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高分子材料工程专业英语课文翻译
(
曹同玉
,
冯连芳
)
主编<
/p>
高分子专业英语选讲课文翻译资料
A
高分子化学和
高分子物理
UNIT
1 What are Polymer
第一单元
什么是
高聚物？
What are
polymers For one thing, they are xxplex
and
giant
molecules
and
are
different
from
low
molecular weight
xxpounds like, say, xxmon salt. To
contrast
the
difference,
the
molecular
weight
of
xxmon
salt is
only , while that of a polymer can be as high
as several hundred thousand, even more
than thousand
thousands. These big
molecules or
‘
macro-
molecules
’
are
made up of much smaller molecules, can be of one
or
more
chemical
xxpounds.
To
illustrate,
imagine
that
a
set
of
rings
has
the
same
size
and
is
made
of
the
same
material.
When
these
things
are
interlinked,
the
chain
formed
can
be
considered
as
representing
a
polymer
from
molecules
of
the
same
xxpound.
Alternatively,
individual
rings
could
be
of
different
sizes
and
materials,
and
interlinked
to
represent
a
polymer
from
molecules of different xxpounds.
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什么是高聚物？首先，他们是合成物和大分子，而且不
同于低分子化合物，譬
如说普通的盐。与低分子化合物不同
的是，
普通盐的分子量仅仅
是，
而高聚物的分子量高于
105
，<
/p>
甚至大于
106
。这些大分子或“高分子
”许多小分子组成。
小分子相互结合形成大分子，大分子能够是一种或多种化合
物。举例说明，想象一组大小相同并相同的材料制成的环。
当这些环相互
连接起来，可以把形成的链看成是具有同种分
子量化合物组成的高聚物。另一方面，独特
的环可以大小不
同、材料不同，相连接后形成具有不同分子量化合物组成的
聚合物。
This
interlinking
of
many
units
has
given
the
polymer
its
name,
poly
meaning
‘
many
’
and
mer
meaning
‘
part
’
(in Greek). As an example, a gaseous xxpound
called butadiene, with a molecular
0
高分子专业英语选讲课文翻译资料
weight of 54,
xxbines nearly 4000 times and gives
a
polymer known as polybutadiene (a synthetic
rubber)
with about 200 000molecular
weight. The low molecular
weight
xxpounds
from
which
the
polymers
form
are
known
as monomers. The
picture is simply as follows:
许多单元相连接给予了聚合物一个名称，
poly
意味着
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“多、聚、重复”，
mer
意味着“链节、基体
”。例如：称
为丁二烯的气态化合物，分子量为
54
，化合将近
4000
次，
得到分子量大约为
20XX00
被称作聚丁二烯的高聚物。形成
高聚物的低分子化合物称为单体。下面简单地描述一下形成
过程
：
butadiene
+
butadiene
+
+
butadiene--
→
polybutadiene
(4 000 time)
丁二烯
＋丁二烯＋…＋丁二烯——→聚丁二烯
One can thus
see how a substance (monomer) with as
small a molecule weight as 54 grow to
bexxe a giant
molecule (polymer) of
(54
×
4
000
≈
)200 000 molecular
weight.
It
is
essentially
the
‘
giantness
’
of
the
size
of
the
polymer
molecule
that
makes
its
behavior
different
from
that
of
a
xxmonly
known
chemical
xxpound
such
as
benzene.
Solid
benzene,
for
instance,
melts
to
bexxe
liquid benzene at
℃
and , on
further heating,
boils
into
gaseous
benzene.
As
against
this
well-defined behavior of a simple
chemical xxpound, a
polymer
like
polyethylene
does
not
melt
sharply
at
one
particular temperature into clean
liquid. Instead, it
bexxes increasingly
softer and,
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1
高分子专业英语选讲课文翻译资料
ultimately,
turns
into
a
very
viscous,
tacky
molten
mass.
Further
heating
of
this
hot,
viscous,
molten
polymer does convert
it into various gases but it is
no
longer polyethylene. (Fig. ) .
