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第六讲 翻译技能--长句翻译

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2021-02-02 03:46
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2021年2月2日发(作者:麻醉)



长句翻译



长句语段 (句群)结构的调整是语段翻译的难点和主要


内容之一。语段是由几个意义关系密切的句 子组成,语段的


调整实际上是各个有关句子受语段总体意义的制约而引起的


句际结构调整。


翻译时应注意以下几个方面:



(1)


保持描写角


度的一致;


(2)


语句的“前言”和“后语”要配合;


(3)< /p>


句际时


间概念要相互呼应;


(4)


句间逻辑要互相照应。



具体翻译操作时,可 以使用以下几种方法:保持原序;改变


语序;拆开句子;合并句子。


例如:



1. The global economy that boomed in the 1960s, growing at an


average of 5.5% a year, and pushed ahead at a 4.5 % a-year rate


in the mid-1970, simply stopped growing in 1981-1982.


世界经


济在


60


年代很繁荣,每年平均以


5.5%


的比率增长,到了


70


年代中期仍以平均以


4.5%


的比率增长,


但是在


1981


年到


1982


年就完全停止增长了。


(按照时间顺序)



2.


This


is


no


class


war,


but


a


war


in


which


the


whole


British


Empire


and


Commonwealth


of


Nations


is


engaged,


without


distinction of race, creed, or party


这不是一场阶级之间的战争,而是一场不分种族、不分信仰,


不分党 派,整个大英帝国及英联邦全体成员国无不参加的战


争。


(注意 :定语的顺序)




1



3.


Congress


has


made


laws


requiring


most


pressure


groups


to


give


information


about


how


much


they


spend


and


how


they


spend


it,


the


amount


and


sources


of


funds,


membership,


and


names and salaries of their representatives.



国会已经制定法律,< /p>


要求大部分压力集团呈报他们花费了多


少钱,怎样花的,款项的总 额以及来源、成员人数、代表姓


名和薪金等情况。



4.


As


the


West


sleepwalks


into


a


decade


in


which


moral


confidence


and


steadfast


ness


will


be


increasingly


needed


and


decreasingly


found,


and


as


a


cry


for


leadership


issues


from


millions who probably would not recognize it if they saw it, and


probably


reject


it


they


did,


John


Paul


II


becomes


more


fascinating.


(分析句子结构要从语法上开始)



当 西方恍恍惚惚地进入八十年代的时候,人们的道德信念


和坚韧精神日益沉沦,而获得这一 切的希望又日趋渺茫。千


百万人迫切要求加强“领导”


,而当胜 任的领导出现的时候,


他们却又可能视而不见,或者见到了又加以摒弃。约翰·保


罗二世之所以在西方变得越发具有魅力。



5.


句子前后调整:全部倒置



With


a


view


to


successfully


maintaining


a


balanced


system


implemented


by


a


basically


even


distribution


of


Federal


resources,


Federal


financial


aid


is


given


only


if


a


state


has


acceptable standards of administration.




2


< /p>


各州一先要制定符合规章的管理标准,联邦政府才会拔给财


政援助 ,这是为了使联邦政府财源基本上得到平均的分配,


确保实施一种平衡的财政制度。


(结论—条件)



6.


A


great


number


of


graduate


students


were


driven


into


the


intellectual slam when in the USA the intellectual poor became


the classic poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of the


Beat Generation, a real phenomenon in the late fifties.



五十年代后期 的美国出现了一个任何人都不可能视而见的


现象,穷知识分子的“垮掉的一代”这种颇为 浪漫的姿态出


现而成为美国的典型的穷人,正是在这个时候大批大学毕业


生被赶进了知识分子贫民窟。



注:倒置只是一种变通手段,并不是唯一可行的手段。




2


)部分倒置



7. I think that




it will be of interest to every one of us hereafter,





whether we keep a diary or not, to



note down a sheet of


pages the actual circumstance which



made him or her realize


that


this


terrific


episode


had


begun,


and



to


record


the


exact


time and hour when he or she experienced that circumstance.


不论你是否有记日记的习惯,当可怖的一幕揭开的时候,


试在纸上记下当时的真情实景和准确的时间,往后读来,我


想也 是饶有兴味的。


(注意中文表达的顺序和表达的简洁性)






3



分译



Splitting/ div iding


)某些成分从句子主干中拆开,另


行处理

< p>
(


按照汉语句子结构安排以及词组之间的搭配


)



8.


