-
1
、名词
A
p>
)
、名词的数
我们知
道名词可以分为可数名词和不可数名词,
而不可数名词它没有复
数形式,但可数名词却有单数和复数之分,复数的构成如下:
一)<
/p>
在后面加
s
。如:
fathers, books, Americans, Germans, apples,
bananas
二)
x, sh, ch, s,
tch
后加
es
。如:
boxes, glasses, dresses, watches, wishes,
faxes
三)
1<
/p>
)以辅音字母加
y
结尾的变
y
为
i
再加
es
如:
baby-babies,
family-families,
duty-
duties,
comedy-comedies,
documentary-documentaries,
story-stories
2
)以元
音字母加
y
结尾的直接加
s
。如:
day-days,
boy-boys,
toy-toys,
key-keys, ways
p>
四)以
o
结尾加
s
(外来词)
。如:
radios,
photos,
但如是辅音加
o
的加
es
:如
:
tomatoes
西红柿
,
potatoes
马铃薯
五)以
f
或
fe
结尾
的变
f
为
v
再
加
es(s)
。如:
knife-
knives,
wife-wives,
half-
halves, shelf-shelves, leaf-leaves, yourself-
yourselves
六)单复数相同(不变的)有:
fish, sheep,
deer
鹿子
, Chinese, Japanese
p>
七)一般只有复数,没有单数的有:
people,pants,
shorts, shoes, glasses,
gloves,
clothes, socks
八)单词形式不变,既可以是单数也可以是复数的有:
police
警察局,
警察
< br>, class
班,同学
,
family
家,家庭成员
九)合
成的复数一般只加主要名词,多数为后一个单词。如:
action
movie-action movies, pen pal-pen pals;
但如果是由
man
或
< br>woman
所组成的合
成
词
p>
的
复
数
则
同
时
为
复
数
。
如
:
< br>man
doctor-men
doctors,
woman
teacher-women teachers
p>
十)
有的单复数意思不同。如:
fish<
/p>
鱼
fishes
鱼的种类
,
paper
纸
papers
报纸,卷子,论文
,
work
工作
works
作品,工厂
,
glass
玻璃
glasses
p>
玻璃杯,
眼镜
,
orange
桔子水
oranges
橙子
,
light
光线
lights
灯
,
people
人
peoples
民
族
,
time
时间
times
时代
,
次数
, chicken
鸡肉
chickens
小鸡
十一)
单个字母的复数可以有两种形式直接加
s
或’
s
。
如:
Is (I
’
s), Ks
(K<
/p>
’
s)
。但如是缩略词则只加
s
。如:
IDs, VCDs, SARs
十二)
特殊形式的有:
child-children, man-
men, woman-women, foot-feet,
mouse-
mice, policeman-policemen, Englishman-Englishmen
B
)名词的格
p>
当我们要表示某人的什么东西或人时,
我们就要使用所有格形式。<
/p>
构成
如下:
一)单
数在后面加’
s
。如:
brother
’
s,
Mike
’
s,
teacher
’
s
二)复
数以
s
结尾的直接在
s
后加’
,如果不是以
s
结尾的
与单数一样
处理。如:
Teachers
’
Day
教师节
,
classmates
’
;
Children
’
s
Day
六一节
,
Women
’
s
Day
三八节
三)<
/p>
由
and
并列的名词所有时,
如果是共同所有同一人或物时,
只加最
后一个’<
/p>
s
,
但分别拥有时却分别按单数形式处理
。
如:
Mike and
Ben
’
s room
迈克和本的房间
(共住一间)
,
Mike
’
s and Ben
’
s
rooms
迈克和本的房间
(各
自的房
间)
2
、代词
项目
人称代词
物主代词
指示代词
反身代词
人称
主格
宾格
形容词
名词性
第一人称
单数
I me my mine
myself
复数
we us our ours
ourselves
第二人称
单数
you you your
yours yourself
复数
you you your
yours yourselves
第三人称
单数
she her her
hers herself
he him his his himself
it it its its
this that itself
复数
they them their theirs these those
themselves
3
、动词
A
)
第三人称单数
当动词
是第三人称单数时,动词应该像名词的单数变动词那样加
s
,如
下:
一)一般在词后加
s
。如:
comes, spells,
waits, talks, sees, dances, trains
二)在
x, sh, ch, s, tch
< br>后加
es
。如:
watches
, washes, wishes, finishes
三)
1<
/p>
)以辅音字母加
y
结尾的变
y
为
i
再加
es
。如:
study-studies,
hurry-hurries, try-tries
2
p>
)以元音字母加
y
结尾的直接加
s
。如:
plays, says,
stays, enjoys, buys
四)以
o
结尾加
es
。如:
does, goes
五)特殊的有:
are-is,
have-has
B
)
现在分词
当我们说某人正在做什么事时,<
/p>
动词要使用分词形式,
不能用原形,
构<
/p>
成如下:
一
)
p>
一
般
在
后
加
ing
。
如
:
spell-spelling,
sing-singing,
see-seeing,
train-training, play-playing, hurry-
hurrying, watch-watching, go-going, do-doing
p>
二)
以不发音
e
的
结尾的去掉
e
再加
ing
。
如:
dance-dancing, wake-
waking,
take-taking, practice-
practicing, write-writing, have-having
三)<
/p>
以重读闭音节结尾且一个元音字母+一个辅音字母
(注意除开字母
组合如
show
–
showing, draw-drawing
)
要双写最后的辅音字母再加
ing
。
如:
put-putting, run-
running, get-getting, let-letting, begin-beginning
p>
四)
以
ie
结尾的
变
ie
为
y
再
加
ing
。
如:
tie-tying
系
die-
dying
死
lie-lying
位于
4
、形容词的级
p>
我们在对两个或以上的人或物进行对比时,则要使用比较或最高级形
式。构成如下:
一)
<
/p>
一般在词后加
er
或
est(
如果是以
e
结尾则直接加
r
或
st)
。
如:
greater-greatest,
shorter
–
shortest,
taller
–
tallest,
longer
–
longest,
nicer-
nicest, larger -largest
二)以
重读闭音节结尾且
