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1
英语阅读中长句子的理解和翻译
Part I
难句子的分类辨析
一，
定语从句
定语从句的修饰对象一直是
阅读中经常遇到而难以把握的问题，
定语从句的关系词究竟
修饰
上文中的哪个单词，
短语或者句子一要靠语法知识，
二要根据上
下文进行逻辑判断。
定语从句有限定和非限定性之分。
前者是主
句意义中不可缺少的一部分，
后者主要是对
主句起附加说明的作
用。
例句：
1
，
Behaviorists
suggest that the child
who is raised in
an environment
where
there are
many
stimul
i
which
develop his or her capacity for
appropriate responses
will experience
greater intellectual development.
该句子的主干结构是
Behaviorists
suggest that
?
will
experience
?
development
2,Thus, the unity that
characterize the strong educational
system
is developed by affording
opportunity for diversity, which
appears to be essential if education is
to develop in
consideration of the
needs of children and youth
3, The public is unhappy about the way
society is going, and its view, fueled in part by
the
media, seems to be that judicial
decisions unacceptable to them, regardless of the
evidence
and law, will slow or change
social direction
这是个并列句，
由
and
连接。
二，
倒装句
为了强调句子的某个部分，<
/p>
或为了保持句子的平衡，
避免头重脚轻，
英语长采用倒装的
方法。倒装可以分为主谓倒装和非主谓倒装。
1
，
Coupled with the growing quantity of
information is the development of technologies
which enable the storage and delivery
of more information
with greater
speed
to more
locations
than has ever been
possible before.
与日益增加的信息量相提
并论的是使一下情况得以实现的技术的发展，
即空前快速
的储存
和传送更多的信息到更多的地点。
2
，
The
American baby boom after the war made unconvincing
U.S. advice to poor
countries that they
restrain their births
这句话由于宾语
U.S. advice
后面跟了较长的成分（定语
to poor
countries
和同位语
they restrain
their births
，所以将宾语的补语
unconvi
ncing
前置到了宾语的前面，其
正常语序应该是
made U.S. advice unconvincing
。
战后在
美国出现的婴儿潮使得美国向贫穷国家提出的节制生育的意见显的苍白无
力。
3
，
Into this area of industry came
millions of Europeans who made of it what became
known as the
“
melting
pot
”
, the fusion of people
from many nations into Americans.
Make
A of B ,
意思为
使
B
成为
A Make A B,
意思为使
A
成为
B
，注意二者区别。
此句中首先是
Into this area of
industry came millions of
Europeans
倒装，正常语序为
millions of Europeans came into this
area of industry,
其次是
made of it
的倒装，
正常语序是
made
what became known as the
“
melting
pot
”
（
A
）
of
it(B), it
指
工业区
数以百万计的欧洲人来到这个
工业区，使它成为人所共知的“熔炉”
，将来自各国
的人融合为
美国人。
2
三，
分割结构
语法关系密切的两个句子成
分有的时候会被其他句子成分分割。
此种现象多是以插入语
的形
式出现，
插入语一般补影响句子的大意。
所以阅读是应该将其首
先略去不看以减少
阅读量。英语句子的分割基本是遵循尾重原则和尾句信息焦点原则
(
把重要信息放在句
尾
)
，所以阅读时，有插入语的句子的末尾一定要注意，常常是题目的出处。
1, But, for a small group of
students, professional training might be the way
to go since
all
other
factors being equal,
well-developed
skills, can be the difference between having a job
and not.
四，
并列平行结构
英语常用并列连词，如：
and, but, yet,
for, nor, or, not only
…
but
also, either
…
or
或者
neither..nor
等连接两个或几个同等成分，
这种结构称为并列结构。
连接的同等成分可以
是两个或几个动词的宾语，两个或几个名次的定语，两个或者几个介词短语等。
1
，
The
standardized educational or psychological tests
that are wildly used to aid in
selecting, classifying, assigning, or
promoting students, employees, and military
personnel have been the target of
recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily
press,
and even in Congress.
广泛用来借以对学生，雇员，和军事人员进行选拔，分类，分配任务或者提拔的教育或
者心理方面的标准化测试，最近受到了书报杂志，甚至国会的抨击。
五，
同位语
同位语是用来对名词作进一步
的解释，
它可以是单词，
短语或从句。
同位语从句是名词
从句的一种，
置于某些名词的后面如，
fact, doubt, idea, news, hope, indication,
possibility,
assumption
等，
这种从句通常由
that
引导，
有的也可以由
what,
why, whether, when
等
引导。
1
，
If
you see an article consistently advertised, it is
the surest proof I know that the article
does what is claimed for it, and it
represents good value.
Proof
后有两个同位语
the
article does what is claimed for
it
和
it represents
good
value
。
如果你看到一件商品不断做广告，那就是我所知道得最好的证据，说明该商品名副
< br>其实，货真价实。
六，
分词作状语
分词作状语大家都很熟悉
，在此不作赘述，但是要注意分促的下列两种用法和结构：
1
，分词的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语一致，如果不一致，要用独立主格结构。
如：
All the
money
having been spent, they had to
look for a part-time job.
2, with +
名词
+
分词作状语，表示伴随情况。
如：
With oil expected
to be scarce by the end of the century, the
European Community has
set aside 36
million dollars for hydrogen research.
1, Because of increased physical
fitness, life expectancy in the nation has risen
to seventy years,
with fewer people
suffering from heart disease, the
nation
’
s number one killer.
七，
词义的正确理解
英语中有很多一词多
类，
一词多义的现象。在阅读中，在弄清原句结构的基础上，
可
根
据下列原则来选择和确定词的词义：
1
，
可以根据词在句子
中的词性来选择和确定词义。
2
，
根据上下文以及词在句中的搭配关系来选择和确定词义。
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