An


ou


tsider’s


success


could


even


curiously


help


the


two


parties to get the agreement they want.



说来奇怪,一个局外人取得成功竟然能够促使双方达成一


项他们希望取得的协议。


(单词拆离)



9. The number of the young people in the U.S. who cannot read


is incredible about one in four.


大约有四分之一的美国青年人没有阅读能力。 这简直令人


难以置信。



词组拆离



10. Strolling unescorted at midday past a major concentration of


the huts just a block from the city’s central avenues I none the


less saw many signs of occupation.



原译


:中午,我在没有导游陪伴的时 候,独自漫步街头,


发现了一个很大的棚户区,很多茅棚里还住了人。这个棚户


区离中央大道很近。



改译

:中午,我独自漫步街头,路过一个离中央大道很近


的棚户区,很多棚里还住了人。


(是不是更加简洁明了呢?)



分析: 原译用了分译法,但是显得太散不够紧凑,而且将


“这个棚户区离中央大道很近”位移至 句末,似乎成为句子


的焦点。原文的信息却不是这样。





4



11.


This


land,


which


once


barred


the


way


of


weary


travelers,


now has become a land for winter and summer vacation, a land


of magic and wonder.


原译:这个地方现在已经成为冬夏两季的休假胜地,风光


景物,蔚为奇观,而从精疲力竭的旅游者都只能到此止步。


(


比较通顺,下面两种译法同样可以传递原文的信息


)


A:


这个地方现在已经成为冬夏两季的休假胜地,风光景


物,蔚为奇观,而从前精疲力竭的旅游者都只能到此止步。



B:


这个曾经让筋疲力尽的旅游者都到此止步地方,


现在已


经成为冬夏两季的休假胜地,风光景物,蔚为奇观。




注:


只要译者善于变通 语句又不影响原意,


通常可以顺译,


即采取切断式,以分句译出 句首。难以连接时用冒号或逗号


隔开,因为它对下文有提示作用,便于下文承接,可以表 示



前提、结果、结论、条件、背景等等句首成分的推演、阅< /p>


释、说明、铺叙或分解


,引导出后续分句来。


12. Such is human nature in the west that a great many people


are


often


willing


to


sacrifice


higher


pay


for


the


privilege


of


becoming white collar workers.



许多人常常宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人


的社会地位,这在西方倒是人之常情。



13.


A


justification


beyond


dispute


follows


that


planned


obsolescence and its resultant throw- away mentality ought to be



5



done away with.


人为地将产品过早地废弃以及由此而产生的那种用过就

扔的浪费心理都应该去掉,这是无可厚非的。



14.


Sometimes


I


have


thought


it


would


be


an


excellent


rule


to


live


each


day


as


if


we


should


die


tomorrow.


Such


an


attitude


would emphasize sharply the values of life. We should live each


day


with


a


gentleness,


a


vigor,


and


a


keenness


of


appreciation


which


are


often


lost


when


time


stretches


before


us


in


the


constant panorama of more days and months and years to come.



有 时我想,把每一天都当作生命的最后一天来过,也许是一


种极好的生活准则。这种态度会 使生命的价值鲜明突出,使


我们以优雅的风度、旺盛的精力和高度珍惜的心情度过每一< /p>


天;而当我们觉得岁月延绵不断,来日方长时,往往失掉这


种态度 。


(注意增词)




汉语长句翻译



长句的结构特点:字数 较多,层次较为复杂。主要方法:


如何断句和如何区分主从。



汉语重意合,英语重形合。长句中前者的主谓成分较难确


认,但 非常重视意义的连贯,句与句之间的关系隐藏常在字


里行间。


“ 逻辑顺序”是汉语构句所遵循的规律,在时间上


重视“时间的先后顺序”


,在逻辑上重视“前因后果关系”



例如:

< p>



6



重点是普及义务教育,积极发展职业及教育和成人教


育,适度发展高等教育, 优化教育结构。





1:



We


must


lay


emphasis


on


making


compulsory


education universal, vigorously developing vocational and adult


education,


moderately


developing


higher


education


and


optimizing educational structure.


