-
查找文献的办法，
各个学校可能都有自己购买的数据库，
我在这
里想提一下谷歌一个很厉害的功能，
当然如果大
家已经知道了就跳过
吧。
那就是在关键词后边加上
filetype:pdf
，
会有很多意想不到的收
获！
我们当时在找
tipping point
的时候查了很多数据库，
但是垃圾信息也
很多，
谷歌的这个功能帮我们节省了不少时间，
最后有用的数据也是
从这里面找到的。
1.
论文的最前面一定要有
assumptions
，这个真的
非常重要，
只有宇宙无敌马克思主义是没有任何假设绝对正确的，
如果大家的假
设写的很专业很
make
sense
，评委一定会想继续看下去的。
2.
格式一定要新颖，可以参照我发的链接里的
O
奖论文，大家
可以发现这几篇论文的格式差别非常
大，
但是都有一个共同点：
新颖，
不死
板。
我觉得老外还是挺在乎逼格的，
你写的太中国风人家会觉得
你不够
creative
，当然我说再
多都没用，大家下载了那个文档一看就
懂了。
3.
图片一定要
fancy
！不要把
eviews
等低端软件的统计报告图
复制粘贴到你的论文里，这样做真的非常
low
！一定要自己画出很
fancy
但是很浅显易懂的图，
真的很加分，
journal
里面的评委也是这
样说的。
4.
最让人无语
的是把代码写到论文里的同学，
这个就不吐槽了，
总之美赛的思
想
>
算法
>
代
码，你结果做不出来编一个都行（不过这
样好像不太诚信，但是身边真有
M
奖的结果是编的，所以好像不是
很重要）
，最重要的是你的想法，为什么要用这个方法？为什么方法
是可行的？你是
怎样做的？至于结果能做出来当然最好，
没做出来也
要想办法让
你的论文显得很完整。
通过一周对
美赛体制及
outstanding
论文的分析，得出了以下几
个结
论，希望与各位共同探讨：
（
1
）美赛获奖覆盖率相当之大，只要你不作弊，三等奖就能到手
，
只要你摘要清晰明了，思路创新有依据，就能拿二等奖，其实拿一等
< br>奖最大的困扰就是英语，
要拿一等奖必须要把最简单的道理全都说出
来，力求用外国人欣赏的英语风格，尽量多的而有效率的叙述说明；
当然把以
后几点都做到，再配上点创新及参考文献标注地严格规范，
你就是
O
奖得主；
（
< br>2
）美赛查资料问题：美赛题所需的资料基本上都能用谷歌实现，
所以建议各位多去找一些谷歌全攻略来学习一下，但是有一点的是，
就是你所参
考过的资料，你都要在论文参考文献中或论文中有所提
及，
即便
你只抄了
6
个单词，
美赛对于版权问题
查的是非常之严格的，
不像国赛；
（
3
）美赛算法创新及实现问题：如果你能从基本算法入手，把
几种
算法组合起来，
并通过在美国教授看来比较权威的软件实现
，
这就是
创新，权威点的软件当然是指多用美国出产的数学或制
图软件。
（
4
）美赛论文加工及美工问题：如果论文是用中国的语言风格翻译
到英文，那么注定是
拿不到一等奖了，英语外国人看着不爽，一看就
知道你是中国学生，论文排版建议用
lalex
，尽管
word
很强大，但更
强大的还是
lalex
< br>，记住论文最终格式要是
PDF
，这是美国学术界比
较认同的论文格式。
华中科技大学外文数据
库
http://202.114.9.3/dzzy//waiwen?OpenPage
香港中文大学的数学中英对照
/Ref/
Glossary/Mat/
美国
M
CM
的主页
/
美国普查
局
/2010census/language/chinese-
simplified
.php
美国交通统计局
/
美国劳工统计局
/
美国国家农业统计
署
/wps/portal/usda/usdahome
美国国家统计局
/
/
/
全球免费数据库：
DOAJ:
/
Open
J-Gate:
/Search/
Oaister:
/oaister/
arXiv:
摘要：
第一段：写论文解决什么问题
1
．
问题的重述
a.
介绍重点词开头：
例
1
：
“Hand
move” irrigation, a cheap but
labor
-intensive system used on small
farms, consists of a movable pipe with
sprinkler on top that can be attached to a
stationary
main.
例
2:……is a
real
-life common phenomenon with many
complexities.
例
3
：
An
(effective plan) is crucial to………
b.
直接指出问题：
例
1
：
We find the
optimal number of tollbooths in a highway toll-
plaza for a given
number of highway
lanes: the number of tollbooths that minimizes
average delay
experienced by cars.
