-
Lecture
1
Introduction
to
Land
Economics:
Scope
and Content
Raleigh Barlowe.
Land resource economics,1986
Land
economics
deals
with
the
economic
relationships
[1]
people have with others
respecting land.
It is concerned
with
our
economic
use
of
the
surface
resources
of
the
earth and
the physical and biological, technological, and
economic,
and
institutional
factors
that
condition
and
control
our
use
of
these
resources.
As
L.
A.
Salter
once
observed,
“
Land
economics is a social science that deals
with
those
problems
in
which
social
conduct
is
strategically
affected
by
the
physical,
locational
or
property attributes of whole surface
unites.
”
土地经济学是研究人与人之间因为土地而引起的经济关
系的科学。它涉及到人们
对地表资源的利用以及自然的
和生物的、技术的、经济的和制度的因素——它们影响
制约和控制着人们对这些资源的利用。正如伦纳德
A
索
尔特曾经指出的，
“土地是一门社会科学，它研究
从整体
上受整个地表单元的物质、位置、或财产权性质所影响
的
社会行为
Like
general
economics,
land
economics
is
concerned
with the
allocation and use of scarce resources. Its chief
focus
is
on
one
particular
type
of
resource-
land
or
real
estate.
But
land
economists
do
not
give
exclusive
attention
to
the
land
factor
for
the
simple
reason
that
land by itself has
little economic value until it is used in
conjunction
with
inputs
of
capital,
labor,
and
[2]
management
.
Land economics involves a wide variety
of
economic
relationships;
but
it
is
always
concerned
with
problems
and
situations
in
which
land,
its
use,
or
its
control
are
regarded
as
factors
of
strategic
or
limiting
importance.
This
factorial
approach
can
be
compared
with
the
attention
given
to
the
factors
of
capital,
labor,
and
management
in
the
fields
of
money
and
banking,
labor economics, and business
management, respectively.
同
一般经济学一样，土地经济学也研究稀缺资源的分配
和利用。它重点放在一种特殊类型的
资源：土地或不动
产上。但是，土地经济学家永远不可能把全部注意力只
放到土地要素上，原因很简单，土地要素不同其他生产
要素发生联系就没有什么
经济价值。土地经济学包括多
种经济关系，但它时常关心的是这样一些问题，在这里
土地、土地利用、土地管理等被视为战略性或限制性的
重要因素。这
种要素分析法，可类同于将注意力分别放
到资本、劳力和管理上去的货币银行学，劳动经
济学和
经营管理学。
Land economics: a branch of political
economy
土地经济学：政治经济学的一个分支
Land
economics
is
an
applied
branch
of
economics.
Economists
who
work
in
this
area
are
naturally
interested
in
applications
of
economic
theory
to
land
problems.
They
are
concerned
with
the
impacts
of
economic
concepts
such
as
cost,
returns,
prices,
profits,
and value and then make decisions
concerning land use.
[3]
At
the
same
time,
the
emphasis
they
give
to
finding
solutions
for
land
and
real
estate
problems
causes
them
to
take a very practical position regarding
applications of
[4]
economic
concepts
under
real-life
conditions.
Like
nineteenth-century
economist
Richard
Jones,
they
must
“
look
and
see
”
.
They
recognize
the
importance
of
economic theory, but they also remember
that economic
activity
does
not
match
the
tight
assumptions
often
assumed in economic
analysis.
土地经济学一般被视为经济学的一个应用分支。这是由
于土地经济学家通常对寻求土地和不动产问题的答案比
对发展新的理论更感
兴趣。
由于土地经济学家们工作的
性
质，他们很自然的关心把经济理论应用到土地问题上。
他们关心所有那些经济要素和概念
，比如成本、收益、
价格、利润以及影响土地经济利用的其他价值形式。同
时，他们对象是生活中经济概念的应用，必须抱着非常
实际的态度。正像十九
世纪经济学家理查德
琼斯所指出
的，
经济学家必须“看并且看透，土地经济学家不能忽
视经济理论的重要性，但要时刻记住经
济活动永远不能
在真空中发生，而且也很少发生在固定的假设之下，而
< br>这些假设经常用于经济分析之中。
Land
economics is often characterized by its practical,
[5]
institutional,
and
problem-solving
approach.
