上海高考Summary如何写

阅读题都是十分有帮

助的，当然，写文 章一样。

summary

很重要的一 点就是要看出文章的结构。当然，该文章是说明文，本

来结构就比较清楚。

Sum mary

如何写（

III

）

说明文

On Earth, there's no doubt that they have highly developed senses to stay alive

and thrive. But while some of their features may be compared to taste, sight, touch

and smell in humans, have you ever wondered--can plants think?

（

这是整篇文章作者

想要解决的问题）

On land, the cumulative mass of plants is 1000 times higher than that of animals.

But these plants are immobile and can't move around in their environment; which is,

seemingly, a pretty big evolutionary disadvantage. This has forced plants to adapt in

amazing ways that often go unnoticed by the naked eye.

Smell something funny? Plants do too- and they react to these chemicals in the air.

For example, when fruits start to ripen, they release a chemical called ethylene. And

when

neighboring

fruits

sense

this

pheromone,

they

ripen

faster,

so

that

all

fruits

mature at the same time.

Plants

also

give

off

scents

which

attract

insects

to

spread

their

pollen.

In

particular,

the

amazing

carrion

flowers

grow

tiny

hairs,

feel

warm

and

smell

like

rotting flesh in an attempt to mimic a dead corpse. This is to attract flies and beetles as

pollinators.

On

the

other

hand,

when

a

plant

is

attacked

by

an

insect,

animal

or

pathogen, it knows. When acacia trees are grazed by animals, they quickly react by

producing chemicals called tannins, which make their leaves unappetizing and tough

to

digest.

Some

even

produce

enough

toxin

to

kill

the

animal.

Perhaps

more

impressive are some corn and cotton plants, which when eaten bycaterpillars, release

chemicals

in

the

air

that

attract

parasitic

wasps,

who

fly

in

and

ultimately

kill

the

insects.

（以上这些文字讲植物会想方设法地解决他们遇到的一些问题 。

）

On some level, they communicate with the wasps. Crazy as it seems, even sound

recordings of caterpillars chewing leaves, trigger this response. Without any from of

touch, the plants react, as if they can hear.

（这段文字讲了植物也会和周围环境中的物种交流感情！

这也太 神奇了点。

）

On

a

large

scale,

plants

also

work

together.

A

web

of

underground

fungi

can

connect tree roots in forests, allowing them to exchange nutrients and information.

Using

radioactive

isotopes,

scientists

discovered

that

trees

share

water

and

nutrients with others in need. Large trees nourish smaller shaded ones until they are

tall enough to reach sunlight, And trees that stay green all year round share nutrients

with trees that lose their leaves in winter, helping them through the season. Which is

then repaid in the summer months, like a transactional exchange. Some scientist refer

to this as the

< br>（这段文字讲了植物也懂得如何共生！合作！

）

Perhaps

the

most

shocking

fact,

is

that

some

plants

seem

to

have

memory.

Mimosa pedicab plants, are those leafy plants that close up when touched. This reflex

is meant to scare away insects that land on them. In an experiment on these reflexes,

scientists notice that when dropped from 15cm

，

they would close when they hit the

ground, Not so surprising. But after repeating the drop 4 or 5 times, some of the plants

stopped

closing

，

as

though

they

had

realized

the

stimulus

wasn't

harmful.

If

they

were

shaken

instead,

they

would

close,

but

any

time

they

were

dropped

from

this

same height, they stayed open. This effect lasted for weeks-the plants had memories.

（这段文字讲了植物也是有记忆的。

“千万别招惹他们，哈哈哈”

）

Of

course,

plants

don't

have

brains

or

other

cells

and

organs

that

we

deem

necessary

for

intelligence.

Brains

and

neurons

are

irreplaceable,

but

plants

are

immobile

and

often

attacked,

so

they

must

be

able

to

survive

after

part

of

them

is

eaten,

or

destroyed.

A

brain

just

wouldn't

work.

But

if

you

measure

intelligence

or

thought as the ability to solve problems, interact with an environment, and even work

in groups, then plants are incredibly smart.

（

< br>这段文字是总结，

最后的一句尤其赞，

基本概括好了前文 所讲的内容，

但有点搞不懂的是为什么对

memory

这两段文字

视而不见呢？）

Summary:

This article focuses on whether plants are smart. Research has shown plants have

intelligence

because

they

are

capable

of

dealing

with

problems

they

encounter,

communicating with the environment, cooperating with other plants for survival and

that they have memories. Though lacking brains or other cells, plants are intelligent.

(48 words)

Summary

如何写？

写人记叙文（

IV

）

【

P1

】

(Introduction)

The

teacher

who

did

the

most

to

encourage

me

was,

as

it

happened, my aunt. She was Myrtle C. Manigault, the wife of my mother

’

s brother

Bill. She taught in second grade at all-black Summer School in Camden, New Jersey.

