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主动：主语
+
及物动词
+
宾语
/
双宾
被动：主语（宾格
--
主格）
+ be + done by sb
英语句子成分
一、主语（
subject
）
:
句子说明的人或事物。
The
sun rises in the east.
（名词）
He likes
dancing.
（代词）
Twenty years is a short time in
history. (
数词
)
Seeing is believing.
（动名词）
To
see is to believe.
（不定式）
What he needs is a book.
（主语从句）
It is very
clear that the elephant is round and tall like a
tree.
（
It
形式主语，
主语从句是真正主语）
< br>二、谓语动词（
predicate
）
< br>:
说明主语的动作、状态和特征。
We study English.
（及物动词）
The train
left.
（不及物动词）
He is asleep.
（系动词）
I can speak
two different languages.
（情态动词
+
及物动词）
They may
be in the classroom.
（情态动词
+<
/p>
系动词）
He
didn
’
t go to
Jane
’
s birthday party yester
day.
（助动词
+
不及物动词）
扩展：
■动词的分类：
根据其在句中的功能
，动词可分为行为动词（及物动词
vt
、不及物动词
vi
）
、系动词、助动
词
(
和行为动词一起构成时态、语态的
d
o, be, have, will
等
)
和情态动词四类。
有些动词是兼类词。如：
We
have lunch at 12.
我们
12
点吃午饭。
(have
是行为动词
)
We have been to New
York.
我们去过纽约。
(have
是助动词
)
I am
hungry.
我饿了。
(am
是
系动词
)
She was
beaten on the way home.
她在回
家的路上被人打了。
(was
是助动词
)
You
needn
’
t have waited for me.
你本来不必等我。
(need
是情态动
词
)
The door
needs painting.
。
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这个门需要油漆了。
(needs
及物动词
)
■动词的基本形式
绝大多数动词都有五种基本形式：动词原形、一般现在
时第三人称单数、过去式、过去
分词和现在分词。
A.
第三人称单数形式的构成
一般现在时主语是第三人称单数时，谓语动词后要加
s
或
es
，其变化规则与名词变复数的
< br>方法大体相同：
1.
一般
情况下只在动词后加
s
，如
work<
/p>
—
works, write
—
writes
。
2.
以
s,
x,
sh,
ch
< br>结尾的动词，
后加
es
，
如
guess
—
gu
esses,
mix
—
mix,
finish
—
finishes,
catch
—
catches
。
3.
以辅音字
母加
y
结尾的动词，改
y
为
ies
，如
study<
/p>
—
studies
。
注：不规则变化的有
have
—
has, be
—
is,
go
—
goes, do
—
does
等。
B.
现在分词的构成
1.
一般情况下在动词后加
ing
，如
study
—
studying, work
—
working<
/p>
。
2.
以
不发音的字母
e
结尾的动词，先去掉
e
再加
ing
，如
write
—
writing, move
< br>—
moving
。
3.
以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾的动词，
要双写末尾一个辅音字母，
再加
ing
，如
get
—
getting, begin
—
beginning
。
4.
以
ie
结尾的名词，
一般将
ie
改为
y
，
再加
ing
，
如
< br>lie
—
lying,
die
—
dying,
tie
—
tying
。
注：
(A)
以
l
结尾的动词，尾音节重读时，双写
l
，如
control
—
controlling
；尾音节不重
读时，双不双
写都可以，如
travel
—
trav
eling(
美
)
/travelling(
英
)
。
(B)
特例：
picnic
—
picnicking
。
C.
过去式和过去分词的构成
1.
一般情况直接加
ed
，如
ask
—
asked, work
< br>—
worked
。
2.
以不发音的
e
结尾，只加
d
，如
love<
/p>
—
loved, dance
—
danced
。
3.
以辅音字母加
y
结尾，把
y
变为
ied
，如<
/p>
try
—
tried, study
—
studied
。
4.
以一个元音字母和一个辅音结尾的重读音节结尾
的动词，先双末尾一个字母，再加
ed
，
如
stop
—
stopped, p
ermit
—
permitted
。<
/p>
注：
(A)
以
l
结尾的动词，尾音节重读时，双写
l
，如
control
—
controlled
；尾音节不重读
时，双不双
写都可以，如
travel
—
trav
eled(
美
)
/travelled(
英
)
。
(B)
特例：
picnic
—
picnicked
。另外，还有很多动词的过去式和过去分词是不合乎上述规则的，需要熟记。
三、表语（
predicative
）
/
主语补语
:
系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。
He is a teacher.
