-
Unit 1
The Roots of Chemistry
I.
Comprehension.
2. B 3. D
4. C 5. B
II.
Make
a
sentence
out
of
each
item
by
rearranging
the
words
in
brackets.
1.
The
purification
of
an
organic
compound
is
usually
a
matter
of
considerable
difficulty,
and
it
is
necessary
to
employ
various
methods
for this
purpose.
2.
Science is an ever-increasing body of
accumulated and systematized
knowledge
and is also an activity by which knowledge is
generated.
3.
Life,
after
all,
is
only
chemistry,
in
fact,
a
small
example
of
chemistry observed on a single mundane
planet.
4.
People are made of molecules; some of
the molecules in people are
rather
simple whereas others are highly
complex.
5.
Chemistry is ever present in our lives
from birth to death because
without
chemistry there is neither life nor
death.
6.
Mathematics appears to be almost as
humankind and also permeates all
aspects
of
human
life,
although
many
of
us
are
not
fully
aware
of
this.
III. Translation.
1.
(a) chemical
process (b) natural science (c) the
technique of
distillation
2.
It is the
atoms that make up iron, water, oxygen and the
like/and so
on/and so forth/and
otherwise.
3.
Chemistry
has
a
very
long
history,
in
fact,
human
activity
in
chemistry goes back to prerecorded
times/predating recorded times.
4.
According
to/From
the
evaporation
of
water,
people
know/realized
that
liquids
can
turn/be/change
into
gases
under
certain
conditions/circumsta
nce/environment.
5.
You must know
the properties of the material before you use
it.
IV.
Translation
化学是三种基础自然科学之一，另外
两种是物理和生物。自从宇宙大爆炸以
来，化学过程持续进行，甚至地球上生命的出现可
能也是化学过程的结果。人
们也许认为生命是三步进化的最终结果
,
第一步非常快
,
其余两步相当慢。
这三
步是：
（
I
）物理进化（化学元素的产生）
，
（
II
）化学进化（分子和生物分子的
形成）
；和（
III
）生物进化（有机物的形成和发展）
。
V.
Solution:
（
1
）
The
relative mass of
1
H and
12
C atoms can be calculated
from their
absolute masses in
grams.
H
< br>1.6735
?
10
?
24
?
?
0.0839
86
12
?
23
C
1.9926
?
10
1
If the mass of a
12
C atom is exactly 12
amu,then the mass of a
1
H
atom to
five significant figures must
be amu.
12 amu x =
amu
（
2
）
First we calculate k and
then use the first-order rate equation.
k
?
log
l
og
0.693
?
1.21
?
10
?
4
/
yr
5730
yr
?
A
?
0
kt
?
?
A
?
2.303
?
4
1.000
1.21
?
10
/
yr
?
t
0.477
2.303
?
2.303
??
log
2
.09
?
?
6.1
?
10
3
?
6100
yr
t
?
< br>1.21
?
10
?
4
/
yr
The
bone
was
tossed
away
(more
precisely,
the
animal
whose
bone
was
died)
about
6100 years ago, or about 4100 . We can thus be
sure that a village
was in existence at
that place at that time.
Unit 7 The Nomenclature of Inorganic
Substances
I.
Comprehension
II. Give the systematic
name for the following
ammonium ion copper(II) ion strontium
ion;
Ccopper(I) ion;
iron(II) ion; zinc ion;
hydrogen ion; lead((II) ion;
aluminum;
silver ion;
magnesium ion; chromium(III) ion;
Barium Manganese(II) ion;
iron(III) ion;
calcium
ion; mercury(II) ion;
chromium(II) ion; tin(II) ion.
carbon monoxide;
ditrogen trioxide;
carbon dioxide; diphosphorus
pentoxide;
sulfur
trioxide; dichlorine heptoxide
arsenate ion; sulfite ion;
hydride ion;
arsenite
ion; bromide ion; hydroxide
ion;
phosphate ion;
chlorate ion; hypochlorite ion;
phosphate ion; chloride ion;
iodate ion;
carbonate
ion; chlorite ion; nitrate
ion;
chromate ion;
cyanide ion; iodide ion;
dichromate ion; fluoride ion;
nitrate ion;
oxide ion;
hydrogen carbonate ion; nitrite ion;
sulfide ion; hydrogen
sulfate ion; perchlorate ion;
sulfate ion; hydrogen
sulfite ion; permanganate ion.
III. Complete
the table.