（第一段文字简单介绍文章主角和 作者的关系。

然后我同学问，

summary

< br>该用第

几人称写，应该是第三人称吧。

）

【

P2

】

< br>During my childhood and

youth,

Aunt Myrtle encouraged me to

develop

every

aspect

of

my

potential,(dominant

impression)

without

regard

for

what

was

considered

practical

or

possible

for

black

females.

(supporting

details

1)

I

liked

to

sing; she listened to my voice and pronounced it good. I couldn

‘

t dance; she taught

me the basic dancing steps. She took me to the theatre, not just children

‘

s theatre but

adult comedies and dramas

—

and her faith that I could appreciate adult plays was not

disappointed.

（这段文字的第一句话是很重要 的，是文章猪脚的

dominant

impression,

应该也是写

summary

时可以用的 到的。之后，就是具体的支持细节

1

，提到了作者唱歌，跳舞， 看喜剧的培养，如果提炼一下，应该就是指对作者

在艺术

art

方面的培养。

）

【

P3

】

(supporting

details

2) My

aunt

also

took

down books from

her extensive

library

and

shared

them

with

me.

I

had

books

at

home,

but

they

were

all

serious

classics. Even as a child I had a strong liking for humor, and I

‘

ll never forget the joy

of discovering Don Marquis

‘

s Archy & Mehitabel through her.

（这段是第二个支持

细节，提到了 对作者在文学阅读方面的影响，

literary pursuit

方面的影响。

）

【

P4

】

(sup porting details 3) Most important, perhaps, Aunt Myrtle provided my

first

opportunity

to

write

for

publication.

A

writer

herself

for

one

of

the

black

newspapers, she suggested my name to the editor as a

“

youth columnist

”

. My column,

begun when I was fourteen, was supposed to cover teenage social activities

—

and it

did

—

but it also gave me the freedom to write on many other subjects as well as the

habit of gathering material, the discipline of meeting deadlines, and, after graduation

from college six years later, a solid collection of published material that carried my

name and was my passport to a series of writing jobs. < /p>

（这段是最后个支持细节，

提

到文章猪脚 对作者在写作道路上的影响。

）

【< /p>

P5

】

(conclusion)

Today

Aunt

Myrtle

is

still

an

enthusiastic

supporter

of

her

“

favourite niece

”

. Like a diamond, she has reflected a bright,

multifaceted

(

多面的

)

image of possibilities to every pupil who has crossed her path.

（

最后 一段是总结性文

字。

）

Summary:

The article introduces the writer's aunt and mentor, Myrtle C. Manigault, a teacher

in an all-black Summer School in New Jersey. Mytle always supported the writer and

encouraged her to tap her potential in areas like art, literature and writing. Mytle made

her pupils believe there were possibilities in life.

下面是关于

summarizing

的一些

tips

。

Summarizing a text, or distilling its essential concepts into a paragraph or two, is a

useful study tool as well as good writing practice. A summary has two aims:

(1) to reproduce the overarching ideas in a text, identifying the general concepts

that run through the entire piece.

(2) to express these overarching ideas using precise, specific language.

When

you

summarize,

you

cannot

rely

on

the

language

the

author

has

used

to

develop his or her points, and you must find a way to give an overview of these points

without

your

own

sentences

becoming

too

general.

You

must

also

make

decisions

about

which concepts

to

leave in

and which to omit,

taking into consideration

your

purposes in summarizing and also your view of what is important in this text. Here are

some methods for summarizing: First, prior to skimming, use some of the previewing

techniques.

1. Include the title and identify the author in your first sentence.

2.

The first sentence or two of your summary should contain the author‘s thesis,

or central concept, stated in

your own words. This is the idea that runs through the

entire text--

the one you‘d mention if someone asked you: ―What is this piece/article

about?‖

Unlike student essays, the main idea in a primary document or an academic

article may not be stated in one location at the beginning. Instead, it may be gradually

developed throughout the piece or it may become fully apparent only at the end.

3. When summarizing a longer article, try to see how the various stages in the

explanation

or

argument

are

built

up

in

groups

of

related

paragraphs.

Divide

the

article into sections if it isn‘t done in the published form. Then, write a sentence or

two to cover the key ideas in each section.

4.

Omit

ideas

that

are

not

really

central

to

the

text.

Don‘t

feel

that

you

must

reproduce the

author‘s exact

progression of thought.

(On the other hand, be careful

not to misrepresent ideas by omitting important aspects of the autho

r‘s discussion).

5.

In

general,

omit

minor

details

and

specific

examples.

(In

some

texts,

an

extended example may be a key part of the argument, so you would want to mention

it).

6. Avoid writing opinions or personal responses in your summaries (save these

for active reading responses or tutorial discussions).

7.

Be careful not to plagiarize the author‘s words. If you do use even a few of the

author‘s words, they must appear in quotation marks. To avoid plagiarism, try writing

the first draft of your summary without looking back at the original text.

Summary

如何写（