（名词）
Seventy-four! You
don
’
t look it.
（代词）
Five and
five is ten.
（数词）
He is asleep.
（形容词）
His
father is in.
（副词）
。
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The picture
is on the wall. (
介词短语
)
My watch is gone / missing /
lost.
（形容词化的分词）
To
wear a flower is to say
“
I
’
m
poor, I can
’
t buy a ring.
（不定式）
The
question is whether they will
come.
（表语从句）
常见的系动词有
:
be
（是）
,
sound
（听起来）
,
look
（看起来）
,
feel(
摸起来
)
，
smell
（闻
起来）
, taste
（尝、吃起来）
,
remain
（保持，仍是）
,
feel
（感觉）
...
More
examples:
It sounds a good idea.
The sound sounds strange.
Her voice sounds sweet.
Tom looks thin.
The food
smells delicious.
The food
tastes good.
The door remains open.
Now I feel tired.
The cloth
feels soft.
四、宾语：
1
）
（及物动词）动作的承受者
-----
动宾
I like China.
（名词）
He
hates you.
（代词）
How many do you need? We need two.
（数词）
We should
help the old and the poor.
（
the +
adj=
某类人）
I enjoy
working with you.
（动名词）
I hope to see you again.
（不定式）
Did you
write down what he said?
（宾语从句）
2
）
介词后
的名词、代词和动名词
-----
介宾
Are you afraid of the snake?
Under the snow, there are many rocks.
3
）
双宾语
-----
间宾（指人）和直宾（指
物）
He gave me a book
yesterday.
Give the poor man
some money.
五、宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。
We elected him monitor.
（名词）
We all
think it a pity that she
didn
’
t come here.
（名词）
We will make
them happy.
（形容词）
We found nobody in. (
副词
)
Please make
yourself at home.
（介词短语）
Don
’
t let him do
that.
（省
to
不定式）
。
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His father
advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson.
（带
to
不定式）
Don
’
t keep the
lights burning.
（现在分词）
I
’
ll have my bike
repaired.
（过去分词）
扩展：
主补：对主语的补充。
He was
elected monitor.
She was
found singing in the next room.
He was
advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.
六、定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。
Ai Yanling is a chemistry
teacher.
（名词）
He
is our friend.
（代词）
We belong to the third world.
（数词）
He was
advised to teach the lazy boy a
lesson.
（形容词）
The
man over there is my old
friend.(
副词
)
The
woman with a baby in her arms is my sister.
(
介词短语
)
The boys
playing football are in Class 2.
（现在分词）
The trees
planted last year are growing well now.
（过去分词）
I have
an idea to do it well.
（不定式）
You should
do everything that I do.
（定语从句）
七、状语：用来修饰
v.,
adj.,
adv.,
或
句子。
表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程
度、条件、方式和让步
。
I will go there
tomorrow.
时间
The meeting will be held in the meeting
room.
地点
The
meat went bad because of the hot weather.
原因
He studies
hard to learn English well.
目的
He
didn
’
t study hard so that he
failed in the exam.
结果
I like some of you very much..
程度
If you
study hard, you will pass the exam.
条件
He goes to
school by bike.
方式
Though he is young, he can do it well.
让步
八、同位语
当一个概念词在前，后面
的词、词组或者句子是在解释前者时，而且两者的语法功能相同，
后者就是前者的同位语
。
Eg:
Mr. Black,
our English teacher, is a good tennis player.
我们的英语老师——布莱克先生是个优秀的网球手。
Football, the only interest in life,
has brought him many friends.
足球
----
他唯一的爱好，让他结交了许多朋友。
Yesterday I met Tom, a
friend of my brother's.
。
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昨天我遇到了我弟弟的朋友汤姆。
That
’
s her habit,
reading in bed.
躺在床上看书是她的习惯。
Your suggestion, to strike while the
iron is hot, seemed a good idea.
你建议趁热打铁，这个建议很好。
He gave orders that the work should be
started immediately.
他发出指示要立即开始工作。
You
still haven
’
t answered my
question why you didn
’
t come
to school yesterday.
你还没有回答我昨天为什么没有上学。
同位语从句常跟在某些名词后，对其作进一步的解释。这些名
词包括：
fact, doubt,
idea,
news, hope, indication, decision,
possibility, assumption, suggestion, question.
这类从句常常有
that
引导，有时也可以用<
/p>
what, why, whether, when
等引导。
句子结构
简单句的六个基本句型
见步步高
Page 11
★主语
＋
不及物动词
She
came
．
/ My head aches.
