GMAT模考题

1.

The laws of the European Union and of its member states must each be

clear, up to date, and

all

work well together.

A.

Clear, up to date, and all

B.

Clear and up to date, and they must all

C.

Clear, must each be up to date, and

D.

Clear, and each must be up to date and

E.

Clear, be up to date, and have to

2. The wedding in 1923 of the Duke of York, the future King George VI, was the first marriage of

a prince of England’s royal house

to be celebrated

in Westminster Abbey in 500 years.

A. To be celebrated

B.

That has been celebrated

C. For celebration

D. Being celebrated

E. That was to be celebrated

3. Healthy lungs produce a natural antibiotic that protects them from infection by routinely killing

harmful bacteria on airway surfaces. People with cystic fibroses, however, are unable to fight off

such bacteria, even though their lungs produce normal amounts of the antibiotic. Since the fluid on

airway

surfaces

in

the

lungs

of

people

with

cystic

fibrosis

bas

an

abnormally

high

salt

concentration,

scientists

hypothesize

that

in

high

salt

environments

the

antibiotic

becomes

ineffective at killing harmful bacteria.

Which of the following, if it were obtained as an experimental result, would most decisively

undermine the scientists’ hypothesis?

y lungs in which the salt concentration of the airway-surface fluid has been substantially

increased are able to reestablish their normal salt concentration within a relatively short period of

time.

antibiotic

produced

by

the

lungs

is

effective

at

killing

harmful

bacteria

even

when

salt

concentrations are below levels typical of healthy lungs.

salt concentration of the airway-surface fluid in the lungs of people who suffer from cystic

fibrosis

tends

to

return

to

its

former

high

levels

after

having

been

reduced

to

levels

typical

of

healthy lungs.

D.

The lungs of people who suffer from cystic fibrosis are unable to fight off harmful bacteria even

when the salt concentration is reduced to levels typical of healthy lungs.

salt

concentration

in

the

airway- surface

fluid

of

people

whose

lungs

produce

lower-than-average amounts of the antibiotic is generally much lower than that typical of healthy

lungs.

4. At an orientation meeting, the travelers were told that a

visa, a landing card, and evidence of

inoculation against typhoid fever would be needed by each of them.

A.a visa, a landing card, and evidence of inoculation against typhoid fever would be needed by

each of them

would need a visa, a landing card, and evidence of their being inoculated against typhoid

fever

C.

they would need evidence of being inoculated against typhoid fever and a visa and landing card

would each need a visa, a landing card, and evidence of inoculation against typhoid fever

would need visas, landing cards, and evidence of inoculation against typhoid fever for each

of them

5 - 7

In the 1930’s and 1940’s, African American industrial workers in the southern United States, who

constituted 80 percent of the unskilled factory labor force there, strongly supported unionization.

While the American Federation of Labor (AFL) either excluded African Americans or maintained

racially

segregated

unions,

the

Congress

of

Industrial

Organizations

(CIO)

organized

integrated

unions

nationwide on

the

basis

of

a

stated

policy

of

equal

rights

for

all,

and

African American

unionists provided the CIO’s backbone. Yet it can be argued that through contracts negotiated and

enforced by White union members, unions

—

CIO unions not excluded

—

were often instrumental

in

maintaining

the

occupational

segregation

and

other

forms

of

racial

discrimination

that

kept

African Americans socially and economically oppressed during this period. However, recognizing

employers’

power

over

workers

as

a

central

factor

in

African

Americans’

economic

marginal

unionization,

African

American

workers

saw

the

need

to

join

with

White

workers

in

seeking

change despite White unionists’ toleration of or support for racial discrimination. The persistent

efforts

of

African

American

unionists

eventually

paid

off:

many

became

highly

effective

organizers, gaining the respect of even racist White unionists by winning victories for White as

well as African American workers. African American unionists thus succeeded in strengthening

the unions while using them as instruments of African Americans

’ economic empowerment.

--------------- -------------------------------------------------- -----

5. The passage is primarily concerned with

trating that unions failed to address the concerns of African American workers during a

particular period

B.

ar

guing that African American workers’ participation in unions during a particular period was

ultimately beneficial to them

sting

the

treatment

of

African

American

workers

by

two

different

labor

organizations

during a particular period

reasons

for

the

success

of

African

American

unionists

in

winning

victories

for

both

African American and White workers during a particular period

oning one explanation for the attitudes of African American workers toward unionization

during a particular period

- -------------------------------------------------- -------------------

6.

