-
高中英语
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独立主格讲座
一、独立主格的定义
独立主格
结构没有主语和谓语，
所以在语法上不是句子，
独立主格结构有
两部分组成，
前一部份是名词或者代词，
后一部分是非谓语动词
或其他的一些词。
独立主格之所以不叫独立主语，
就是因为该名
词或代词与后面的其它部
分有逻辑上的句子关系，但无论长短，都不能构成句子，当后面
是非谓语动词时，前面与后面能够构成逻辑上的
主谓或谓宾关系。
独立主格结构在句中做状语，
偶尔作定语，
使用时，
注意要用逗号与句子的主体部分分隔开来。
二
、常见的独立主格
9
种结构及其使用特点
1.
名词
/
主格代词
+
现在分词。名词
/
主格代词与现在分词之间是逻辑主谓关系。
如：
The girl staring at him
(= As the girl stared at him), he didn't know what
to say.
姑娘两眼望着他，他不知道说什么好。
Time permitting (= If time
permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.
如果时间允许的话，我们明天去郊游。
2.
名词
/
主格代词
+
过去分词。名词
/
主格代词与过去分词之间是逻辑动宾关系（逻辑谓宾关系）。可以理解
为被
动句结构中删掉了“
be
”部分。
如：
The problems
solved (= As the problems were solved), the
quality has been improved.
随着问题的解决，质量已经提高了。
Her glasses broken (= Because her
glasses were broken), she couldn't see the words
on the blackboard.
由于眼镜摔坏了，她看不见黑板上的字。
注意：以上两种结构的功能相似于分词或分词短语作状语，只是分词的逻辑主语是句子的主语，而独立主格结
构中非谓语动词的逻辑主语是它前面的名词或主格代词。
3.
名词
/
主格代词
+
不定式。
名词
/
主格代词与不定式之间是逻辑主谓关系，
多表示将
来的行为，
表示
“企图”
“约
定”等，指的是按计划安排要做的事，且强
调的是一次具体性的动作。
如：
He
is going to make a model plane, some old parts to
help.
借助于一些旧零件，他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each
other, one to go home, the other to go to the
bookstore.
他们道别后，一个回了家，一个去了书店。
4.
名词
/
主格代词
+
形容词。形容词在独立主
格结构中表伴随或对细节起补充作用，形容词与名词或代词之间逻
辑上有主表关系。
如：
An air accident
happened to the plane, nobody alive.
那架飞机遭遇了空难，无一人生还。
So many people
absent, the meeting had to be called off.
这么多人缺席，会议不得不取消。
5.
名词
/
主格代词
+
副词。
如：
The meeting over, they all
went home.
会议一结束，他们就都回家了。
6.
名词
/
主格代词
+
介词短语。此结构有两种习惯用法，一种是在“名词
/
主格代词
+
介词短语”的独立主格结构
中，有
his, her, my,
their, a, an, the
等词分别修饰前后两个名词或名词本身为复数，有
时有
with
引导。
另一种
习惯用法是：
在
“名词
/
主格代词
+
介词短语”
的独立主格结构中，
名词或代词和介词后面的名词没
有任何冠词或
所有格修饰，也不用
with
引导。
如：
如：
Miss Smith entered the classroom, book
in hand.
史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。
比较
with
的复合结构。如：
Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a
book in his hand.
Mary was sitting near the
fire, her back towards the door.
玛丽靠近火炉坐着，背对着门。
7. There being +
名词（代词），独立主格结
构中的
being
（或
having
been
）不能省略。通常可以理解为后面句子
动作发生的前提条件或理由。
如：
There being nothing else
to do, we went home.
没有别的事可做，我们就回家了。
There being no further
business, I declare the meeting closed.
没有再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。
1
There being no bus, we had
to go home on
foot.
因为没有公共汽车，所以我们不得不步行回家。
8. It being +
名词（代词）独立主格的逻辑主语
是代词时，独立主格结构中的
being
（或
< br>having been
）不能省略。
如：
It being Christmas, the
government offices were closed.
由于圣诞节的缘故，政府机关都休息。
It being
Sunday, we went to
church.