(需要补充主语)





2




Great


importance


must


be


attached


to


making


compulsory


education


universal,


vigorously


developing


vocational


and


adult


education,


moderately


developing


higher


education and optimizing educational st ructure.


(可以改变句型


结构)



一、原序翻译


:


按照汉语的句子 顺序将原文译成英文译文也


保持长句的形式。



1.


我国目前正在修订专利法和商标法,

拟定要修订的许多内


容都要进一步向国际标准和国际化靠拢;有的及时准备分两


部甚至三步走,那也是为了做好协调工作,稳妥前进,避免


欲速则不 达。



China is at present revising its Patent Law and, and many of


the


contents


recommended


for


revision


are


coming


closer


to


international


standards


and


internationalization;


in


respect


of


some


other


contents,


although


preparations


are


being


made


to


revise them in two or even three steps, it is only for the sake of


accomplishing


the


task


of


harmonization


properly,


ensuring



7



steady


progress


and


avoiding


the


hazard


of




more


haste,


less


speed‖.



2.



上海针织厂有37个企业组成,生产规模大,且拥有众


多的名牌产品,如“菊花牌”



“鹅牌”


、和“三枪牌”


,公司


每年的销售额高到1 3亿元人民币。



Shanghai


Knitting


Corporation


is


made


up


of


37


enterprises


and


enjoys


a


broad


production


scale,


and


with


several


well-known


brands


such


as


―Chrysanthemum‖, ―Swan‖, ― Three Guns‖, it has a


nnual sales


volume of about 1.3 billion RMB.


二、



分译法:汉语结构较为松散,而英语句子结构较严谨。


分译的原 则是意义明晰,结构清楚,符合英语语言的表达习


惯。



(1)


汉语长句中含有反问句、反诘句或感叹句,往往分译。



3.


盛夏炎日,


一走进浙江莫干山的 林间小道就汗止心凉,



上清风拂煦,浑身有说不出的舒坦,忍 不住要赞叹一声:莫


干山,好一个清凉世界!



No matter how hot it is ―outside‖, once you step onto the tr


ail


through


the


forest


on


Mt.


Mogan


in


Zhejiang


Province,


the


sweat


withdraws


from


your


body.


In


addition,


the


breeze


refreshes you with a gentle cares. How cool it is!


Take


the


farmers


for


case.


They


are


now


more


eager


to


use


scientific methods for farming. The amount of land devoted to


hybrid


rice


had


risen


so


that


the


per-mu


yield


has


gone


up


considerably.



8



(2)


长句内若有概括句,英译时 可以分译。汉语有些句子习


惯于先作概括,即先作总说,后再分述,或者是先详尽阐述< /p>


而后做概括。若是前一种情况,则在概括部分断句分译。若


是后一 种情形,则将最后的总结或概括句断开,单独分译成


一个句子。例如:

< br>


7.


总之,


微波只能以直线 的方式传播,


没有一系列的转播塔,


它们就不能越过漫长的距离 ,把消息传递到遥远的地方。



In short, microwaves can only travel in straight line. Without


series of relay towers, it is impossible for them to send messages


over long distances to remote places.



8.


灾难深重的中华民族,一百年 来,其优秀人物奋斗牺牲,


前赴后继,探索救国救民的真理,是可歌可泣的。

< p>


For


a


hundred


years,


the


finest


sons


and


daughters


of


the


disaster-ridden Chinese nation fought and sacrificed their lives,


one stepping into the breach as another fell, in quest of the truth


that


would


save


the


country


and


the


people.


This


moved


us


to


songs and tears.


(4)



长句内含有对立句,可分译。



9.


本世纪上半夜的上海曾经是中国工业、


贸易、

< br>金融和商业


的中心,有着远东大都会浪漫而传奇的历史,吸引过不少外

< p>
来资本,


因而一度成为


“冒险家的乐园”



In the first half of this


century


Shanghai


served


as


the


industrial,


trade,


financial


and


commercial


center


of


the


country.


It


attracted


many


foreign



9



investors


as


a


mysterious


Oriental


city


and


an


adventurers’


paradise.


10.


与会者 对这个问题的观点差别太大,以致发生了争吵,


一时会场的气氛紧张起来。


The opinions of the attendants were


far form unanimous about this issue so that some of them began


to


quarrel


with


each


other.


The


atmosphere


at


the


meeting


became tense at the moment.


