-
重点
1
Definition of culture
Culture is the total accumulation of
beliefs, customs, values, institutions
and
communication
patterns
that
are
shared,
learned
and
passed
through the generations in an
identifiable group of people.
重点
2
Characteristics of culture(10)
1
、
Culture is
shared
Culture is a system of shared
values beliefs or patterns of behaviors
held in a group ,organization or
society.
It is not property
of any individual.
2
、
culture is
cumulative
Human beliefs, arts etc. are
results of many generations.
Every generations can discover the new
things.
The
new
knowledge
are
added
to
what
was
learned
in
previous
generations.
3
、
culture is
learned
Culture is not
inherent with any people.
Culture
can
not
be
genetically
and
automatically
passed
down
from
previous generations.
And
it should be taught and learned by people.
4
、
culture is
adaptive
Culture
is
created
by
humans.
Humans
have
to
adapt
the
environment . thus is in
development bears the trait of being adaptive
5
、
culture is
dynamic
At the same time that new
culture are added, and the old ones are
lost because they are no longer useful.
6
、
culture is
symbolic
Symbols
generally
serve
as
communicative
tools
for
a
multitude
purposes, on a
persons as well as culture level.
7
、
culture is relational
Culture
is
an
organic
whole.
All
the
components
of
culture
are
interlinked.
8
、
culture is implicit and
explicit
Some
layers
culture
are
easy
to
be
observe,
like
eating
,
dressing,
talking.
But
the
ideas
underlying
the
behaviors
are
generally
hard
to
know. Many scholars label the culture
as iceberg.
9
、
culture is universal
10
、
culture is diversified
重点
3
Hall
’
s dimensions
High context
High-context communication relies
heavily on nonverbal, contextual and
shared cultural meanings.
The meanings are not fully expressed.
Meanings are determined by
“
how
”
things are said , rather than
“
what
”
is said.
日本
欧洲东部和南部
阿拉伯
Collectivism
Low context
Verbal codes
rather than the information implies
Clear straight and to-the-point
communication
美国
德国
斯堪的纳维亚
Individualism
Monochromic
culture
Do one thing at one time,
Concentrate on the job, take time
seriously,
low-context and
need information, commit to the job, religiously
to the
plans,
not
disturbing
others,
seldom
borrow
or
lend
things,
emphasize
promptness
Polychromic culture
Do
many
things
at
once,
subject
to
interruptions,
consider
time
commitments
an
objective
to
be
achieved,
high-context
and
already
have information.
Change plans often. Emphasize the relationships.
重点
4
Triandis
’
s
individualism & collectivism
Individualism
Fosters
independence and individual achievement,
Promotes self-expression
,personal choice, individual thinking
Associated with egalitarian
relationships and flexibility in roles
Understand the physical world as
knowable apart of human life
Collectivism
Interdependence
and group success
Promotes adherence to
norms
Associated with stable,
hierarchical roles
Shared property,
group ownership
重点
5
Elements of communication
Source (sender)
Encoding
Message
Medium(channel)
Receiver
Decoding
Response
Feedback
重点
6
Grice
’
s
cooperative principle
Quantity maxim
Make
your
contribute
as
informative
as
is
required
for
the
current
purpose of exchange.
Do not make your contribution more
information than is required.
（量的准则——话语提供充分而不多余的信息）
Quality maxim
Make your
contribution is ture
（质的准则——话语的内容是真实的）