According

to

the

passage,

which

of

the

following

was

true

of

many

racist

White

unionists

during the period discussed in the passage?

attitudes toward African American union organizers changed once they recognized that

the activities of these organizers were serving workers’ interests.

were

a

powerful

element

in

the

southern

labor

movement

because

they

constituted

the

majority of the unskilled factory labor force in the southern United States.

persisted in opposing the CIO’s adoption of a stated policy of equal rights for all.

primary

goal

was

to

strengthen

the

negotiating

power

of

the unions

through

increasing

White union membership.

E.

Their advocacy of racial discrimination hampered unions in their efforts to gain more power for

workers.

--------------------------------------- ------------------------------

7. GWD-9-Q23 G-9-Q23:

The author of the passage suggests which of the following about African American workers who

participated in union activities in the 1930’s and 1940’s?

A.

They

believed

that

the

elimination

of

discrimination

within

unions

was

a

necessary

first

step

toward the achievement of economic advancement for African Americans.

belonged exclusively to CIO unions because they were excluded from AFL unions.

believed

that

the

economic

advancement

of

African

American

workers

depended

on

organized efforts to empower all workers.

of

them

advocated

the

organization

of

separate

African

American

unions

because

of

discriminatory practices in the AFL and the CIO.

of

them

did

not

believe

that

White

unionists

in

CIO

unions

would

tolerate

or

support

racial discrimination against African American workers.

8. The OLEX Petroleum Company has recently determined that it could cut its refining costs by

closing

its

refinery

and

consolidating

all

refining

at

its

Tasberg

refinery.

Closing

the

Grenville

refinery, however, would mean the immediate loss of about 1,200 jobs in the area. Eventually the

lives

of

more

than

10,000

people

would

be

seriously

disrupted.

Therefore,

OLEX's

decision,

announced yesterday, to keep open shows that at OLEX social concerns sometimes outweigh the

desire for higher profits.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument given?

A.

The

Grenville

refinery,

although

it

operates

at

a

higher

cost

than

the

Tasberg

refinery,

has

nevertheless been moderately profitable for many years.

B.

Even

though

OLEX

could

consolidate

all

its

refining

at

the

Tasberg

plant,

doing

so

at

the

Grenville plant would not be feasible.

C.

The

Tasberg

refinery

is

more

favorably

situated

than

the

refinery

with

respect

to

the

major

supply routes for raw petroleum.

D.

If the Grenville refinery were ever closed and operations at the Tasberg refinery expanded, job

openings at Tasberg would to the extent possible be filled with people formerly employed at

E. Closure of the Grenville refinery would mean compliance, at enormous cost, with demanding

local codes regulating the cleanup of abandoned industrial sites.

9.

Which of the following most logically completes the argument below?

According

to

promotional

material

published

by

the

city

of

Springfield,

more

tourists

stay

in

hotels in Springfield than stay in the neighboring city of Harristown. A brochure from the largest

hotel in Harristown claims that more tourists stay in that hotel than stay in the Royal Arms Hotel

in

Springfield.

If

both

of

these

sources

are

accurate,

however,

the

“Report

on

Tourism”

for

the

region must be in error in stating that

.

average length of stay is

longer at the largest hotel in Harristown than it is

at the Royal

Arms Hotel.

is only one hotel in Harristown that is larger than the Royal Arms Hotel.

tourists stay in hotels in Harristown than stay in the Royal Arms Hotel.

D.

The Royal Arms hotel is the largest hotel in Springfield

royal arms hotel is the only hotel in Springfield.

10.

With a stong dollar keeping down the cost of imported cars in the United States

, foreign

automakers have been able to keep price virtually steady since the current model year began six

months ago, while American automakers have been forced to raise prices.

A.

With a stong dollar keeping down the cost of imported cars in the United States

B.

By the cost for imported cars in the United States having been kept dow with a strong dollar,

C.

While the cost for imported cars in the United States have been kept down with a strong dollar,

D.

The cost of imported cars in the United States kept down with a stong dollar,

E.

When a strong dollar kept down the cost of imported cars in the United States

11.

The

government

delayed

the

adoption

of

a

new

data- scrambling

for

protecting

the

world

’

s

most sensitive financial transactions, including most banks

’

electronic funds transfers,

after two

computer

scientists

have

discovered

an

error

that

will

allow

someone

to

decode

the

information.

A.

after two computer scientists have discovered an error that will allow

B.

When two computer scientists had discovered an error, allowing

C.

After the discovery by two computer scientists of an error that could allow

D.

When the discovery had been made by two computer scientist of an error, allowing

E.