因为是星期天，我们去了做礼拜。
9
、独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词
with
。即
with+
名词
< br>
（主格代词）
+
其它。
With
the new term to begin soon,
we
’
ll be very busy
again.
新学期很快就要开始了，我们又要忙起来了。
Don’t sleep
with the windows
open
.
别开着窗睡觉。
He was lying on
the bed
with all his clothes
on
.
他和衣躺在床上。
三、独立主格结构的功能
6
点
< br>
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句或并列句，常
用来表示时间、原因、条件、
行为方式或伴随情况等。例如：
1.
表示时间（状语）
The meeting being over, all of us went
home.
开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work done,
she sat down for a cup of tea.
她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
2.
表示条件（状语）
The condition being
favourable, he may succeed.
若条件有利，他或许能成功。
Weather permitting (=If weather
permits), they will go on an outing to the beach
tomorrow.
如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
3.
表示原因（状语）
There being no
taxis,
we had to walk.
没有出租车，我们只好步行。
He wrapped her up with
great care,
the night being dark and
frosty
.
夜又黑又冷，
所以他
把她裹得严严实实的。
An important
lecture to be given tomorrow
(=As an
important lecture will be given tomorrow), the
professor has
to stay up late into the
night.
因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲，教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
4.
表示伴随情况（状语）
Almost all metals are good conductors,
silver being the best of
all.
=Almost all
metals are good conductors, and silver is the best
of all.
几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。
He was lying on
the grass,
his hands crossed under his
head
(=and his hands were crossed under
his head).
他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。
5.
表示补充说明
A hunter came in,
his face
red with cold
(=and his face was red
with cold).
一个猎人走了进来，
他的脸冻得通红。
We redoubled our efforts,
each man working like two.
我们加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
注意：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句<
/p>
末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
6.
独立主格住定语：做定语时放在所修饰的名词之后，
通常是带有
with
结构的独立主格。此时与做状语不同，
不需要用逗号隔开。
The team
with a boy leading the way
got to the village at 10 p.m.
由一个男孩带路的那
个小分队晚上
10
点到达那个村庄。
The woman
with her hand
burnt badly
was sent immediately to the
hospital.
那位一只手严重烧伤的妇女被马上送到了医院。
The child
with only a shirt
on
was trembling with cold.
只穿着一件衬衫的那个孩子冻得直发抖。
四、独立主格用法小结
一般来说，独
立主格中的形容词、副词和介词短语表示状态；不定式表示未发生的动作；而独立主格结构中的
< br>现在分词表示主动的含义，
它的逻辑主语是这个动作的发出者。
< br>现在分词有时可换成现在分词的完成式
（
having
done
）
,
表示该动作发生在谓语之前。过去分词表示被动的含义，它的逻辑主语是这个动作的承受者。过去分词
有时可换成现在分词完成式的被动形式（
having been
done
）
.
也表示该动作发生在谓语之前。
Spring having been here,
they still haven
’
t got ready
for sewing.
春天已到，但他们还未做好春播的准备。
2
The listeners
having taken their seats,
the concert
began.
听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。
The book having been published,
the students will benefit a lot from
it.
那本书已经出版，学生们会从中受益匪浅。
五、独立主格结构与从句的转换
当状
语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。
含有独立主格结构的句子通常是个简单句。独立主格结构做状语，常常能
够换成相应的状语从句。但表示伴随
情况的独立主格结构只能换成与主句并列的句子。独
立主格结构作定语时，通常能转换成定语从句。这时整个
句子就由原来的简单句变成了复
合句。
●
After class
was over ,
the students soon left the
classroom.
（复合句）
●
Class being over / Class
over
, the students soon left the
classroom.
（简单句）下课后，学生很快离开了课室。
★
John being away,
Henry had to do the work.
(
简单句
)
★
Because John was
away
, Henry had to do the
work.(
复合句
)
因为约翰不在，亨利只好做这项工作。
▲
There being no
buses
, we had to go on foot.
(
简单句
)
▲
Because there were no
buses,
we had to go on foot.
(
复合句
)
因为没有公共汽车，我们只得步去行。
■
The book
with
its front cover
missing is a textbook.
(
简单句，独立主格做定语
)
■
The book
whose
front cover is missing
is a textbook.
