-
长句翻译
长句语段
(句群)结构的调整是语段翻译的难点和主要
内容之一。语段是由几个意义关系密切的句
子组成,语段的
调整实际上是各个有关句子受语段总体意义的制约而引起的
句际结构调整。
翻译时应注意以下几个方面:
p>
(1)
保持描写角
度的一致;
(2)
语句的“前言”和“后语”要配合;
(3)<
/p>
句际时
间概念要相互呼应;
(4)
句间逻辑要互相照应。
具体翻译操作时,可
以使用以下几种方法:保持原序;改变
语序;拆开句子;合并句子。
例如:
1. The
global economy that boomed in the 1960s, growing
at an
average of 5.5% a year, and
pushed ahead at a 4.5 % a-year rate
in
the mid-1970, simply stopped growing in 1981-1982.
世界经
济在
60
年代很繁荣,每年平均以
5.5%
的比率增长,到了
70
年代中期仍以平均以
4.5%
的比率增长,
但是在
1981
年到
1982
年就完全停止增长了。
(按照时间顺序)
2.
This
is
no
class
war,
but
a
war
in
which
the
whole
British
Empire
and
Commonwealth
of
Nations
is
engaged,
without
distinction of race, creed, or party
p>
这不是一场阶级之间的战争,而是一场不分种族、不分信仰,
不分党
派,整个大英帝国及英联邦全体成员国无不参加的战
争。
(注意
:定语的顺序)
1
3.
Congress
has
made
laws
requiring
most
pressure
groups
to
give
information
about
how
much
they
spend
and
how
they
spend
it,
the
amount
and
sources
of
funds,
membership,
and
names and salaries of their
representatives.
国会已经制定法律,<
/p>
要求大部分压力集团呈报他们花费了多
少钱,怎样花的,款项的总
额以及来源、成员人数、代表姓
名和薪金等情况。
4.
As
the
West
sleepwalks
into
a
decade
in
which
moral
confidence
and
steadfast
ness
will
be
increasingly
needed
and
decreasingly
found,
and
as
a
cry
for
leadership
issues
from
millions who probably
would not recognize it if they saw it, and
probably
reject
it
they
did,
John
Paul
II
becomes
more
fascinating.
(分析句子结构要从语法上开始)
当
西方恍恍惚惚地进入八十年代的时候,人们的道德信念
和坚韧精神日益沉沦,而获得这一
切的希望又日趋渺茫。千
百万人迫切要求加强“领导”
,而当胜
任的领导出现的时候,
他们却又可能视而不见,或者见到了又加以摒弃。约翰·保
罗二世之所以在西方变得越发具有魅力。
5.
句子前后调整:全部倒置
With
a
view
to
successfully
maintaining
a
balanced
system
implemented
by
a
basically
even
distribution
of
Federal
resources,
Federal
financial
aid
is
given
only
if
a
state
has
acceptable standards of administration.
2
<
/p>
各州一先要制定符合规章的管理标准,联邦政府才会拔给财
政援助
,这是为了使联邦政府财源基本上得到平均的分配,
确保实施一种平衡的财政制度。
p>
(结论—条件)
6.
A
great
number
of
graduate
students
were
driven
into
the
intellectual slam when in the USA the
intellectual poor became
the classic
poor, the poor under the rather romantic guise of
the
Beat Generation, a real phenomenon
in the late fifties.
五十年代后期
的美国出现了一个任何人都不可能视而见的
现象,穷知识分子的“垮掉的一代”这种颇为
浪漫的姿态出
现而成为美国的典型的穷人,正是在这个时候大批大学毕业
生被赶进了知识分子贫民窟。
注:倒置只是一种变通手段,并不是唯一可行的手段。
(
2
)部分倒置
7. I think that
①
it will be of interest to every one of
us hereafter,
②
whether we keep a diary or not, to
③
note down a sheet of
pages the actual circumstance which
④
made him or her realize
that
this
terrific
episode
had
begun,
and
⑤
to
record
the
exact
time
and hour when he or she experienced that
circumstance.
不论你是否有记日记的习惯,当可怖的一幕揭开的时候,
试在纸上记下当时的真情实景和准确的时间,往后读来,我
想也
是饶有兴味的。
(注意中文表达的顺序和表达的简洁性)
3
分译
(
Splitting/ div
iding
)某些成分从句子主干中拆开,另
行处理
(
按照汉语句子结构安排以及词组之间的搭配
)
8.
