跨文化交际技巧

Chapter 1 Communication and Culture

Characteristics of Communication

1. Communication is symbolic

2. Communication can be intentional and unintentional behavior

3. Communication has a consequence

4. Communication is dynamic

5. Communication is contextual and governed by rules

Characteristics of culture

e is not innate; it is learned

2. Various facets of culture are interrelated.

3. Culture is invisible.

e is dynamic

5. Culture is ethnocentric

Definition of culture

Culture is the total accumulation of beliefs, customs, values, behaviors, institutions

and

communication

patterns

that

are

shared,

learned

and

passed

down

through

the

generations in an identifiable group of people.

Chapter 2 Cultural Models and Stereotypes

Geert Hofstede

’

s Cultural dimensions

Individualism vs. collectivism

power distance

Uncertainty vs. avoidance

Career success/quality of life

Confucian dynamism

1. Individualism vs. collectivism

Individualism

First, the individual is the single most important unit in any social setting.

Second,

independenc

e rather than interdependence is stressed.

Third,

individual achievement is rewarded

.

Lastly,

uniqueness

Collectivism

Relationships

These

relationships

form

a

rigid

social

framework

that

distinguishes

between

in-groups and out-groups

.

People

rely on theirin-groups (e.g., relatives, clans, tribes, and organizations

)

to

look

after

them,

and

in

exchange

they

believe

they

owe

loyalty

to

the

group.

[Interdependence

]

Collectivism

influences

a

number

of

communication

variables-

--such

as

indirect communication, saving face, concern for others, and group cooperation

Attitudes

behaviors

Self

and

Individualism

Collectivism

Each

person

is

separate

d

from

Each

person

is

part

of

a

each

other;

children

learn

to

group; children learn to

think

in terms of “

we

”

think in terms of “

I

”

Identity

is

individual

based

on

the

Identity is based on the

social

network

High- context

Identity

Communication

Low-context

Social value

Speak

your

mind

and

tell

the

Maintain

harmony

and

avoid

truth

confrontations

Decision-making

Personal

freedom

is

more

Equality

is

more

important

important

than personal freedom

Group

membership

Conformity

Fellow

universal

rules;

The

Fulfill obligations to in-group

decision-making

process

is

members;

relationships

are

important

important

The

individual

belongs

to

many

The individual belongs to few

groups

but

his

attachment

to

groups

but

feels

strongly

them is relatively weak

attached to them

Behavior toward

Group

has

relatively

little

Group

greatly

influence

the

In- group and

influence

on

the

behavior

of

behavior of members

Out- group

group members

members

Relationships

Relatively

little

difference

in

Big

difference

between

with

behavior

toward

in-group

and

in- group

and

out-group

group members

out-group members

members

Competition

Less intimate with in-groups and

Cooperate

with

members

of

less hostile to out-groups

in-groups

but

not

with

members of out-groups

Occurs

within

groups

as

well

as

Cooperate

with

members

of

between groups

in-groups

but

not

with

members of out-groups

Value meeting new people; meet

Formal

and

distant

with

them easily

strangers

It is a pleasure to do as much by

People

depend

on

each

other

yourself as possible

but

should

not

burden

in-group

members

unnecessarily

Cooperation

Strangers

Self-reliance