(
复合句，变成定语从句
)
封皮不见了的那本书是教科书。
◆
The house
with
its window broken
is now a stable.
(
简单句
)
◆
The house
whose
window is broken
is now a
stable.(
复合句
)
窗户破了的那栋房子现在是马厩。
六、独立主格结构与非谓语动词的不同之处
1.
独立主格中的名词或代词与主句中的主语不一致。而非谓
语动词做状语时，其逻辑主语和句中主语一致。
2.
独立主格使用名词或代词主格，没有所有格形式，而非谓语动词里，动名词做主语时，如果是泛
指的行为就
不需要出现逻辑主语，如果是特指某个人的某一次行为，必须在动名词前加上
逻辑主语，其构成是名词所有格
或形容词性物主代词。动名词做宾语时，如果其逻辑主语
不是句中主语时，需要在其前加上其逻辑主语，其构
成是名词所有格或形容词性物主代词
和人称代词宾格（对独立主格的代词主格）。
The
chief-editor arriving,
we began the
meeting.
主编来了，我们开始开会。（独立主格）
The chief-
editor’s
arriving
made us very surprised.
主编的到来使我们大家非常吃惊。（动名词做主语）
I am considering
Peter
’
sPeter
going abroad.
我正在考虑彼得出国的事。（动名词做宾语）
I insist on
hishim being
sent
.
我坚决主张（他被派去）派他去。（动名词做宾语）
七、独立主格结构妙题赏析
【
】
1.
Not far from the school
there was a garden, _________ owner seated in it
playing chess with his little
grandson
every afternoon.
A. its
B. whose
C. which
D. that
【分析】
此题很容易
误选
B
，
许多同学会认为句中逗号后是
一个非限制性的定语从句，
whose
在定语从句中用作
定语修饰其后的名词
owner
。此分析从表面上看，似乎天衣无缝，但实质上是错
的，原因是空格后根本不是一个
句子，因为没有谓语。尽管句中有两个动词，但它们都是
非谓语动词。也许有的同学认为，其中的
seated
可视
为谓语动词，但是注意，
seat
用作动词时，它总是及物的，其后要么接宾语，要么它就用于被动语态，所以若在
seated
前加上助动词
is
< br>，则可以选择
B
（当然若将
seated
改为
sitting
，也应选择
B
）。所以此题最佳答案选
A
。
请再看一
个类似的例子：
(1)
He
wrote a lot of novels, many of _________
translated into foreign languages.
A.
it
B.
them
C.
which
D.
that
(2)
He wrote a lot of
novels, many of _________ were translated into
foreign languages.
A.
it
B.
them
C.
which
D.
that
第
(1)
应选
B
，而不能选
C
，是因为句中的
translated
是过去分词
(
非谓语动词
)
，若选
C
，则该从句无谓语；
< br>第
(2)
应选
C
，因为句中有谓语
were
translated
。
再请看下面一例：
(3)
He wrote a lot of
novels, and many of _________ were translated into
foreign languages.
A.
it
B. them
C.
which
3
D.
that
【分析】
此题与上面的第
(2)
题不同，两句间多了一个并
列连词
and
，说明这是一个并列句，故应选
< br>B
，则不能选
C
。
请做做以下三题
(
答案均
为
B)
：
(1)
There I met several
people, two of _________ being foreigners.
A.
which
B.
them
C.
whom
D.
that
(2)
There I met several
people, two of _________ were foreigners.
A.
which
B.
whom
C.
who
D.
that
(3)
There I met several
people, and two of _________ were foreigners.
A.
which
B.
them
C.
whom
D.
that
【
】
2.
All her time _______ experiments, she has no time
for films.