Formula
FeO
Fe
2
O
3
Sn(OH)
2
Sn(OH)
4
Hg
2
SO
4
HgSO
4
NaCLO
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
Cu
3
(
AsO
4
)
2
Cr(C
2
H
3
O
2
)
3<
/p>
Old name
Systematic
name
iron (II) oxide
iron (III) oxide
tin(II) hydroxide
tin(IV) hydroxide
mercury (I) sulfate
mercury (II) sulfate
sodium hypochlorite
potassium dichromate
copper(II) arsenate
chromium(IV) acetate
IV. Acid names may be
obtained directly from its acid ion by changing
the name of the acid ion (negative
ion). Use the rule to give the name
of
the following acid.
Formula of
acid
H
2
CO
3
HClO
2
HClO
4
HCN
HBr
H
4
SiO
4
H
3
AsO
4
Old name
Name of acid
carbonic acid
chlorous acid
perchloric acid
hydrocyanic acid
hydrobromic acid
silicic acid
arsenic acid
V.
Complete the sentences with the proper form of the
word given at the
end of the
sentence.
altered;
illustrate expect cancel
6. are pulled on referred
discussed
VI.
Translation
1. Matter can
neither be created nor be
destroyed/eliminated.
2. It
is necessary that a scientist must know how
to use fingures to get
an
accutate answer to question.
3. Any substance is made of atoms
whether it is solid, liquid or gas.
4. The experiment was successful.
It
’
s results was the same as
what we
had expected.
5. It will not be long before we finish
the experiment.
VII. Write equations for the following
acid-base reactions. Use the
information
in
inorganic
textbook
to
predict
whether
the
equilibrium
will
favor the reactants or the products.
(Partially Solved)
Solutin
to (a): Cyanide is the conjugate base of HCN. It
can accept a
proton from formic
acid:
O
H
C
O
H
O
+
C
N
H
C<
/p>
O
+
H
C
N
formic
acid
stronger
acid
cyanide
stronger
base
formate
weaker
base
weaker
acid
Reading
from
inorganic
textbook,
formic
acid
(p
K
a
=
is
a
stronger
acid
than
HCN
(p
K
a
=, and
cyanide is a stronger base than formate. The
products
(weaker acid and base) are
favored.
…………
..
VIII.
Write
equations
for
the
net
reactions
which
occur
when
the
following
materials are added to a sodium-ammonia
solution.
Answer: (1) 2CH
3
GeH
3
+
2e
am
-
→ H
2
+ 2CH
3
GeH
2
-
(2) I
2
+
2e
am
-
→ 2I
-
(3) (C
2
H
5
)
2
S +
2e
am
-
+
NH
3
→
C
2
H
5
S-
+ C
2
H
6
+ NH
2
-
Unit 10 Nomenclature of
Hydrocarbons
I.
Comprehension
II. Name the following
compounds by the IUPAC system
1
CH<
/p>
3
(CH
2
)n
CH
3
respectively)
(n=2,
3,
4,
6,
butane,
pentane,
hexane,
octane
2-methylpentane
4-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane
5-isopropyl-2-methyloctane
<
/p>
4-isopropyl-4-propylheptan
e
2
3
4
5
(CH
3
)
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
3
(CH
3
)
3
C-CH
2
-CH(C
2
H
5
)-CH
2
-CH
3
(CH
3
)
2
CH-CH
2
CH
2
-C
H(CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
)-CH(CH
3
)
2
CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
-C(CH
2
CH
2
CH
3
)<
/p>
2
-CH(CH
3
)
2
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
◇
-CH
2
-
CH(CH
3
)
2
CH
2
=C(C
2
H
5
)(CH(CH
3
)
2
)
CH
3
-CH
2
-CH=CH-CHCl-
CH
3
CH
3
-CH(CH
3
)-CH(C
2
H
5
)-C
≡
C-CH
3
CH
2
=CH-C
≡
CH
(CH
3
)
2
CH-CH
< br>2
CH(OH)CH
3
CH
3
CH
2
CH=CHCH(OH)CH
3
(CH
3
)
3
C-OH
(CH
3
)
3
C-OCH
2
H
5
(CH
3
)
2
CH-
CH
2
-O-C
2
H
5
(CH
2
OH)
2
CH
3
-CH(OH)-CH
2<
/p>
(OH)
CH
2
(OH)-CH(OH)-CH
2
(
OH)
CH
3
CH
2
NH
2
CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH(CH
3
)CH-NH-CH
3
isobutylcyclobutane
2-ethyl-3-methyl-1-butene
2-chloro-3-hexene
4-ethyl-5-methyl-2-hexyne
1-buten-3-yne
4-methyl-2-pentanol
3-hexen-2-ol
2-methyl-2-propanol
2-ethoxy-2-methylpropane
1-ethoxy-2-methylpropane
1,2-ethanediol
1,2-proanediol
1,2,3-propanetriol
aminoethane
N-met
hyl-1-amino-2-methylp
entane
III. Draw structures for
the following compounds.