例
2
：
A
brand-new university needs to balance the cost of
information technology
security
measures with the potential cost of attacks on its
systems.
例
3
：
We
determine the number of sprinklers to use by
analyzing the
energy and motion of
water in the pipe and examining the engineering
parameters of
sprinklers available in
the market.
例
4: After
mathematically analyzing the …… problem, our
modeling group woul
d like to
present our conclusions, strategies,
(and recommendations )to the …….
例
5
：
Our
goal is... that (minimizes the time
)……….
2
．
解决这个问题的伟大意义
反面说明。如果没有
……
Without implementing defensive
measure, the university is exposed to an
expected loss of $$8.9 million per year.
3
．
总的解决概述
a
．通过什么方法解决什么问题
例：
We address
the problem of optimizing amusement park
enjoyment through distributing Quick
Passes (QP), reservation slips that ideally allow
an
individual to spend less time
waiting in line.
b
．实际问题转化为数学模型
例
1 We
formulate the problem asa network flow in which
vertices are the locations of
escorts
and wheelchair passengers.
例
2 : A na?
ve
strategy would be to employ the minimum number of
escorts to guarantee
that all
passengers reach their gates on time.
c.
将问题分阶段考虑
例
3
：
We
divide the jump into three phases: flying through
the air, punching through the
stack,
and landing on the ground.
第二、三段：具体分析
1
．在什么模型中
/
建立了什么模型
a.
主流模型
例
1
：
We
formulate a differential model to account for the
rates of change of these uses,
and how
this change would affect the overall consumption
of water within the studied
region.
例
2:We examined the
mathematical effects of……. We developed a detailed
……
(simulation methodology) to test our
ideas and to quantify the differences between
(among) different ……
(strategies).
例
3<
/p>
：
Based on (write your basis
.such as the theory of supply and demand), we
establish
a model (such as differential
equation system that includes demand, supply).
例
4
：
To
(write the aims), we establish a criterion (write
the criterion).
b.
模型非主流
例
5
：
We
build a model to determine how to lay out the pipe
each time the equipment is
moved.
例
6
：
We
determine …………
例
7
：
We
build a model to determine……….
例
8
：
We
formulate a model for………By analyzing …and
examining…..
2<
/p>
．分析模型（使用什么数据，怎么做，一般三句话）
a.
写历史数据
< br>例
1
：
Using
historical data from theUnited States, we
determine initial conditions for our
model.
b.
写计算机模拟
例
1
：
this model leads to a
computer simulation of catch-can tests of the
irrigation system
and ……
例
2:Software packing
reaches………by calculating and
comparing………..
c.
运用数据模拟
例
1
：
to
ground this model in reality, we incorporate
extensive demographic data and
run……
例
2
：
We
fit the modified model to data (such as
1970-2003.). We conclude that (write the
last conclude).
d.
讲详细分析
例
1
：
We
physically characterize the system
that…
例
2
：
We
provide a strategy (write the logical strategy).
例
3
：
The
…model is (efficient, intuitive, and flexible) and
could be applied to…
例
4
：
To
meet the needs of people today without, we
establish a criterion of
rational(
合理
的标准
)
oil
allocation(
分配
). <
/p>
3
．总结该模型的结果
/
得到什么结论
a.
说明不是最优但能产生作用
例：
We show that this strategy
is not optimal but can be improved by assigning
different
numbers……
b.
说明如果用这个模型，结果如何
例
1
：
If
Delta Airlines were to utilize the
na?
ve strategy
atAtlantaInternationalAirport, the
cost
would be ……
例
2
：
We
modify the model to reflect (some trend
su
ch as exponentially increasing……)
and generalize the model to (other
field).
例
3
：
Our
results are summarized in the formula for the
optimal number Bof tollbooths for
c
．通过其上情况的列举得到的结论
例：
For various situations, we
propose an optimal solution.
d.
得出了结论
例
1
：
we
elicit that a conclusion.
例
2
：
We
conclude with a series of recommendations for how
best to…
e.
进一步说明其他因素对模型的影响
例：
In addition to the model,
we also discuss policies for …..
f.
用真实数据检验模型
例
:To demonstrate how our
model works, we apply it to ………..
最后一段：写总的结论
a.
说明结论的可行性
例：
Our suggested solution,
which is easy to implement, includes a detailed
timetable and
the arrangement of pipes.
b.
说明算法的广泛性
例
1
：
Our
algorithm is broad enough to accommodate various
airport concourses, flight
schedules,
and flight delays.
例
2
：
Our
analy
sis began by determining what
factor impact……, Our conclusions are
presented……
c.
