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导论
翻译的定义
Translation
is the expression in one language (or target
language) of what
has been expressed in
another, source language, preserving semantic and
stylistic equivalences.
-------Dubouis, J. et al.
Dictionaire de Linguistique
Translation
is
a
craft
consisting
in
the
attempt
to
replace
a
written
message and/ or
statement in one language by the same message and
/or
statement in another language.
---------Newmark, Peter.
Approaches to Translation
Translating
consists
in
producing
in
the
receptor
language
the
closest
natural
equivalent
of
the
source
language
message,
firstly
in
terms
of
meaning and secondly in terms of style.
--------Nida, Eugene A. et Taber,
Charles R.
The Theory and
Practice of Translation
A
fair
conclusion
from
these
ideas
is
that
the
translator
’
s
work
may
be
analysed into the answering of three
questions. Faced with a passage in
its
original language, he must ask himself:
(i) What does the author say?
(ii) What does he mean?
(iii) How does he say it?
This method of analysis may be applied
to the paragraph, to the sentence,
or
even to the phrase.
-----Savory, Theodore.
The
Art of Translation
Passage
translation:
The
word
“
winner
”
and
“
loser
”
have
many
meanings. When we refer to a person as
a
winner,
we
do
not
mean
one
who
makes
someone else lose. To us, a winner is
one who
responds
authentically
by
being
credible,
trustworthy,
responsive,
and
genuine,
both
as
an individual and as a
member of a society.
单词
“胜者”<
/p>
与
“败者”
含义颇多。
< br>当我们称一个人为胜利者时
,
并不是指人
,
让他人一败涂地的人。对我们来说
,
一个成功者的回应他的真实表现是可信、可
靠、机敏、真诚
,
无论是作为个人还是作为社会的一员。
Winners
do
not
dedicate
their
lives
to
a
concept of what they imagine they
should be;
rather, they are themselves
and as such do not
use
their
energy
putting
on
a
performance,
maintaining pretense, and manipulating
others.
胜者不会穷其一生的理念
,
< br>即便是他们认为应为
,
而是本色行事
,
所以并不把精力
用来表演
,
保持假意
,
操控他人。胜者不会穷其毕生为
他们所想象的为人之道
They
are
aware
that
there
is
a
difference
between
being
loving
and
acting
loving,
between
being
stupid
and
acting
stupid,
between
being
knowledgeable
and
acting
knowledgeable.
Winners
do
not
need
to
hide
behind a mask.
他们意识到是有区别的
,
被爱与装爱、
愚蠢、
无知之间存在间装傻、
博学和装
博学的。赢家不需要藏匿于面
具背后。
Winners
are
not
afraid
to
do
their
own
thinking and to use their own
knowledge.
成功者
不怕进
行独立思考和运用自己的知识。
They can
separate facts
from opinions and
don
’
t pretend to have all
the
answers.
他们能够区分事实与看法
,
而不会装作通晓所有问题的答案。
They
listen
to
others,
evaluate
what
they
say,
but
come to their own conclusions.
< br>他们倾听他人意见
,
品评他人言论
,
但会得出自己的结论。
Although
winners
can
admire
and
respect
other
people,
they
are
not
totally
defined,
demolished(
驳倒
),
bound,
or
awed
by
them.
虽然胜利者也钦佩
他人、尊敬他人
,
但却不会完全限
制、
影响、束缚或吓倒。
Winners do not play
“
helpless
”
,
nor
do
they
play
the
blaming
game,
Instead,
they assume responsibility for their
own lives.
成功者不会佯装“无助”
,
也不会玩弄“推诿”游戏
,
相反
< br>,
他们承担起自己的生活
责任。
翻译的原则和标准
The
so-called
principles
of
translation
and
criteria
of
translation
are
actually the two sides of the same
thing. The former lays emphasis on the
translator, referring to what the
translator should follow while translating,
whereas
the
latter
on
the
reader
or
critic,
who
may
use
the
criteria
to
evaluate a translation.
刘重德《文学翻译十讲》
Dynamic
equivalence
is
therefore
to
be
defined
in
terms
of
degree
to
which the receptors of the message in
the receptor language respond to it
in
substantially the same manner as the receptors in
the source language.
This
response
can
never
be
identical,
for
the
cultural
and
historical
settings are too
different, but there should be a high degree of
equivalence
of response, or the
translation will have failed to accomplish its
purpose.
--------Eugene
A.
Nida
&
Charles
R.
Taber,
The
Theory and Practice of Translation
Dialogue translation:
1. A:
Why is the river rich?
B: Because it
has two banks.
2. A:What
does that lawyer do after he dies?
B:
Lie still.
It will follow:
I.
That the
translation should give a complete transcript of
the ideas
of the original work.
II.
That
the
style
and
manner
of
writing
should
be
of
the
same
character with that of the original.
III.
That
the
translation
should
have
all
the
ease
of
original
composition.
--------Tytler, Alexander Fraser. Essay
on the Principles of Translation
译例举偶及翻译点评
[
例
1]
原文：
A man may usually be
known by the books he reads as well as by
the company he keeps, for there is a
companionship of books as well as
of
man.
译文
1
：人们往往可以从一
个人所交往的朋友以及所阅读的书目中看
到他的为人，因为，人与人之间存在友谊，人与
书之间也存在友谊。
译文
2
：所谓欲知其人，先观其友；观其阅读书目，亦能知其人，因
人可与人为
友，亦可与书为友。
[
例
2]
原文：
If you are an energetic
man with strong view as to the right way of
doing the job with which you are
concerned, you find yourself invariably
under
the
orders
of
some
big
man
at
top
who
is
elderly,
weary
and
cynical.
译文
1
：如果你是个精力充沛的人，对于如何恰当地完成你的工作有
着独到的见解，
你发现自己总要听命于上面某个大人物，
< br>他上了年纪，
精力不支，还爱吹毛求疵。
译文
2
：即使你活力十足，对如何做好自己的工作富
于创见，仍然免
不了要受制于某个年长资深、精力不支、不纳贤言的高层大人物，难
以有所作为。
[
例
5]
原文：
An individaul human
existence should be like a river small at first,
narrowly
contained
with
in
its
banks,
and
rushing
passionately
past
boulders and over
waterfulls.
译文
1
：人
生应当像条河，开始河身狭小，夹在两岸之间，河水奔腾
咆哮，流过巨石，飞下悬崖。<
/p>
，
译文
2
：人生好比一条河，开始是峡谷细流，接着是急流勇进，冲过
巨石，
飞下悬崖。
Passage
translation
A good book is often the
best urn of a life
enshrining the best
that life could think out;
一
本
好书常常是最好的缸，珍藏着生活最美好的
for
the
world
of
a
man
’
s life is,
for the most part,
but the world
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