1
2
3-octene
3-methy-2-heptene
C-C-C=C-C-C-C-C
3
cyclohexene
4
5
2-pentyne
3,3-dimethylhexyne
C-C
C-C-C
6
3-bromotoluene
CH
3
Br
7
8
9
vinyl
chloride
acetylene
para-
dichlorobenzene
C=C-Cl
C
C
Cl
Br
Cl
10
m
-c
hlorobromobenzene
Cl
11
toluene
CH
3
12
chlorobenzene
Cl
13
1,2-dibromobenzene
Br
Br
14
naphthalene
15
anthracene
16
phenanthrene
17
2-methyl-1-propanol
< br>C
C
C
OH
C
18
Cyclohexanol
OH
19
20
Methoxyethene
trans-2-ethoxycyclohexa
nol
C
C
O
C
OH
OC
2
H
5
IV. Decide which item
best completes each unfinished
sentence.
V.
Each
of
the
following
names
is
incorrect.
Draw
the
structure
represented
by
the
incorrect
name
(or
a
consistent
structure
if
the
name
is ambiguous), and give your drawing
the correct name.
(
…………
)
Unit 11 Carboxylic Acids
and Their Derivatives
I.
Comprehension
II. Fill in the blanks with
the phrases given below.
out or so; put together made of divided by
different from the
contrary; consist
of up for as dependent on down
into
III. Put in
proper prepositions or adverbs into the
blanks.
; as
IV.
Translation
1. Similarly,
solvent also may not be liquid matter but the
others
2.
A
graph
plotting
solubility
against
temperature
is
called
a
solubility
curve.
(
The
curve
plot
drawn
(made
/
produced)
by
solubility
as
one
coordinate
and temperature
as another coordinate is called solubility
curve.)
3. Air is mixture of
gases , the most abundant of which is nitrogen in
the form of N
2
(molecules).
4.
The
direction
of
the
reaction
and
the
position
of
the
equilibrium
may
also be affected by the
temperature, pressure, and other
conditions.
5. Hydrogen has
a great affinity for oxygen and easily combines
with it
to form water.
V. Translation
<
/p>
玻意尔（
Bohr
）模型提出不久后，人
们就发现原子中的电子比
Bohr
提出的
模型要复杂得多。实验证实电子既有粒子的性质（质量）也有光的特性（波的
特性）<
/p>
。因为它的两重性，电子不能被看作是在确定范围内绕核旋转的一种简单
< br>粒子，而且如
Bohr
所说的，如果电子高速运动，我们
就不能确切地知道它的位
置。
Unit 13 Ultraviolet and Visible
Molecular Spectroscopy
I.
Comprehension
II. Fill in the blanks
of;
as;
in;
out;
In;
for;
for
;
of;
in;
then;
to;
for;since(for)
;
into.
III. Fill the blank in each sentence
with an appropriate phrase in its
proper form.
1.
account for part in of
…
.as compared with
5. is attached to the
contrary in the case of contrast with as
against 9. owing to for.
Unit 17
Crystallisation
I.
Comprehension
II. Fill in the
blanks with the proper word given
below.
Stage; interna;
symmetrical; basis; physical; Furthermore;
composed;
responsible; reasonable;
overall.
III.
Choose the item from (1) ~ (6) that best matches
the item in(a) ~
(f) to make a correct
sentence.
1~a; 2~b;
3~c; 4~d; 5~e; 6~f
the
following into Chinese
共沸物；
类质同晶；过饱和；砷酸盐；晶核；异丙基；醇；钠；硫酸盐；间甲酚；糖膏；
十水合物；结晶质的；同系物；衍生物；结晶；四硼酸盐；盐析；乙基乙酰苯胺；矿物油。
Uint18
Distillation
I.