说明模型可用于其他领域
例：
Since our model is based
on…… it can be applied to (other
domain).
其他（承上启下的连接词
< br>/
常用词组）
例
:In addition to the model,
we also discuss……
引言部分
（
1
）回顾研究背景，常用词汇有
review,
summarize, present, outline,
describe
等
（
2
）说明写作目的，常用词汇有
purpose,
attempt, aim
等，另外还可以用动词不定式充
当目
的状语来表达
（
3
< br>）介绍论文的重点内容或研究范围，常用词汇有
study, present,
include, focus,
emphasize, emphasis,
attention
等
方法部分
（
1
）介绍研究或试验过程，常用词汇有
test study,
investigate, examine, experiment,
discuss, consider, analyze,
analysis
等
（
2
）说明研究或试验方法，常用词汇有
measur
e, estimate, calculate
等
（
3
）介绍应用、用途，常用词汇有等
结果部分
（
1
）展示研究结果，常用词汇有
show,
result, present
等
（
2
）介绍结论，常用词汇有
summ
ary, introduce, conclude
等
讨论部分
（
1
）陈述论文的论点和作者的观点，常用词汇有
suggest
, repot, present, expect,
describe
等
（
2
）说明论证，常用词汇有等
support, provide, indicate, identify, find,
demonstrate,
confirm,
clarify
（
3
）推荐和建议，常用词汇有
suggest, suggestion,
recommend, recommendation,
propose,
necessity, necessary,
expect
等。
摘要中常用的词语汇
：
critical
至关重要的
algorithm
运算法则
a
method of evaluating
评价方法
appropriate
近似的
consider
考虑
configurations
布局
optimal
统一的
maximize
使
…
最大化
strategy
策略
parameter
参数，主要的决定因素
accuracy
精确性
strengths and weaknesses
优点和缺点
contact
相关的
contract
建立，构造
calculate
计算
establish
建立
formula
公式
modify
改进
rational
合理的
countermeasure
对策
criterion
标准，准则
Assumptions
引出：
We make the
following assumptions about……process in this
paper.
1.
a.
不考虑因素
例
1
：
We
do not take into account interactions between
factors.
例
2
：
The
influence of …can be
neglected
例
3
：
…is
“ideal” in …, …can be neglected.
1.
b.
为了简化模型，之后反驳不正确，但是合理。
例
1
：
In
fact
（
in
reality
）
factors effect each
others, but in order to simplify the model ,we
ignore the interactions between
factors.
例
2
：
In
fact in reality factors effect each others, but in
order to simplify the model ,we
ignore
the interactions between factors.
c.
近似
例
1<
/p>
：
……can be approximated as a
liner function of ….
例
2
：
…are assumed to be the same. In
practice, there is a slight difference.
例
3
：
……c
an be approximated as a liner function of
….
d.
细致考虑（可附原因）
例
1
：
An
airport consists of 1 to 10 concourses, each of
with consists of 2 to 50 gates.
Gates
in the same concourse are generally located close
to one another, while the travel
time
between concourses can be quite lengthy. Hence, we
assume that inter-concourse
travel is
much lengthier than intra-concourse travel.
例
2
：
A
average fast walking speed is250ft/min(3mph), but
average speed when arms are
immobilized
(as when pushing a wheelchair) is only180 ft/min
(2 mph) [Gross and Shi
2001]. We assume
that an escort walks at these speeds.
例
3
：
An
escort can operate only one wheelchair at a time.
U.S. Dept. of transportation
guidelines
discourages leaving WPs unattended. Hence, the
escort takes a WP to the
connecting
flight and remains until the flight leaves.
e.
直接定义
(
假设
)
：
例
1
：
To
measure the……,we define……
例<
/p>
2
：
Yearly industry
statistics can be used valid.
例
3
：
Sth
may be represented by
例
4
：
….are independent and
randomly distributed
总结：
Additional
assumptions are made to simplify analysis for
individual sections. These
assumptions
will be discussed at the appropriate locations.
figure
引用的文献数据所画的图：
1
、分阶段图的引入：
First we study the ……
(
文献
)
，
s
howing …… under the situation.
分阶段图的引出：
The compression process is divided into
three(
数字
) phases, as shown
in the figure:
The
first phase: …… deformation, according to ……; the
second phase: ……
deformation. The
compression grows more slowly and reaches the
maximum. The third
phase:
……deformation: After compres
sion
reaches the maximum, the rate of
deformation starts to fall. The
unrecoverable deformation goes on increasing.
