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Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)

Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are remotely piloted or self-piloted

aircraft that can carry cameras, sensors, communications equipment or

other payloads. They have been used in a reconnaissance and

intelligence- gathering role since the 1950s, and more challenging roles

are envisioned, including combat missions. Since 1964 the Defense

Department

has

developed

11

different

UAVs,

though

due

to

acquisition

and

development

problems

only

3

entered

production.

The

US

Navy

has

studyied

the feasibility of operating VTOL UAVs since the early 1960s, the QH-50

Gyrodyne torpedo-delivery drone being an early example. However, high

cost and technological immaturity have precluded acquiring and fielding

operational VTOL UAV systems.

By the early 1990s DOD sought UAVs to satisfy surveillance requirements

in Close Range, Short Range or Endurance categories. Close Range was

defined

to

be

within

50

kilometers,

Short

Range

was

defined

as

within

200

kilometers

and

Endurance

as

anything

beyond.

By

the

late

1990s,

the

Close

and Short Range categories were combined, and a separate Shipboard

category

emerged.

The

current

classes

of

these

vehicles

are

the

Tactical

UAV and the Endurance category.

Pioneer:

Procured beginning in 1985 as an interim UAV capability to

provide imagery intelligence for tactical commanders on land and see at

ranges out to 185 kilometers. No longer in the Army inventory (returned

to the US Navy in 1995).

Tactical UAV

: Designed to support tactical commanders with

near-real-time imagery intelligence at ranges up to 200 kilometers.

Outrider Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD) program

terminated. Material solution for TUAV requirements is being pursued

through a competive acquisition process with goal of contract award in

DEC 99.

Joint Tactical UAV (Hunter)

: Developed to provide ground and maritime

forces with near-real-time imagery intelligence at ranges up to 200

kilometers;

extensible

to

300+

kilometers

by

using

another

Hunter

UAV

as

an

airborne

relay.

Training

base

located

at

Fort

Huachuca,

with

additional

baseline

at

Fort

Polk

to

support

JRTC

rotations.

Operational

assets

based

at Fort Hood (currently supporting the KFOR in Kosovo).

Medium Altitude Endurance UAV (Predator)

: Advanced Concept Technology

Demonstration now transitioned to Low- Rate Initial Production (LRIP).

Provides imagery intelligence to satisfy Joint Task Force and Theater

Commanders at ranges out to 500 nautical miles. No longer in the Army

inventory (transferred to the US Air Force in 1996).

High Altitude Endurance UAV (Global Hawk):

Intended for missions

requiring

long- range

deployment

and

wide-area

surveillance

(EO/IR

and

SAR)

or

long

sensor

dwell

over

the

target

area.

Directly

deployable

from

CONUS

to the theater of operations. Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration

(ACTD) managed by the US Air Force.

Tactical Control Station (TCS)

: The Tactical Control Station is the

software

and

communications

links

required

to

control

the

TUAV,

MAE-UAV,

and other future tactical UAV's. It also provides connectivity to other

C4I systems.

Micro Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (MAV)

: DARPA program to explore the

military

relevance

of

Micro

Air

Vehicles

for

future

military

operations,

and

to

develop

and

demonstrate

flight

enabling

technologies

for

very

small

aircraft (less than 15cm/6in. in any dimension).

Unmanned Aerial

Endurance

Vehicle

Name

(Hours)

Payload

Weight

(Pounds)

Altitude Capability

(Feet)

STATUS

AQM-34N

Firebee

Aquila

Arcturus T-16

COMPASS ARROW

COMPASS BIN

COMPASS COPE

COMPASS DAWN

Condor

CR-TUAV

CR-UAV

Darkstar

Dragon

Eagle Eye

Exdrone

hr.

hr.

lbs.

lbs.

ft.

ft.

17,000 ft. (gas) -

40,000 ft. (electric)

ft.

ft.

ft.

ft.

ft.

ft.

ft.

45,000 ft.

ft.

20,000 ft.

10,000 ft.

16 hr.

20 lbs.

hr.

hr.

hr.

hr.

hr.

hr.

hr.

8 hrs.

hr.

2.5 hr.

lbs.

lbs.

lbs.

lbs.

lbs.

lbs.

lbs.

1,000

lbs.

lbs.

25 lbs

8 hrs.

300 lbs.

Firebee

Global Hawk

Gnat 750

Hunter

Model 324

Model 410

MR-UAV

MRE

Outrider

Pioneer

Pointer

Predator

SEA FERRET

SENIOR BOWL

[D-21]

VT- UAV

VT-UAV

Dragonfly

VT-UAV

Vigilante

VT-UAV

Guardian

MQ-8B

Army

Fire

Scout

MQ-8B

Navy

Fire

Scout

Challis

Heliplane

1.25

470 lbs.

hrs.

42 hrs.

1,960

lbs.

60,000 ft.

65,000 ft.

25,000 ft.

15,000 ft.

43,000 ft.

30,000 ft.

ft.

ft.

15,000 ft.

12,000 ft.

3,000 ft.

+40,000 ft.

ft.

ft.

ft.

ft.

ft.

ft.

ft.

ft.

ft.

48 hrs.

140 lbs.

12 hrs.

200 lbs.

2.5 hrs.

200 lbs.

12 hrs.

300 lbs.

hr.

hr.

lbs.

lbs.

4 hrs.

160 lbs.

5.5 hrs.

75 lbs.

1 hr.

hr.

hr.

hr.

hr.

hr.

hr.

hr.

hr.

hr.

2 lbs.

lbs.

lbs.

lbs.

lbs.

lbs.

lbs.

lbs.

lbs.

lbs.

29 hrs.

700 lbs.

Sources and Resources

?

Vulnerabilities of unmanned aircraft system common data links to

electronic

attack

(master's

thesis)

by

Jaysen

A.

Yochim,

U.S.

Army

Command and General Staff College, June 2010