An
ou
tsider’s
success
could
even
curiously
help
the
two
parties to get the agreement they want.
说来奇怪,一个局外人取得成功竟然能够促使双方达成一
p>
项他们希望取得的协议。
(单词拆离)
9. The number of the young people in
the U.S. who cannot read
is incredible
about one in four.
大约有四分之一的美国青年人没有阅读能力。
这简直令人
难以置信。
词组拆离
10.
Strolling unescorted at midday past a major
concentration of
the huts just a block
from the city’s central avenues I none the
less saw many signs of occupation.
原译
:中午,我在没有导游陪伴的时
候,独自漫步街头,
发现了一个很大的棚户区,很多茅棚里还住了人。这个棚户
区离中央大道很近。
改译
:中午,我独自漫步街头,路过一个离中央大道很近
的棚户区,很多棚里还住了人。
(是不是更加简洁明了呢?)
分析:
原译用了分译法,但是显得太散不够紧凑,而且将
“这个棚户区离中央大道很近”位移至
句末,似乎成为句子
的焦点。原文的信息却不是这样。
4
11.
This
land,
which
once
barred
the
way
of
weary
travelers,
now has become a land for winter and
summer vacation, a land
of magic and
wonder.
原译:这个地方现在已经成为冬夏两季的休假胜地,风光
景物,蔚为奇观,而从精疲力竭的旅游者都只能到此止步。
(
比较通顺,下面两种译法同样可以传递原文的信息
)
A:
这个地方现在已经成为冬夏两季的休假胜地,风光景
p>
物,蔚为奇观,而从前精疲力竭的旅游者都只能到此止步。
B:
这个曾经让筋疲力尽的旅游者都到此止步地方,
现在已
经成为冬夏两季的休假胜地,风光景物,蔚为奇观。
注:
只要译者善于变通
语句又不影响原意,
通常可以顺译,
即采取切断式,以分句译出
句首。难以连接时用冒号或逗号
隔开,因为它对下文有提示作用,便于下文承接,可以表
示
对
前提、结果、结论、条件、背景等等句首成分的推演、阅<
/p>
释、说明、铺叙或分解
,引导出后续分句来。
12. Such is human nature in the west
that a great many people
are
often
willing
to
sacrifice
higher
pay
for
the
privilege
of
becoming white collar workers.
许多人常常宁愿牺牲比较高的工资以换取成为白领工人
的社会地位,这在西方倒是人之常情。
13.
A
justification
beyond
dispute
follows
that
planned
obsolescence and its resultant throw-
away mentality ought to be
5
done away
with.
人为地将产品过早地废弃以及由此而产生的那种用过就
扔的浪费心理都应该去掉,这是无可厚非的。
14.
Sometimes
I
have
thought
it
would
be
an
excellent
rule
to
live
each
day
as
if
we
should
die
tomorrow.
Such
an
attitude
would emphasize sharply the values of
life. We should live each
day
with
a
gentleness,
a
vigor,
and
a
keenness
of
appreciation
which
are
often
lost
when
time
stretches
before
us
in
the
constant panorama of more days and
months and years to come.
有
时我想,把每一天都当作生命的最后一天来过,也许是一
种极好的生活准则。这种态度会
使生命的价值鲜明突出,使
我们以优雅的风度、旺盛的精力和高度珍惜的心情度过每一<
/p>
天;而当我们觉得岁月延绵不断,来日方长时,往往失掉这
种态度
。
(注意增词)
汉语长句翻译
长句的结构特点:字数
较多,层次较为复杂。主要方法:
如何断句和如何区分主从。
汉语重意合,英语重形合。长句中前者的主谓成分较难确
认,但
非常重视意义的连贯,句与句之间的关系隐藏常在字
里行间。
“
逻辑顺序”是汉语构句所遵循的规律,在时间上
重视“时间的先后顺序”
,在逻辑上重视“前因后果关系”
。
例如:
6
重点是普及义务教育,积极发展职业及教育和成人教
育,适度发展高等教育,
优化教育结构。
译
文
1:
We
must
lay
emphasis
on
making
compulsory
education universal, vigorously
developing vocational and adult
education,
moderately
developing
higher
education
and
optimizing educational structure.
(需要补充主语)
译
文
2
:
Great
importance
must
be
attached
to
making
compulsory
education
universal,
vigorously
developing
vocational
and
adult
education,
moderately
developing
higher
education and optimizing educational st
ructure.