因而能够看到分子量仅为
54
的小分子物质如何逐渐形
成分子量为
20XX
00
的大分子。实质上，正是于聚合物的巨
大的分子尺寸才使其
性能不同于象苯这样的一般化合物。例
如，固态苯，在℃熔融成液态苯，进一步加热，煮
沸成气态
苯。与这类简单化合物明确的行为相比，像聚乙烯这样的聚
合物不能在某一特定的温度快速地熔融成纯净的液体。而聚
合物变得越来越软，最终
，变成十分粘稠的聚合物熔融体。
将这种热而粘稠的聚合物熔融体进一步加热，不会转变
成各
种气体，但它不再是聚乙烯。
固态苯——→液态苯——→气态苯
加热，℃
加热，
80
℃
固体聚乙烯——→熔化的聚乙烯—
—→各种分解产物
-
但不是聚乙烯
加热
加热
图
低分子量化合物和聚合物受热后的不同行为
Another
striking difference with respect to the
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behavior
of
a
polymer
and
that
of
a
low
molecular
weight
xxpound
concerns
the
dissolution
process.
Let
us
take,
for example, sodium chloride and add it
slowly to s
fixed quantity of water.
The salt, which represents a
low
molecular
weight
xxpound,
dissolves
in
water
up
to
s
point
(called
saturation
point)
but,
thereafter,
any
further quantity added does not go into
solution but
settles at the bottom and
just remains there as solid.
The
viscosity
of
the
saturated
salt
solution
is
not
very
much different from
that of water. But if we take a
polymer
instead,
2
高分子专业英语选讲课文翻译资料
say,
polyvinyl
alcohol,
and
add
it
to
a
fixed
quantity
of
water,
the
polymer
does
not
go
into
solution
immediately. The globules of polyvinyl
alcohol first
absorb
water,
swell
and
get
distorted
in
shape
and
after
a long time go into solution. Also, we
can add a very
large quantity of the
polymer to the same quantity of
water
without
the
saturation
point
ever
being
reached.
As
more
and
more
quantity
of
polymer
is
added
to
water,
the
time
taken
for
the
dissolution
of
the
polymer
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obviously increases and the mix
ultimately assumes a
soft, dough-like
consistency. Another peculiarity is
that, in water, polyvinyl alcohol never
retains its
original powdery nature as
the excess sodium chloride
does in a
saturated salt solution. In conclusion, we
can
say
that
(1)
the
long
time
taken
by
polyvinyl
alcohol
for
dissolution,
(2)
the
absence
of
a
saturation
point,
and
(3)
the
increase
in
the
viscosity
are
all
characteristics
of
a
typical
polymer
being
dissolved in a solvent and these
characteristics are
attributed mainly
to the large molecular size of the
polymer.
The
behavior
of
a
low
molecular
weight
xxpound
and that of a polymer on dissolution
are illustrated
in
发现另一种不同的聚合物行为和低分子量化合物行为
是关于溶解过程。例如，让我们研究一下，将氯化钠慢慢地
添加到固定量
的水中。盐，代表一种低分子量化合物，在水
中达到点溶解，但，此后，进一步添加盐不
进入溶液中却沉
到底部而保持原有的固体状态。饱和盐溶液的粘度与水的粘
度不是十分不同，但是，如果我们用聚合物替代，譬如说，
将聚乙烯醇添加到
固定量的水中，聚合物不是马上进入到溶
液中。聚乙烯醇颗粒首先吸水溶胀，发生形变，
经过很长的
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时间以后进入到溶液中。同样地，我们可以将大量的聚合物
加入到同样量
的水中，不存在饱和点。将越来越多的聚合物
加入水中，认为聚合物溶解的时间明显地增
加，最终呈现柔
软像面团一样粘稠的混合物。另一个特点是，在水中聚乙烯
醇不会像过量的氯化钠在饱和盐溶液中那样能保持其初始
的粉末状态。总之，
我们可以讲聚乙
3
高分子专业英语选讲课文翻译资料
烯醇的溶解需要很长时间，不存在饱和点，粘度的增加
是典型聚合物溶于溶液中的特性，这些特性主要归因于聚合
物大分子的
尺寸。如图说明了低分子量化合物和聚合物的溶
解行为。
氯化钠晶体加入到水中——→晶体进入到溶液中
.
< br>溶液的粘度不是十分不同于
充分搅拌
水的粘度——→形成饱和溶液
.
剩余的
晶体维持不溶解
状态
.
加入更多的晶体并搅拌
氯化钠的溶解
聚乙烯醇碎片加入到水中——→碎片开始溶胀——→
碎片慢慢地进入到溶液中
允许维持现状
充分搅拌
——→形成粘稠的聚合物溶液
.
溶液粘度十分高于水的
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粘度
继续搅拌
聚合物的溶解
图
低分子量化合物和聚合物不同的溶解行为
——
Gowariker VR, Viswanathan
N V, Sreedhar J.