After it was discovered by two computer scientists of an error that could allow

12. The cause of the wreck of the ship Edmund Fitzgerald in a severe storm on Lake Superior is

still unknown. When the sunken wreckage of the vessel was found, searchers discovered the hull

in two pieces lying close together. The storm

‘

s violent waves would have caused separate pieces

floating even briefly on the surface to drift apart. Therefore, the breakup of the hull can be ruled

out as the cause of the sinking.

Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?

A. Ships as large as the Edmund Fitzgerald rarely sink except in the most violent weather.

B.

Underwater

currents

at

the

time

of

the

storm

did

not

move

the

separated

pieces

of

the

hull

together again.

C. Pieces of the hull would have sunk more quickly than the intact hull would have.

D. The waves of the storm were not violent enough to have caused the ship to break up on the

surface.

E.

If

the

ship

broke

up

before

sinking,

the

pieces

of

the

hull

would

not

have

remained

on

the

surface for very long.

13.

During

the

eighteenth

century,

widespread

changes

in

agriculture,

known

as

the

agrarian

revolution,

involving

the

large-scale

introduction

of

enclosed

fields,

of

new

farming

techniques and crops, and

the substitution of commercial for subsistence farming.

tion, involving the large-scale introduction of enclosed fields, of new farming techniques

and crops, and

tion,

involved

the

large-scale

introduction

of

enclosed

fields

and

of

new

farming

techniques and crops, and

tion, which involved the large-scale introduction of enclosed fields and of new farming

techniques and crops, and

tion involved the large-scale introduction of enclosed fields, new farming techniques and

crops, and of

E.

revolution

that

involved

the

large-scale

introduction

of

enclosed

fields

and

new

farming

techniques and crops, and of

14. In each of the past five years, Barraland

’

s prison population has increased.

Yet, according to

official

government

statistics,

for

none

of

those

years

has

there

been

either

an

increase

in

the

number of criminal cases brought to trial, or an increase in the rate at which convictions have been

obtained.

Clearly, therefore, the percentage of people convicted of crimes who are being given

prison sentences is on the increase.

Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?

Barraland the range of punishments that can be imposed instead of a prison sentence is wide.

the last ten years, overcrowding in the prisons of Barraland has essentially been eliminated

as a result of an ambitious program of prison construction.

years

ago,

Barraland

reformed

its

criminal

justice

system,

imposing

longer

minimum

sentences for those crimes for which a prison sentence had long been mandatory.

and has been supervising convicts on parole more closely in recent years, with the result

that parole violations have become significantly less frequent.

E.

The number of people in Barraland who feel that crime is on the increase is significantly greater

now than it was five years ago.

15 - 18

In a 1984 book, Claire C, Robertson argued that, before colonialism, age was a more important

indicator of status and authority than gender in Ghana and in Africa generally. British colonialism

imposed

European-

style

male

dominant

notions

upon

more

egalitarian

local

situations

to

the

detriment

of

women

generally,

and

gender

became

a

defining

characteristic

that

weakened

women’s power and authority.

Subsequent

research

in

Kenya

convinced

Robertson

that

she

had

overgeneralized

about

Africa.

Before colonialism, gender was more salient in central Kenya than it was in Ghana, although age

was

still

crucial

in

determining

authority.

In

contrast

with

Ghana,

where

women

had

traded

for

hundreds of years and achieved legal majority (not unrelated phenomena), the evidence regarding

central

Kenya

indicated

that

women

were

legal

minors

and

were

sometimes

treated

as

male

property, as were European women at that time. Factors like strong patrilinearity and patrilocality,

as

well

as

women’s

inferior

land

rights

and

lesser

involvement

in

trade,

made

wome

n

more

dependent on men than was generally the case in Ghana. However, since age apparently remained

the

overriding

principle

of

social

organization

in

central

Kenya,

some

senior

women

had

much

authority. Thus, Robertson revised her hypothesis somewhat, arguing that in determining authority

in

precolonial

Africa

age

was

a

primary

principle

that

superseded

gender

to

varying

degrees

depending on the situation.

---------------- --------------------------------------------------

15. The primary purpose of the passage is to

A.

present evidence undermining a certain hypothesis

be a particular position and its subsequent modification

s two contrasting viewpoints regarding a particular issue

be how a social phenomenon varied by region

te an assumption widely held by scholars

--------------------------- ---------------------------------

16.