A. devoted to do
B. devoted to doing
C.
devoting to doing
D. is devoted to
doing
【陷阱】
几个干扰项均有可能误选。
【分析】
此题最佳答案为
B
。现分析如下：
(1)
devote
意为
“
致力于，献身于
”
，主要用
devote…to…
或
be
devoted to
，其中的
to
是介词，不是不定式符号，
故后接动词时要用动名词，不用不定式。
(2)
选
A
错误：若将
do
改为
doing
则可以。
(3)
选
B
正确：
all her time devoted to
doing
experiments
为独立主格结构，用作状语。
(4)
选
C
错误：因为
all her time
与
devote
< br>为被动关系，故应将
devoting
改为
devoted
。
(5)
选
D
错误：若单独看
All her
time is devoted to doing experiments
，此句
并没有错，但问题是逗号前后两个简
单句没有必要的连接方式，所以从整体上看仍不对，
假若在后一句的句首加上
and
或
so
，则可选
D
，或将
D
将
中的
is
改为
being
也可选它。
请做以下类似题（答案均选
A
）：
< br>
(1)
All the
preparations for the project ______, we’re ready
to start.
A. completed
B.
have been completed
C.
had been
completed
D.
been completed
(2)
Such _______
the case, I couldn’t help but______
him.
A. being, support
B.
was, support
C.
has been, supporting
D.
is, to support
比较以下各题，答案选
B
，因为句中使用了并列连词
and
：
(1)
All the
preparations for the project ______, and we’re
ready to start.
A.
completed
B. have been
completed
C.
had been
completed
D.
been completed
(2)
Such
_______ the case, and
I couldn’t help
but______ him.
A.
being, support
B. was,
support
C.
has
been, supporting
D.
is, to support
“
with+
宾语
+
非谓语动词
”
用法归纳
【
】
3
.
—
Come on, please give me
some ideas about the project.
—
Sorry. With so much work
______ my mind, I almost break down.
(
福建卷
)
A.
filled
B. filling
C. to fill
D. being filled
【
】
4. John received an
invitation to dinner, and with his work ______, he
gladly accepted it. (
安徽卷
)
A. finished
B. finishing
C. having finished
D. was
finished
解析：以上两题答案分别为
B
和
A
，均考查
“
with+
宾语
+
非谓语
动词
”
结构。该结果中的
“
非谓语动词
”
可以是不
定
式、现在分词、过去分词，它们在用法上的区别如下：
1.
用不定式：
通常指不定式所表示的动作尚未发生或在当时看来尚
未发生。
如：
With all
this work to do, I won’t have time to go out.
有这么多工作要做，我就没有时间出去了。
2.
用现在分词：
指动作正在进行或
在当时看来已是一种在持续的状态。
如：
He soon fell asleep with
the light still burning.
灯还亮着他很快就睡着了。
3. <
/p>
用过去分词：
指与其前的名词或代词为被动关系。
如：
He painted her
sitting with her hands folded.
他画她坐着手叉在胸前。
4
1. The weather ___ fine,
they decided to go out for a walk.
A. were B. was
C. is D. being
composition given by the
teacher___ , Alice went to watch TV.
A. being done
well B. has been done well
C. having
done well D. done well
3.
The last plane___ , they had to stay in the hotel
for another night.
A. left B. having left
C. having been left D. be leaving
4. It is a beautiful
village with a mountain____ it.
A. Surrounded
B. surrounding
C. having
surro
unded
D. having been
surrounded
5.
Everything___ into consideration, his work is well
done.
A. taking B. taken
C. has
been taken D. being taken
6. All his work___, he left his office
at ease.
A. finished B. had been finished
C. finishing D. to finish
7
．
The power
station was built on the river with our village
and some others___ with electricity.
A. to supply B.
supplied
C. supplying D. having
supplied
8. ____five
minutes____ before the last train left, we arrived
at the station.
A. There being; to go B. It
was; left
C. It had; left D. There
was; to go
9.
Christmas____, the family was full of excitement.
A.
was then only days away
B. were then only days away
C.
then only days away
D. having been then only days away
10. They first reach an
agreement on the basic principle, the details ____
later.
A. to work it out
B. having
been worked out
C. to be worked out
D. being worked out
11. The purse_____, they went to the
police.
A. not
yet found
B.
hasn’t
been found
C. being not
found
D. not having yet found
12. They sat in the room
with the curtains_____.
A. drawing B. having been
drawn
C. drawn D. being drawn
13. Cars_____, they were
punished by the police.
A. parking illegally
B. parked illegally
C.
being parked illegally D. having parked illegally
14. Mr. Smith stood beside
the window, his attention ____ the car outside.