Polymer Science. New
York:
John
Wiley & Sons,
UNIT 2 Chain Polymerization
第二单元
链式聚合反应
Many olefinic and vinyl
unsaturated xxpounds are
able
to
form
chain-0like
macromolecules
through
elimination
of
the
double
bond,
a
phenomenon
first
recognized by Staudinger. Diolefins
4
高分子专业英语选讲课文翻译资料
polymerize in
the same manner, however, only one
of
the two double bonds is eliminated. Such reactions
occur
through
the
initial
addition
of
a
monomer
molecule to an initiator radical or an
initiator ion,
by
which
the
active
state
is
transferred
from
the
initiator
to
the
added
monomer.
In
the
same
way
by
means
of a
chain reaction, one monomer molecule after the
other is added (20XX~20XX0 monomers per
second) until
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the
active
state
is
terminated
through
a
different
type
of
reaction.
The
polymerization
is
a
chain
reaction
in
two ways: because of the
reaction kinetic and because
as
a
reaction
product
one
obtains
a
chain
molecule.
The
length of the chain molecule is
proportional to the
kinetic chain
length.
Staudin
ger
第一个发现一例现象，
许多烯烃和不饱和烯
烃通过打开双键可以形成链式大分子。二
烯烃以同样的方式聚合，然而，仅限于两个双键中的一
个。这类反应是通过单体分子首先加成到引发剂自基或引发
剂离子上而
进行的，靠这些反应活性中心引发剂转移到被加
成的单体上。以同样的方式，借助于链式
反应，单体分子一
个接一个地被加成直到活性中心通过不同的反应类型而终
止。聚合反应是链式反应的原因有两种：因为反应动力学和
因为作为反应产物
它是一种链式分子。链分子的长度与动力
学链长成正比。
One
can
summarize
the
process
as
follow
(R.
is
equal
to the initiator radical):
链式反应可以概括为以下过
程：略
One
thus
obtains
polyvinylchloride
from
vinylchloride,
or
polystyrene
from
styrene,
or
polyethylene from ethylene, etc.
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因而通过上述过程氯乙烯得到聚氯乙烯，或苯乙烯获得
聚苯乙烯，或乙烯获得
聚乙烯，等等。
5
高分子专业英语选讲课文翻译资料
The length of the chain
molecules, measured by
means of the
degree of polymerization, can be varied
over
a
large
range
through
selection
of
suitable
reaction
conditions.
Usually,
with
xxmercially
prepared
and
utilized
polymers,
the
degree
of
polymerization lies in the range of
1000 to 5000, but
in many cases it can
be below 500 and over 10000. This
should not be interpreted to mean that
all molecules
of
a
certain
polymeric
material
consist
of
500,
or
1000,
or
5000
monomer
units.
In
almost
all
cases,
the
polymeric material
consists of a mixture of polymer
molecules of different degrees of
polymerization.
借助于聚合度估算的分子链长，在一个大范围内可以通
过选择适宜的反应条件被改变。
通常，通过大量地制备和利
用聚合物，聚合度在
1000
～
5000
范围内，但在许多情况下
可低于
500
、高于
1
0000
。这不应该把所有聚合物材料的分
子量理解为
500
，或
1000
，
或
5000
个单体单元组成。在几
乎所
有的事例中，聚合物材料不同聚合度的聚合物分子的混
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合物组成。
Polymerization,
a
chain
reaction,
occurs
according
to
the
same
mechanism
as
the
well-known
chlorine-hydrogen
reaction
and
the
dexxposition
of
phosegene.
聚合反应，链式反应，依照与众所周知的氯
-
氢
反应和
光气的分解机理进行。
The
initiation
reaction,
which
is
the
activation
process
of
the
double
bond,
can
be
brought
about
by
heating,
irradiation,
ultrasonics,
or
initiators. The initiation of the chain
reaction can
be
observed
most
clearly
with
radical
or
ionic
initiators. These are energy-rich
xxpounds which can
add
suitable
unsaturated
xxpounds
(monomers)
and
maintain
the
activated
radical,
or
ionic,
state
so
that
further
monomer
molecules
can
be added in
the
same
manner.
For
the
individual
steps
of
the
growth
reaction
one
needs
only
a
relatively
small
activation
energy
and
therefore through a
single activation step (the
6
高分子专业英语选讲课文翻译资料
actual
initiation
reaction)
a
large
number
of
olefin molecules are
converted, as is implied by the
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