In
their
attempt to explain human behavior with
respect to land,
land
economists
frequently
find
it
expedient
to
use
working
tools
from
history,
law,
political
science,
psychology, and sociology as well as
economics. Similarly,
when they
consider land resource problems, they employ
concepts
used
by
business
operators,
geographers,
soil
scientists,
planners,
architects,
engineers,
foresters,
and
geologists.
In
their
use
and
integration
of
these
various
lines
of
thought,
land
economists
often
step
beyond
the
bounds
of
economics
to
operate
as
social
science
land
specialists in the broader field
political economy.
土地经济学一起实用性、制度性和解决问题的
方法而
著称。在试图解释与土地有关的人的行为时，土地经济
学
家往往发现应用社会科学中其他学科的概念和其他相
关原理是很有意义的。例如，当他力
图解释某个时间或
行为模式时，往往发现应用历史学、法学、政治学、心
理学和社会学以及经济学的工作方法是很方便的。同样，
当他考虑土地资源问题
时，往往使用实业家、地理学家、
土壤学家、规划师、建筑师、森林学家以及地质学家的
术语。在利用和综合这些各式各样的思维逻辑时，土地
经济学家
往往超出经济学界限，俨然作为政治经济广泛
领域中的社会科学土地专家。
Threefold framework
affecting land use
影响土地利用的三重框架
Our
use
of
land
and
real
estate
resources
takes
place
with
in a threefold framework. This framework involves
the
impacts
that
(1)
physical
and
biological
factors,
(2)
technological
and
economic
considerations,
and
(3)
institutional
arrangements
have
on
private
and
public
[6]
decisions
to
land
use.
Together,
these
three
sets
of
factors set the limits concerning what
individuals, groups,
and
governments
can
accomplish
in
their
development,
utilization, and conservation of land
resources.
人们对土地和不动产资源的利用，发生在一个三重框
架之内。这个框架包括自然物质的和生物的因素、经济
因素和语体地利用有
关的影响和公共决策的制度因素。
这三种因素一起，在既定的土地资源开发、利用和保护
的技术水平条件下，限制了个人、团体、政府所能完成
的工作。
Briefly stated,
the
physical and biological
framework
is
concerned
with
the
nature
environment
in
which
operators find
themselves and with the quantity, nature,
and characteristics of the resources
with which they work.
Physical and
biological factors provide the physical sites,
support, and raw materials for our
activities. At the same
time they
provide not only the inanimate resources of the
earth
but
also
the
vegetative,
bacterial,
insect,
fish,
animal, and human
resources that bath help and hinder
us
in
our
use
of
land.
This
framework
has
important
effects
on
the
total
supply
of
land
resources
and
the
demands we make of them.
简单的
说，自然物质和生物框架，就是人类所处自然
环境、人们劳动所用的各种资源的本质和特
性而言的。
在该框架中所包含的自然物质和生物因素，为人们提供
了生活所需场所和原料。同时，除了为人们提供地球上
的自然物质资源外，还提供植物
、细菌、昆虫、鱼类和
其它动物以及人力资源，它们即可能对人类有益也可能
有害。这个框架对于土地资源的总供给和人们对土地资
源的总需求都有很大
的影响。
The
physical
and
biological
framework
sets
definite
limits on what
operators can and cannot do in exploiting
and
utilizing
land
resources.
Successful
resource
–
use
policies
and
programs
must
respect
the
physical
and
biological
limits
of
resource
capability
both
in
the
short
[7]
run
and
over
time.
Unlike
the
situation
in
times
past,
mankind now has the technical ability
to deface, pollute,
poison,
and
destroy
significant
portions
of
the
natural
environment.
Tempting
as
the
prospect
of
short-run
benefits
from
some
types
of
resource
exploitation
may
appear, society must be
wary of actions that can destroy
fragile and non-replaceable resources
or seriously disrupt
normal
ecological
processes.
Those
who
violate
the
ecological
law
of
nature
must
expect
a
lessening
of
the
productive
capacity
of
the
earth
resources
on
which
the
human
race depends.
自然物质和生物框架的一个重要的特性是强调维持长
期完美生态关系的必要性。要想获得成功，资源利用政
策必须在自然
物质和生物方面都是完美的，长期政策和
短期政策都如此。