(可以改变句型
结构)
一、原序翻译
:
按照汉语的句子
顺序将原文译成英文译文也
保持长句的形式。
1.
我国目前正在修订专利法和商标法,
拟定要修订的许多内
容都要进一步向国际标准和国际化靠拢;有的及时准备分两
p>
部甚至三步走,那也是为了做好协调工作,稳妥前进,避免
欲速则不
达。
China is at present
revising its Patent Law and, and many of
the
contents
recommended
for
revision
are
coming
closer
to
international
standards
and
internationalization;
in
respect
of
some
other
contents,
although
preparations
are
being
made
to
revise them in two or even three steps,
it is only for the sake of
accomplishing
the
task
of
harmonization
properly,
ensuring
7
steady
progress
and
avoiding
the
hazard
of
―
more
haste,
less
speed‖.
2.
上海针织厂有37个企业组成,生产规模大,且拥有众
多的名牌产品,如“菊花牌”
、
“鹅牌”
p>
、和“三枪牌”
,公司
每年的销售额高到1
3亿元人民币。
Shanghai
Knitting
Corporation
is
made
up
of
37
enterprises
and
enjoys
a
broad
production
scale,
and
with
several
well-known
brands
such
as
―Chrysanthemum‖, ―Swan‖, ― Three Guns‖,
it has a
nnual sales
volume
of about 1.3 billion RMB.
二、
分译法:汉语结构较为松散,而英语句子结构较严谨。
分译的原
则是意义明晰,结构清楚,符合英语语言的表达习
惯。
(1)
汉语长句中含有反问句、反诘句或感叹句,往往分译。
3.
盛夏炎日,
一走进浙江莫干山的
林间小道就汗止心凉,
加
上清风拂煦,浑身有说不出的舒坦,忍
不住要赞叹一声:莫
干山,好一个清凉世界!
No matter how hot it is ―outside‖, once
you step onto the tr
ail
through
the
forest
on
Mt.
Mogan
in
Zhejiang
Province,
the
sweat
withdraws
from
your
body.
In
addition,
the
breeze
refreshes you with a
gentle cares. How cool it is!
Take
the
farmers
for
case.
They
are
now
more
eager
to
use
scientific
methods for farming. The amount of land devoted to
hybrid
rice
had
risen
so
that
the
per-mu
yield
has
gone
up
considerably.
8
(2)
长句内若有概括句,英译时
可以分译。汉语有些句子习
惯于先作概括,即先作总说,后再分述,或者是先详尽阐述<
/p>
而后做概括。若是前一种情况,则在概括部分断句分译。若
是后一
种情形,则将最后的总结或概括句断开,单独分译成
一个句子。例如:
< br>
7.
总之,
微波只能以直线
的方式传播,
没有一系列的转播塔,
它们就不能越过漫长的距离
,把消息传递到遥远的地方。
In short,
microwaves can only travel in straight line.
Without
series of relay towers, it is
impossible for them to send messages
over long distances to remote places.
8.
灾难深重的中华民族,一百年
来,其优秀人物奋斗牺牲,
前赴后继,探索救国救民的真理,是可歌可泣的。
For
a
hundred
years,
the
finest
sons
and
daughters
of
the
disaster-ridden Chinese
nation fought and sacrificed their lives,
one stepping into the breach as another
fell, in quest of the truth
that
would
save
the
country
and
the
people.
This
moved
us
to
songs and tears.
(4)
长句内含有对立句,可分译。
9.
本世纪上半夜的上海曾经是中国工业、
贸易、
< br>金融和商业
的中心,有着远东大都会浪漫而传奇的历史,吸引过不少外
来资本,
因而一度成为
“冒险家的乐园”
。
In the first half of this
century
Shanghai
served
as
the
industrial,
trade,
financial
and
commercial
center
of
the
country.
It
attracted
many
foreign
9
investors
as
a
mysterious
Oriental
city
and
an
adventurers’
paradise.
10.
与会者
对这个问题的观点差别太大,以致发生了争吵,
一时会场的气氛紧张起来。
The opinions of the attendants were
far form unanimous about this issue so
that some of them began
to
quarrel
with
each
other.
The
atmosphere
at
the
meeting
became tense at the
moment.
(5)
长句内若含有阐述句,要分译。例如:
11.