★主语
＋
及物动词
＋宾语
She
likes English.
★主语
＋
系动词
＋
表语
/<
/p>
主语补语
She is
happy
．
★主语
＋
双宾动词
＋间接宾语
＋直接宾语
She gave
John a book
．
She
bought a book for me.
★主语
＋
宾补动词
＋
宾语
＋
宾语补语
She makes
her mother angry
．
The teacher asked me to read the
passage.
★（
There +be
There is a book on the desk.
）
Exercises
：分析下列句子主干成分
1.
Our school is not far from my home.
主语
＋
系动词
＋
表语
2. It is a
great pleasure to talk with you
主语
＋
系动词
＋
表语
3. All of us
considered him honest.
主语
＋动词
＋
宾语
＋
宾语补足语
4. My
grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.
主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
5. He broke a piece of glass.
主语
＋及物动词
＋宾语
6. He made
it clear that he would leave the
city
．
主语
＋动词
＋
形式宾语
it
＋
宾语补足语
< br>+
宾语
7. ---I
love you more than her
，
child
．
。
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主语
＋及物动词
＋宾语
8. Trees
turn green when spring comes.
主语
＋
系动词
＋
表语
+
状语（时间状从）
9. They
pushed the door open.
主语
＋动词
＋
宾语
＋
宾语补足语
10. Grandma
told me an interesting story last night.
主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
+
时间状
11. He wrote
carefully some letters to his friends.
主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
the students think highly of his
teaching
主语
＋及物动词
＋宾语
13. We need a
place twice larger than this one.
主语
＋及物动词
＋宾语
+
状语
14. He asked
us to sing an English song.
主语
＋动词
＋
宾语
＋
宾语补足语
15. Don't
get nervous.
主语
＋
系动词
＋
表语
will make our school more beautiful.
主语
＋动词
＋
宾语
＋
宾语补足语
17. He
didn't come
．
That is why he
didn't know
．
主语
+
不及物动词
主语
＋
系动词
＋
表语
18. She showed
us her many of her pictures.
主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
19. The old man lives a lonely life.
主语
＋
及物动词
+
宾语
20. Luckily
the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center
of town.
主语
＋
不及物动词
21. The
cars made in Japan are better than those in
Germany
．
主语
＋
系动词
＋
表语
22. There are so many people in the
hall that it's hard for me to find
him
．
主句：
There be
…
23. No
matter how difficult the task may be, we must
fulfill it this month.
主句：
主语
＋及物动词
＋宾语
24. Go back
where you came from.
主语
＋
不及物动词
25. We must
do whatever the people want us to do.
主语
＋及物动词
＋宾语
26. At last
he got home, tired and hungry.
主语
＋
不及物动词
27. Would
you please pass me the cup?
主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
28 Mary handed her homework to the
teacher.
主语＋双宾动词＋直接宾语＋间接宾语
。
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29. Do you
know the latest news about him?
主语
＋及物动词
＋宾语
30.
I
’
ll get my hair cut
tomorrow.
主语
＋动词
＋
宾语
＋
宾语补足语
翻
译
练
习：
主谓结构
（
主语
＋
不及物动词
）
1
你应当努力学习。
You should study hard.
2
她昨天回家很晚。
She went home very late yesterday
evening.
3
那天早上我们谈了很长时间。
That morning we talked for a long
time..
We talked for a long time that
morning.
4
会议将持续两个小时。
hold
The meeting will last for two hours. <
/p>
5
在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。
Great changes have taken place
in my home town in the past ten years.
In the past/last ten years/decade my
hometown has been changed /changed much.
6
这种事情全世界各地每天都在发生。
Things of that sort are happening all
over the world every day.
7 1919
年，在北京爆发了“五
.
四”运动
< br>The May Fourth Movement
。
The May Fourth Movement broke out in
Beijing in 1919.
8
每天八时开始上课。
Classes begin at eight every day.
9
她的建议对作出这一决定起了重要作用。
Her suggestion weighed heavily in this
decision.
10
五年前我住在北京。
I lived in Beijing five years ago.
主谓宾结构
（主语
＋及物动词
＋宾语
）
1
昨晚我写了一封信。
I wrote a letter last night.
2
今天下午我想同你谈谈。
I want to talk with you this afternoon.
3
这本书他读过多次了。
He has read this book many times.
4
他们成功地完成了计划。
They have carried out the plan
successfully.
5
你们必须在两周内看完这些书。
You must finish reading these books
within two weeks.
6
那位先生能流利地说三种语言。
That gentleman can speak three
languages fluently.
。
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