Comprehension
4. A
II. Fill in the blanks with
the phrases given below.
order to relation to 3. in the case of the
end
5. in a number of to
messy way
掌握以下词汇
:
flashdistillation
闪蒸
;
exit stream
出流
e
quilibrium
curve
平衡曲线
;
weir
堰
;
redistillation
重蒸
;
apparatus
设备
;
overhead
product
塔顶产物
;
enthalpy
焓
;
intersection
交
点
;
au
xiliary
辅
助
装
置
;
rectifying
section
精
馏
段
;
reflux
回流
;
reboller
再沸器
;
stripping
section
汽提（提馏）段
;
bottom
product
塔底产物
Unit 21 catalysis
I. Comprehension
4. B
IV. Translate the
following sentences into English
(1) We define activity as size
(measure) of catalysis of catalyst
(2)
catalytic reaction may be carried out in different
phases, of which
mechanisms are
generally consistent
(3) Enzymes are
the most efficient proteins in the human body
which
accelerate the metabolism of the
human body.
V. Translate the following into
English
reaction
equilibrium;
repetitiveness;
elementary
reaction
step;
stability;
catalytic
cycle;
activity;
quantitative
analysis;
selectivity;
metabolic
reaction;
chemical
energy; reaction
mechanism;
polymer
nylon
（
or
< br>nylon
）
;qualitative
analysis;
molecular-sieve;
tubular
reactor; inhibitor;
stoichiometry.
Unit 22 Cosmetics
introduction
I.
Comprehension
4. D 5.
(1)True; (2)True; (3) False.
II. Fill in the blanks with the proper
word given below.
Focused
on;
considerations;
particular;
boosting;
price;
affect;
commitment;
different; proposed.
III. Put in proper prepositions or
adverbs into the blanks.
1.
for, of; 2. to; 3. for 4. for(to) 5. of
,about.
V
、
Translate the
following into English.
对亚苯基二胺，降解，丙烯，头皮屑，洗剂，
N-
亚硝基二乙醇胺，致癌的，
未<
/p>
成熟（
or
早熟）
，香波（
or
洗发剂）
，
激素（荷尔蒙）
，
防汗剂，
诱变性，
脱臭剂（芳香剂）
，
推论（必然结果）
，
甘油
VI
、
Translate the
following sentences into English
surfactant
；
environmenta
l pollution
；
emulsifier
；
side-effect
；
dirt
；
detergent
；<
/p>
perspiration
；
pres
ervative.
PART TWO THE FUNDATIONS OF
CHEMISTRY
Unit7Chemical
Bonds
化学键
There are approximately 100 chemical
elements.
世界上大概有
100
种元素。
There
are
millions
of
chemical
compound,
and
about
600000 new compounds
are prepared every year.
现有
数百万种化合物，
而且每年有
60
万种
新化合物被合成出
来。
To
form these compounds, atoms of different elements
must
be held together in
specific combinations
.
be held together
in specific combinations
以特定的方式
为了合成这些化合物，
不同种类的原子必须以特定方式结合
在一起。
Chemical
bonds
are
the
forces
that
maintain
these
arrangements.
That
引导定语从句，修饰
forces
化学键是保持这种结合状态的力。
Chemical bonding also
plays
a role
in determining the
state of matter.
plays a role
起作用
化学键同时在决定物质状态方面也起作用。
At room temperature, water is a liquid,
carbon dioxide
is
a gas,
and table
salt
is
a
solid
because
of
differences
in
chemical bonding.
在室温下，水是液体，
二氧化碳是气体，晶体盐是固体，是
由于化学键的不同。
As
scientists
developed an understanding of the nature
of
chemical
bonding,
they
gained
the
ability
to
manipulate
the structure of
compounds
.
As
引导原因状语从句
to manipulate the structure of
compounds
不定式短语做
宾补
随着化学家对化学键认识的发展，他们获得了控制化合物结
构的
能力。
Dynamite, birth control
pills, synthetic fibers, and a
thousand
other
products
were
fashioned
in
chemical
laboratories
and ()
have
dramatically changed the way we
live.
炸药、避孕药、合成纤
维，和数以千计的其他产品在实验室
中被合成出来，并且魔术般的改变了我们的生活。<
/p>
We
are
now
entering
an
era
that
promises
(some
would
say
forebodes) even greater
change.
我们现在进入了一个可望（或者说预言）更大变化的时代。
The
DNA
molecular
——
the
chemical
basis
of
heredity
—
—
carries its
genetic message in its bonds in DNA.