(5)



长句内若含有阐述句,要分译。例如:



11.


提出问题,首先就要对于问题即矛盾两个基本方面加以


大略的调查和研究,才能懂得矛盾的性质是什么,这就是发


现问 题的过程。



To


pose


the


problem,


you


must


first


make


a


preliminary


investigation


and


study


of


the


two


aspects


of


the


problem


or


contradiction


before


you


can


understand


the


nature


of


the


contradiction. This is the process of discovering the problem.


(6)



长句若含有多层意思时则往往分译,


使关系更清晰,

< p>
更符


合英语表达习惯。



12.


漫步山涧时,听得四处竹林间的淙淙泉声,众多的溪泉


汇成一条狭长而深邃的小溪,顺山势而下,及至悬崖处,猛


然跌 落二三丈,


形成一瀑布,


水珠凉透肌肤。


Trolling along the


path


you


can


hear


springs


singing


everywhere


in


the


bamboo


forest.


Several


little


springs


assemble


into


a


narrow


but


deep


little river, running along the mountainside. Meeting a small cliff,


it falls down two or three feet with drops splashing, forming a



10



thin water curtain which gently covers your skin.


三、变序翻译:


按照译语的表达习惯重新组织和排列句子


的语序。



13.


四十年来


(1)


,武汉杂技


(2)


在继承了传统杂技技巧的基


础上


(3)


,大胆吸收

(4)


其它姊妹艺术之长


(5)


,运用多种艺术


手段


(6)


将布景、灯光、服装、道具、美术融为体,使杂技


(7)


表演成为综合性的表演艺术


(8)




For 40 years,



based on traditional acrobatics techniques,



Wuhan


acrobatics



has


absorbed


bravely




the


strong


points


of


other


sister


arts




and


mixed


together


scenery,


lighting,


costume and fine art



by using all kinds of artistic methods




to that the acrobatic performance becomes a comprehensive art


of performance.





14.


凡外商投资企业有能力也愿意①



与天津市工业企业②



通过技术转让,


引进人才、


技术帮助、


经济支持等途径 ③




同开发④



国家统一经营以外的⑤



制成品⑥,特 别是开发机


电产品和精细化工产品⑦,并通过外方的销售渠道⑧



直接


为外国公司提供制成品⑨,可以向市外经贸委申请扩大联合


开发的业务⑩。



Where


an


enterprise


is


willing


and


able


to


develop




the


finished


products




that


are


not


subject


to


the


unified


operation


by


the


State




through


joint


efforts




with


the industrial enterprises in Tianjin



, particularly in respect of


machinery


and


electronic


products


and


refined


chemical



11



products



,


by


means


of


technology


transfer,


introduction


of


technical


personnel,


technical


assistance


and


economic


support



, and to provide for foreign companies the finished products




through the sales channel of the foreign parties



, they may


apply


to


the


Municipal


Commission


of


Foreign


Economic


Relations and Trade for the expansion of joint development



.


四、



区分主从



英语重形合,汉语重意合。 翻译时应区分句子的主次:凡


是为主的分句,即正句,用英语限定式动词结构来表达;从


属的分句,即偏句,则可采用各种非限定式动词短语或介词


短语 来表达,或增加从属关联词或通过各种从句形式来处


理。



(1)



表示原因或条件的部分,一般应从属于表示结果的部分。



15.


王冕见此光景,过意不去,叹了一口气道:

< p>
“河水北流,


天下自此将大乱了。我还在这里做什么!




Distressed


by


this


sight,


Wang


Mian


sighed


and


said,


―Now


the


river


has


left


its


course


again.


This


has


invariably


been


a


prelude to a period of great confusion. Why should I stay here?‖



16.


错误和挫折教训了我们,使我们比较地聪明起来了,我


们的事情就办得比较好一些。



Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we have become wiser and


handle our affairs better.



(2)



表示方式或状态的部分,


一般应从属于表示行为或动作的



12



部分。例如:



17.


全国人民紧密团结在党中央周围,

朝气蓬勃,


奋勇前进。



Rallying


closely


round


the


Party


Central


Committee,


the


whole people of our country are advancing with vigor and valor.


18.


这些厂子,大搞技术革新,充分利用当地资源,生产出


大量的、多种多样的药品。



Going


in


for


technological


innovation


and


making


full


use


local


resource,


these


plants


now


turn


out


a


wide


range


of


medicines in great quantities.