提出问题,首先就要对于问题即矛盾两个基本方面加以
大略的调查和研究,才能懂得矛盾的性质是什么,这就是发
现问
题的过程。
To
pose
the
problem,
you
must
first
make
a
preliminary
investigation
and
study
of
the
two
aspects
of
the
problem
or
contradiction
before
you
can
understand
the
nature
of
the
contradiction. This is the process of
discovering the problem.
(6)
长句若含有多层意思时则往往分译,
使关系更清晰,
更符
合英语表达习惯。
12.
漫步山涧时,听得四处竹林间的淙淙泉声,众多的溪泉
汇成一条狭长而深邃的小溪,顺山势而下,及至悬崖处,猛
然跌
落二三丈,
形成一瀑布,
水珠凉透肌肤。
Trolling along the
path
you
can
hear
springs
singing
everywhere
in
the
bamboo
forest.
Several
little
springs
assemble
into
a
narrow
but
deep
little river, running along the
mountainside. Meeting a small cliff,
it
falls down two or three feet with drops splashing,
forming a
10
thin water curtain which gently covers
your skin.
三、变序翻译:
按照译语的表达习惯重新组织和排列句子
的语序。
13.
四十年来
(1)
,武汉杂技
(2)
在继承了传统杂技技巧的基
p>
础上
(3)
,大胆吸收
(4)
其它姊妹艺术之长
(5)
,运用多种艺术
手段
(6)
将布景、灯光、服装、道具、美术融为体,使杂技
(7)
p>
表演成为综合性的表演艺术
(8)
。
For 40
years,
①
based on traditional
acrobatics techniques,
③
Wuhan
acrobatics
②
has
absorbed
bravely
④
the
strong
points
of
other
sister
arts
⑤
and
mixed
together
scenery,
lighting,
costume and fine
art
⑦
by using all kinds of
artistic methods
⑥
to that the acrobatic performance
becomes a comprehensive art
of
performance.
⑧
14.
凡外商投资企业有能力也愿意①
与天津市工业企业②
通过技术转让,
引进人才、
技术帮助、
经济支持等途径
③
共
同开发④
国家统一经营以外的⑤
制成品⑥,特
别是开发机
电产品和精细化工产品⑦,并通过外方的销售渠道⑧
直接
为外国公司提供制成品⑨,可以向市外经贸委申请扩大联合
开发的业务⑩。
Where
an
enterprise
is
willing
and
able
to
develop
①
the
finished
products
⑥
that
are
not
subject
to
the
unified
operation
by
the
State
⑤
through
joint
efforts
④
with
the industrial
enterprises in Tianjin
②
,
particularly in respect of
machinery
and
electronic
products
and
refined
chemical
11
products
⑦
,
by
means
of
technology
transfer,
introduction
of
technical
personnel,
technical
assistance
and
economic
support
③
, and to
provide for foreign companies the finished
products
⑨
through
the sales channel of the foreign
parties
⑧
, they may
apply
to
the
Municipal
Commission
of
Foreign
Economic
Relations and Trade
for the expansion of joint
development
⑩
.
四、
区分主从
英语重形合,汉语重意合。
翻译时应区分句子的主次:凡
是为主的分句,即正句,用英语限定式动词结构来表达;从
属的分句,即偏句,则可采用各种非限定式动词短语或介词
短语
来表达,或增加从属关联词或通过各种从句形式来处
理。
(1)
表示原因或条件的部分,一般应从属于表示结果的部分。
15.
王冕见此光景,过意不去,叹了一口气道:
“河水北流,
天下自此将大乱了。我还在这里做什么!
”
Distressed
by
this
sight,
Wang
Mian
sighed
and
said,
―Now
the
river
has
left
its
course
again.
This
has
invariably
been
a
prelude to a period of great confusion.
Why should I stay here?‖
16.
错误和挫折教训了我们,使我们比较地聪明起来了,我
们的事情就办得比较好一些。
Taught by mistakes and setbacks, we
have become wiser and
handle our
affairs better.
(2)
表示方式或状态的部分,
p>
一般应从属于表示行为或动作的
12
部分。例如:
17.
全国人民紧密团结在党中央周围,
朝气蓬勃,
奋勇前进。
Rallying
closely
round
the
Party
Central
Committee,
the
whole people of our
country are advancing with vigor and valor.
18.
这些厂子,大搞技术革新,充分利用当地资源,生产出
大量的、多种多样的药品。
Going
in
for
technological
innovation
and
making
full
use
local
resource,
these
plants
now
turn
out
a
wide
range
of
medicines in great quantities.