The

passage

indicates

that

Robertson’s

research

in

Kenya

caused

her

to

change

her

mind

regarding which of the following?

r age was the prevailing principle of social organization in Kenya before colonialism

r

gender

was

the

primary

determinant

of

social

authority

in

Africa

generally

before

colonialism

C.

Whether it was only after colonialism that gender became a significant determinant of authority

in Kenyan society

r age was a crucial factor determining authority in Africa after colonialism

r

British

colonialism

imposed

European-style

male-dominant

notions

upon

local

situations in Ghana

----------------------------------------- -----------------------

17. The passage suggests that after conducting the research mentioned in line 18, but not before,

Robertson would have agreed with which of the following about women’s status and authority in

Ghana?

A.

Greater

land

rights

and

greater

involvement

in

trade

made

women

in

precolonial

Ghana

less

dependent on men than were European women at that time.

alism

had

a

greater

impact

on

the

status

and

authority

of

Ghanaian

women

than

on

Kenyan women.

alism had less of an impact on the status and authority of Ghanaian women that it had on

the status and authority of other African women.

relative independence of Ghanaian women prior to colonialism was unique in Africa.

colonialism, the status and authority of Ghanaian women was similar to that of Kenyan

women.

18. The author of the passage mentions the status of age as a principle of social organization in

precolonial central Kenya in lines 24-26 most likely in order to

te that women’s dependence on men in

precolonial Kenya was not absolute

st

the

situation

of

senior

women

to

that

of

less

senior

women

in

precolonial

Kenyan

society

entiate

between

the

status

and

authority

of

precolonial

Kenyan

women

and

that

of

precolonial Ghanaian women

D.

explain

why

age

superseded

gender

to

a

greater

extent

in

precolonial

Kenya

than

it

did

elsewhere in Africa

fy a factor that led Robertson to revise her hypothesis about precolonial Africa

19.

In

an

attempt

to

guarantee

the

security

of

its

innovative

water

purification

method,

the

company required each employee to sign a confidentiality agreement

prohibiting that its water

purification methods be disclosed to companies

using an analogous purification process.

iting that its water purification methods be disclosed to companies

iting them from the disclosing of its water purification methods to any company

iting disclosure of its water purification methods to any company

would prohibit them from disclosure of its water purification methods to companies

E

.that would prohibit its water purification methods to be disclosed to a company

20. Sculpted boulders found at Lepenski

Vir, an example of the earliest monumental art known

from

central

and Western

Europe,

includes

15

figures

with

human

features

similar

to

Upper

forms and to Middle Eastern stone figurines.

A.

Vir,

an

example

of

the

earliest

monumental

art

known

from

central

and

western

Europe,

includes

B. Vir, examples of the monumental art known from central and western Europe, include earliest

of

monumental art known from central and western Europe, include

C. Vir are examples of the earliest monumental art known from central and western Europe and

includes

D.

Vir

are

examples

of

the

earliest

monumental

art

known

from

central

and

western

Europe,

including

21. Smithtown University

’

s fund-raisers succeeded in getting donations from 80 percent of the

potential donors they contacted.

This success rate, exceptionally high for university fund-raisers,

does not indicate that they were doing a good job.

On the contrary, since the people most likely

to

donate

are

those

who

have

donated

in

the

past,

good

fund- raisers

constantly

try

less-likely

prospects

in

an

effort

to

expand

the

donor

base.

The

high

success

rate

shows

insufficient

canvassing effort.

Which of the following, if true, provides more support for the argument?

own

University

’

s

fund-raisers

were

successful

in

their

contacts

with

potential

donors

who had never given before about as frequently as were fund-raisers for other universities in their

contacts with such people.

year the average size of the donations to Smithtown University from new donors when the

university

’

s fund-raisers had contacted was larger than the average size of donations from donors

who had given to the university before.

C.

This

year

most

of

the

donations

that

came

to

Smithtown

University

from

people

who

had

previously donated to it were made without the university

’

s fund-raisers having made any contact

with the donors.

majority of the donations that fund-raisers succeeded in getting for Smithtown University

this year were from donors who had never given to the university before.

than half of the money raised by Smithtown University

’

s fund-raisers came from donors

who had never previously donated to the university.

22.

In

1960

’

s

studies

of

rats,

scientists

found

that

crowding

increases

the

number

of

attacks

among the animals significantly. But in recent experiments in which rhesus monkeys were placed

in crowded conditions, although there was an increase in instances of

?

coping

?

behavior

—

such

as submissive gestures and avoidance of dominant individuals

—

attacks did not become any more

frequent. Therefore it is not likely that, for any species of monkey, crowding increases aggression