<
/p>
分子
DNA
——遗传物质的基础——以它
的键传递遗传信息。
Whether an
organism is fish, fowl, hippopotamus, or
human
is determined by the
arrangement of bonds in DNA.
Whether an organism is fish, fowl,
hippopotamus, or
human
做主语
< br>无论一个生物体是鱼、家禽、河马还是人，都是由于
DNA
的
键的组合方式决定的。
Scientists already have the ability to
rearrange these
bonds,
and
this
ability
has
given
them
limited
control
over
the
structure of living matter.
Them,
limited
control
over
the
structure
of
living
matter
双宾语
科学家已经获得了重组这些键的能力，而这种能力给了他们
有限的对生物体结构
的控制。
As
techniques
of
genetic
engineering
improve,
scientists may
literally be able to custom-tailor
genes.
随着基因工程的发展，科学家们将最终设计出符
合条件的基
因。
Let us
begin our consideration of chemical bonding
so
that
we, too,
can understand the forces
that
control the
structure of
matter
, living and
nonliving.
That
引导
定语从句修饰
forces
，
living
and
nonliv
ing
，
动名词，
matter
得同位语，
修饰
matter
让我们开始对化学键的论述，并由此理解控制物质，包括有
< br>生命体和无生命体，的结构的力。
Ionic
Bond
离子键
Let us
look at an atom of the element sodium (Na).
我们看一下钠原子。
It
has
11
electrons,
of
which
two
are
in
the
first
energy
level
,
eight in the second, and one in the third.
the first energy
level
第一能级
the
second energy level
第二能级
the third energy
level
第三能级
It
has
11
electrons,
of
which
two
are
in
the
first
energy
level,
eight
are
in
the second
energy level
, and one
is
in
the third
energy level
.
它有
11
个电子，其中
2
个电子在第一能级，
8
个电子在
第二
能级，
1
个电子在第三能级。
If the sodium atom could
get rid of
an electron, then
the
product,
called
a
sodium
ion
,
would
have
the
same
electron structure as an atom of the
noble gas
neon
(Ne).
called a
sodium ion
分词短语做非
限定，修饰
product
noble gas
如果钠原子能够
失去
1
个电子，产物称为钠离子，就和惰性
气体氖（
Ne
）具有相同的电子结构。
Let us immediately emphasize that
the sodium ion (Na
)
and neon
atom (Ne) are not identical.
让我们首先强调一下，钠离子（
Na
）和氖原子（
Ne
）并不相
同。
The
electron
arrangement
is the same, but the
nuclei
——
and
resulting
charges
——
are not.
electron arrangement
电子排布
resulting
charges
最终电荷
电子排布是相同的，而核及最终电荷是不同的。
As long as
sodium keeps its
11 protons, it is still a
form of
sodium, but it is the sodium ion, not the sodium
atom.
只要钠带有
11
个质子，它就一直是钠，但它是钠离子而不是
钠原子。
Ions
are
charged
particles,
particles
in
which
the
number of electrons does not equal the
number of protons.
in which
引导非限定定语从句。
离子是一种带电粒子，一种电子数不等于质子数的粒子。
Positively charged ions are called
cations (pronounced
“
cat-
ions
”
). The sodium ion is a
cation.
带正电荷的粒子称为阳离子（音为阳－离子）
。钠离子是阳离
＋
+
< br>子。
If
a
chlorine
atom
(Cl)
could
gain
an
electron,
it
would
have the same electron
structure as the noble gas argon
(Ar).
如果氯原子
（
Cl
）
能够得到一个电子
，
它将与惰性气体氩
（
Ar
）
具有相同的电子结构。
The chlorine atom,
having
gained an electron
, becomes
negatively
charged.
It
has
17
protons
(17+)
and
18
electrons
(18-).
It
is
written
Cl
and
it
called
a
chloride
-
ion
.
having
gained
an
electron
动
名
词
形
式
做
定
语
，
修
饰
chlorine atom
获得
一个电子的氯原子带有负电荷。它具有
17
个质子（
17+
）
和
18
个电子（
18
－）
，写
作
Cl
，称为氯离子。
Negatively charged ions are called
anions (pronounced
“ann
-
ions”). The
chloride ion is an anion.
带负
电荷的粒子称为阴离子（音为阴－离子）
。钠离子是阴离
子。<
/p>
A sodium forms
a less reactive species
,
a sodium ion
,
by
losing an electron.
a less
reactive species
,
a sodium
ion
同位语
－