

English

Literature

Pope

spokesman

in

verse

of

the

Age of Reason

，

translation of Homer

，

good at

heroic couplet

擅长英雄双韵体

Defoe one of the

greatest

fiction

writer

of

the

18th

century

England

鲁滨逊漂流记

Swift

the

foremost

satirist

in the English language and one of the satiric

masters of all time Henry Fielding Father

of the

English novel

Samuel

Richardson

The

founder

of

English

domestic

novel Samuel Johnson editor of 18

世纪英国文学

最

著

名

的

期

刊

The

Tatler

和

The

Spectator

，

Addison

和

Steele

经常在上面写文章

German Literature and Philosophy Lessing German

dramastist

German

classicism

Goethe

Apprenticeship/Travels>

the

Greatest

German

Poets

Schiller

a

founder

of

modern

German

literature Kant Waterhead of modern philosophy

Propose

the

nebular

hypothesis

History

of

Nature

and Theory of the Heavens> reason>

The

Musical

Enlightenment

J.

S.

Bach

Christianity

Major

musicians

of

the

musical

Enlightenment

Handel

亨

德

尔

being

his

crowning masterpiece Bach and Handel showed the

world

Baroque

musical

architecture

at

its

imposing

best

The

Baroque

period

was

followed

by

the Classical Period

，

roughly between 1750 and

1820

Haydn

Classical

period

Viennese

school

Mozart

Beethoven

occupy

a

Pivotal

position

，

leaning in much of his work

towards the Romantic

Movement in Music