(2003
—
65)
2
、引用已有的模型图：
A model of flow rate
for instant total failure is right triangular
【
U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers 1997
】
.
(see Figure 1)(2005
—
5354)
3
、通过历史数据作图：
We validate our model by examining
historical HIV rates from prenatal clinics inSouth
Africabetween 1995 and 2005(Figure 1).
(2006
—
244)
4
、拟合的图形：
Figure 1 shows the
number of bags still left for the EDS to process
at airport A after
each minute in
airport B, the results are similar.
(2003
—
260)
自己根据计算所画的图：
1
、为了
…….(
目的
)
，我们作了
…….
图。
To demonstrate better the change
in flow rate with time when the breach begins t
form, we
plot over a shorter range of
time in Figure 5. (2005
—
55)
We plot for values of from 6 to 13, in
steps of 0.25, together with the best-fit quartic,
in
Figure 2
(2005
—
92)
2
、根据数据拟合的图：
Fitting (
式子
) to
the data in (
表
), we get the
curve in Figure 1, for the function
(
公式
).
(2005
—
211)
We use the graph in Figure
1 to simulate the arrival of passengers.
(2003
—
201)
The simulation model also generates
system characteristics for the ETD machines at
airport A. These results are shown in
Figure 3. (2003
—
232)
3
、根据取值不同画图：
We take 2001as the starting point, when
total remaining oil was calculate
the
time to oil exhaustion under different cases: GDP
growing at 10%, 5%, 3%,and
1%.(Figure
3)
For 10%, ...... for 5%,……;for
3%,……;for 1%,……. (2005—
213233)
< br>4
、用软件（如
MATLAB
）
画图：
To solve the
differential equations in our model, we use (the
ODE45 numerical integrator)
in MATLAB
on (
式子
) to find the results
in Figure 3.(2005
—
232)
5
、图形的改进：
Generally speaking, the shape of the
target is not too irregular, so we choose five
typical
shapes of the targets in
different sizes. In Figure3a, we illustrate the
maximum section of a
typical bean-
shaped target, whose maximum dimension is35mm.
Using the skeleton
generation
algorithm, we get corresponding skeleton shown in
Figure 3b. Then we apply
the GA-based
shot placement algorithm, resulting in three shots
for the target: one14
mmhelmet and two8
mmhelmets. The locations and sizes of the helmets
in 2D are
indicated in Figure3c, while
3D shot placements are shown in Figure 4.
(2003
—
130)
6
、画示意图：
The irrigation order and position of
sprinklers are presented in Figure 4.
(2006
—
127)
This
algorithm can be viewed in the flowchart in Figure
define some of the objects
found in the
chart. (2006
—
164165)
table
表的格式：表头在上
（注：红色字体的句子可通用）
1
、
在表前对表的来源和数据进行说明
例
1
In
Table 1
, we
summarize
the minimum number of escorts
needed to reach
each service level
表的解释部分
For each
airport, the difference between the Good and
Adequate service levels is roughly
a
factor of two, with slightly increasing returns to
scale; with larger scales, the staff are
spread more uniformly, so it is less
likely that a job will crop up with nobody close
enough
to take it.
例
2
表的解释部分
（前面的说出数据的来
源，然后筛选出比较代表性的数据进行说明）。
We determined absolute and relative
criticality values for each country for which all
the
data used in computing parameters
was available
(108 countries). We then
used relative
criticality in selecting
our most critical countries, by continent. Had we
used absolute
criticality it would have
given precedence to large nations, despite
relatively mild
HIV/AIDS situations.
例
3
The table below
is the generated irrigation schedule for the
repositioning of the sprinklers,
given
12-hour work day for a rancher. Each pipe is set
in place for 5 hours.
例
4
And
some data processing we can get the relevant
statistical data information of patient
and donor characteristics for the
simulation.
例
5
The graft survival rates show in the
following UNOS data for kidney transplants in the
U.S
(based on OPTN data as of
2006):
2
、在表后对表的内容进行说明
例
1
例
2
Using the cellular
automata model, we compute waiting time as a
function of both the
number of lanes
and the number of tollbooths. For a fixed L, we
compare all values of
Ctotal and choose
the lowest one.
The results of this
method are presented in Table6.
例
3
According to the above data, we can see
that many of
the European countries
have the
high rates of the donor,
particularly inSpain.
This phenomenon
shows that
the organ
transplant is also hot inEurope.
Although the relevant policies and statutes in
these
countries are less comprehensive
than that in U.S, there still a lot what U.S could
learn
from. Here, we mainly analyze the
organ transplant policies inSpain, U.K
andKoreathis
three countries.
-
-
-
-
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