(3)
表示方法和手段的部分,一般应从属于表示目的的部分。
19.
我们用自己动手的方法,达到了丰衣足食的目的。
By
using
our
own
hands
we
have
attained
the
objective
of
―ample food and clothing‖.
20.
我们需要一个正确的政策。这个政策的基本点,就是放
手发动群众,壮大人民的力量,在我们党领导之下打败侵略
者,
建设新中国。
We must have a
correct policy. The fundamental point of our
policy
is
boldly
to
arouse
th
e
masses
and
expand
the
people’s
forces so that,
under the leadership of our Party, they will
defeat
the aggressors and build a new
China.
(4)
非本质的部分,一般应从属于本质的部分。例如:
21.
所有这一切,
使得中国解放区
……
成为配合同盟国作战、
驱逐日本侵
略者、解放中国人民的主要力量。
As
a
result,
China’s
liberated
areas
have
become…the
main
13
force
driving
out
the
Japanese
aggressors
and
liberating
the
Chinese
people
in
military
co-operation
with
the
allied
countries.
(5)
p>
属于修饰或说明关系的分句或短语,一般应译作从属部
分。
22.
他一边写着,
一边注视着窗外,
防止被巡查的人员看见。
While
writing,
he
would
keep
an
eye
on
the
outside
of
the
window for fear that the guard on duty
would see him.
23.
这个战争,在东方历
史上是空前的,在世界历史上也将
是伟大的,全世界人民都关心这个战争。
The people of the whole world are
attentively following this
war,
which
has
no
precedent
in
the
history
of
the
East,
and
which
will go down as a great war in world history too.
(6)
背景情况描述部分,一般应从属于结论部分。例如:
24.
当时,无论干部和战士,长途跋涉,冻饿交加,体质都
已相当虚弱。
In those
days, always on the march, always cold and hungry,
cadres and fighters alike were
physically exhausted.
(7)
否定或反说部分,一般应从属于肯定或正说部分。例如:
25.
国际争端应在此基础上予以解决,而不诉诸武力威胁。
International disputes should be
settled on this basis, without
resorting to the use of threat or
force.
26.
必须有分析有批判地学,不能盲目地学。
14
We must learn with an analytical and
critical eye, not blindly
3.
作为中国最早的教育中心和科学研究中心,
北京大学聚集
了中国优秀的专家学者,不断开拓创新,改造发展,以培养
p>
出的高质量人才和做出的高水平科学成果深刻影响和推动
着中国高等
教育的航程。
一百年来,北京大学为代表的中国现代大学群,
在中国
走向现代化的历史进程中起到了重要的作用,形成了光荣的
革命传统和优良的学术传统。
分
析
:
第一段
总结了北大百年来所作的伟大贡献。基本时态应
选用现在完成时。剧中有十个动词:聚集
、不断、开拓、创
新、改造、发展、培养、做出、影响和推动。它们处在不同
的语义层面上,需要仔细斟酌,分别处理。其中“不断”英
译作状语
continuously.
“改造发展”宜作名词化处理,增补
p>
一个统领动词“进行”译为
engaged
itself
in
reform
and
development.
“
以培养出
......
和做出
....
..
”
的意思是
“目地在于
培养
......
和做出
......
”
,宜处理为介词短语作目的状语
for
training
high-
quality
talent
and
achieving
high-level
scientific
fruits
。
而“影响
和推动”则属于下一层次<
/p>
—
定语从句的内
容,
that deeply influenced and advanced the
ranges of China’s
higher education.
这样处理,条理分明。
第二段,其时
态还是用现在完成时,与“百年来”相呼
应。句子的主语应是“中国现代大学群”
,
“以
......
为代表的”
是
修
饰
语
,
可
译
为
with
Beijing
University
as
its
stellar
representative
作后置定语。类似的例子有:在以江泽民同志
为核心的党中央领导下,
p>
under the leadership of the PCC with
Comrade
Jiang
Zeming
at
its
core;
在以董建华为首的特区政
府领导下,
under
the
leadership
of
the
government
of
Hong
Kong
Special
Administrative
Region
with
Dong
Jianhua
as
its
head.
“重要的先锋作用”主要强调“先锋作用”
(
a
pioneering
role
)<
/p>
。后面的“优良”有
fine, good
或
superior
。但在这样的
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