(3)



表示方法和手段的部分,一般应从属于表示目的的部分。



19.


我们用自己动手的方法,达到了丰衣足食的目的。



By


using


our


own


hands


we


have


attained


the


objective


of


―ample food and clothing‖.



20.


我们需要一个正确的政策。这个政策的基本点,就是放


手发动群众,壮大人民的力量,在我们党领导之下打败侵略


者, 建设新中国。



We must have a correct policy. The fundamental point of our


policy


is


boldly


to


arouse


th


e


masses


and


expand


the


people’s


forces so that, under the leadership of our Party, they will defeat


the aggressors and build a new China.



(4)



非本质的部分,一般应从属于本质的部分。例如:



21.


所有这一切,


使得中国解放区


……


成为配合同盟国作战、


驱逐日本侵 略者、解放中国人民的主要力量。



As


a


result,


China’s


liberated


areas


have


become…the


main



13



force


driving


out


the


Japanese


aggressors


and


liberating


the


Chinese


people


in


military


co-operation


with


the


allied


countries.


(5)



属于修饰或说明关系的分句或短语,一般应译作从属部


分。



22.


他一边写着,


一边注视着窗外,


防止被巡查的人员看见。



While


writing,


he


would


keep


an


eye


on


the


outside


of


the


window for fear that the guard on duty would see him.


23.


这个战争,在东方历 史上是空前的,在世界历史上也将


是伟大的,全世界人民都关心这个战争。



The people of the whole world are attentively following this


war,


which


has


no


precedent


in


the


history


of


the


East,


and


which will go down as a great war in world history too.


(6)



背景情况描述部分,一般应从属于结论部分。例如:



24.


当时,无论干部和战士,长途跋涉,冻饿交加,体质都


已相当虚弱。



In those days, always on the march, always cold and hungry,


cadres and fighters alike were physically exhausted.


(7)



否定或反说部分,一般应从属于肯定或正说部分。例如:



25.


国际争端应在此基础上予以解决,而不诉诸武力威胁。



International disputes should be settled on this basis, without


resorting to the use of threat or force.


26.


必须有分析有批判地学,不能盲目地学。




14



We must learn with an analytical and critical eye, not blindly



3.


作为中国最早的教育中心和科学研究中心,


北京大学聚集


了中国优秀的专家学者,不断开拓创新,改造发展,以培养


出的高质量人才和做出的高水平科学成果深刻影响和推动


着中国高等 教育的航程。



一百年来,北京大学为代表的中国现代大学群, 在中国


走向现代化的历史进程中起到了重要的作用,形成了光荣的


革命传统和优良的学术传统。










第一段 总结了北大百年来所作的伟大贡献。基本时态应


选用现在完成时。剧中有十个动词:聚集 、不断、开拓、创


新、改造、发展、培养、做出、影响和推动。它们处在不同

< p>
的语义层面上,需要仔细斟酌,分别处理。其中“不断”英


译作状语


continuously.


“改造发展”宜作名词化处理,增补


一个统领动词“进行”译为


engaged


itself


in


reform


and


development.


“ 以培养出


......


和做出


.... ..



的意思是


“目地在于

< p>
培养


......


和做出


......



,宜处理为介词短语作目的状语


for


training


high- quality


talent


and


achieving


high-level


scientific


fruits




而“影响



和推动”则属于下一层次< /p>



定语从句的内


容,

that deeply influenced and advanced the



ranges of China’s


higher education.


这样处理,条理分明。



第二段,其时 态还是用现在完成时,与“百年来”相呼


应。句子的主语应是“中国现代大学群”



“以


......


为代表的”









with


Beijing


University


as


its


stellar


representative

< p>
作后置定语。类似的例子有:在以江泽民同志


为核心的党中央领导下,


under the leadership of the PCC with


Comrade


Jiang


Zeming


at


its


core;


在以董建华为首的特区政


府领导下,



under


the


leadership


of


the


government


of


Hong


Kong


Special


Administrative


Region


with


Dong


Jianhua


as


its


head.


“重要的先锋作用”主要强调“先锋作用”



a


pioneering


role


)< /p>


。后面的“优良”有


fine, good


superior


。但在这样的



15

-


-


-


-


-


-


-


-



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