A.
focus on
B. focusing upon
C. focused on D. been focused on
15. There____, we left.
A.
being nothing else to do
B. is nothing else to do
C. was nothing
else to do
D.
having nothing else to do
1.(1)Smoking
means ______ yourself with your own
hands
．
A. to kill B.
killed
C. killing D. kill
(2)I’m
sorry? but I
didn’t
mean ______
you
．
A. to hurt B.
hurt
C. hurting D. having hurt
5
2.(1)I regret ____ you that your mother is absent
in Beijing.
⑵
I
don’t
regret _____ her what
I thought even if it might have upset her.
A.
to tell B. to telling
C. having told
D. tell
3.
⑴
We
don’t
allow _____ in the
reading room.
⑵
We
don’t
allow them _____ in
the reading room.
A. to smoke B. smoking
C. smoke D. smoked
4.(1)______ hard and
you’ll
make rapid progress
in your English learning.
⑵
______ hard,
you’ll
make rapid progress
in your English learning.
A. Working B. To work
C. Work D. Worked
5.
⑴
_____ , we
went for a swim in the river.
⑵
_____, so we went for a
swim in the river.
A. Being hot B. It being
hot
C. As it hot D. It was hot
6.
⑴
The flower needs ______
right now.
A. water B. watering
C. to
water D. being watered
⑵
The warm-blooded animals
don’t
need____.
A. hibernate
B. to hibernate
C. hibernating D.
being hibernated
7.
⑴
I
can’t
help ____ when I hear
that terrible noise.
⑵
He said he
couldn’t
help but ____ when
he heard that terrible noise.
A. laughing B.
laughed
C. laugh D. being laughed
⑶
I
can’t
help ____ the room,
for I am very busy now.
A. clean B. cleaning
C. have clean D. cleaned
8.
⑴
In the _____
week
we’ll
have another
exam.
⑵
In the week
____,we’ll
have another
exam.
A. coming B. to come
C.
come D. came
9.
⑴
_____from the
tower, our Tianjin city looks more beautiful.
⑵
_____ from the tower, we
can see our beautiful Tianjin city .
A. Seeing B.
Seen C. To see D. Having seen
10.
⑴
The sport
meet ______ next week is of great importance.
⑵
The sports meet ______ now
is very important
⑶
The
sports meet ____ last week is of great importance.
A.
holding B. being held
C. to be held D.
held
6
11.
⑴
He raised his
voice in order to make us ___ him.
⑵
He raised his voice in
order to make himself _____.
A. heard B.
hearing
C. hear D. to be heard
12.(1)He stood there with
his eyes _________ his
mother
．
(2)He stood there,
_______his mother
．
A.
staring at B. stared on
C. fixing upon
D. fixed upon
13.
⑴
Most of us
went to see her, ____ some girls.
⑵
Most of us went to see her,
some girls ____.
A. include B. including
C. included D. to include
14.
⑴
He was
surprised to see some villagers ____ there.
⑵
To his surprise, he saw
some villagers _____ themselves.
A. seat B.
seated
C. seating D. to seat
15.
⑴
The man _____
Zhaosan used to live here.
⑵
The man ____ himself
Zhaosan used to lived here.
A. called B.
calling
C. to call D. call
16.
⑴
He had no
choice but ________ at the bus-stop in the rain.
⑵
He had nothing
to do but ________ at the bus-stop in the rain.
A.
to wait B. waiting
C. wait D. should
wait
17.
⑴
The book is
used in English ________ countries.
⑵
To
improve his ____ English, he practices speaking
every day.
A. spoken B. speaking
C.
to speak D. spoke
18.(1)
I’m
not free this evening
because I have a lot of things ______.
(2) He was so
lazy that he had all of his washing ______.
A.
to do B. to be done
C. doing D. done
(3) I
won’t
have you ________ to
your mother like that
．
A.
to speak B. spoken
C. speaking D.
speak
19.(1)He often see
them _______ football on the playground.
⑵
The missing boys were last
seen _____ near the river.
A. playing B.
played
C. play D. to play
20.(1) We are considering
_______up a new factory here in this
town
．
(2) We are considering how
______ up a new factory here in this
town
．
7