1
个元音字母+
1<
/p>
个辅音字母
(
字母组合除外,
如
few-fewer
fewest)
结尾的双写结尾的辅音再加
er
/est
。
如:
big-bigger
biggest,
red-redder reddest, hot-hotter
hottest
三)
以辅
音字母+
y
结尾的变
y
为
i
加
er/est
。
如:
happy-happier
happiest,
sorry-sorrier sorriest,
friendly-friendlier friendliest(more friendly most
friendly),
busy-busier busiest, easy-
easier easiest
四)特殊情况:
(
< br>两好多坏,一少老远
)
good/well -
better best many/much - more most bad/ill
–
worse worst
little-
less
least
old-
older/elder
oldest/eldest
far-
farther/further
farthest/furthest
5
、数词
(
基变序,有规则;一、二、三,自己背;五、八、九、十二;
其
它后接
th
;
y
结尾,
变为
i,
eth
跟上去。
) first, second,
third; fifth, eighth, ninth,
twelfth;
seventh,
tenth,
thirteenth,
hundredth;
twenty-twentieth,
forty-
fortieth,
ninety-ninetieth
二、句式
1.
陈述句
肯定陈述句
a) This is
a book. (be
动词
)
b)
He looks very young. (
连系动词
)
c) I want a sweat like this.
(
实义动词
)
d)
I can bring some things to school.
(
情态动词
)
e)
There
’
s a computer on my
desk. (There be
结构
)
否定陈述句
a) These
aren
’
t their books. b) They
don
’
t look nice.
c)
Kate doesn
’
t go to No. 4
Middle School. d) Kate can
’
t
find her doll.
e) There
isn
’
t a cat here.
(=There
’
s no cat here.)
2.
祈使句
肯定祈使句
a) Please
go and ask the man. b) Let
’
s
learn English!
c) Come in, please.
否定祈使句
a)
Don
’
t be late. b)
Don
’
t hurry.
3.
疑问句
1)
一般疑问句
a)
Is
Jim
a
student?
b) Can
I
help
you?
c) Does
she
like
salad?
d) Do they watch TV? e) Is she reading?
肯定回答
: a) Yes, he is. b) Yes,
you can. c) Yes, she does. d) Yes, they do. e)
Yes, she is.
否定回答
: a) No, he
isn
’
t. b) No, you
can
’
t. c) No, she
doesn
’
t. d) No,
they don
’
t. e)
No, she isn
’
t.
2)
选择疑问句
Is the
table big or small?
回答
It
’
s big./
It
’
s small.
3)
特殊疑问句
①
问年龄
How old is Lucy? She is twelve.
②
问种类
What
kind
of
movies
do
you
like?
I
like
action
movies
and
comedies.
③
问身体状况
How is your
uncle? He is well/fine.
④
问方式
How do/can
you spell it? L-double O-K.
How
do we contact you? My e-mail address is ***.
⑤
问原因
Why do you want to join the club?
⑥
问时间
What
’
s the time?
(=What time is it?) It
’
s a
quarter to ten a.m..
What time do
you usually get up, Rick? At five
o
’
clock.
When do you want to go?
Let
’
s go at 7:00.
⑦
问地方
Where
’
s my
backpack? It
’
s under the
table.
⑧
问颜色
What color
are they? They are light blue.
What
’
s your
favourite color? It
’
s black.
⑨
问人物
Who
’
s that?
It
’
s my sister.
Who
is the boy in blue? My brother.
Who
isn
’
t at school? Peter and
Emma.
Who are Lisa and Tim
talking to?
⑩
问东西
What
’
s this/that
(in English)? It
’
s a pencil
case.
What else can you see in
the picture? I can see some broccoli, strawberries
and hamburgers.
11
问姓名
What
’
s your
aunt
’
s name? Her name is
Helen./She
’
s Helen.
What
’
s your first
name? My first name
’
s Ben.
What
’
s your
family name? My family
name
’
s Smith.
12
问哪一个
Which do you
like? I like one in the box.
13
问字母
What letter
is it? It
’
s big D/small f.
14
问价格
How much are these pants?
They
’
re 15 dollars.
15
问电话号码
What
’
s your phone
number? It
’
s 576-8349.
16
问谓语
(
动作
) What
’
s he
doing? He
’
s watching TV.
17
问职业
(
身份
) What do you do?
I
’
m a teacher.
What
’
s your
father? He
’
s a doctor.
三、时态
1
、
p>
一般现在时
表示普遍、
< br>经常性的或长期性的动作时使用一般现在时,
它有:
Be
动词:
She
< br>’
s a worker. Is she a worker? She
isn
’
t a worker.
情态动词:
I can play the piano.
Can you play the piano? I
can
’
t play the
piano.
行为动词:
They
want
to
eat
some
tomatoes.
Do
they
want
to
eat
any
tomatoes? They
don
’
t want to eat any
tomatoes.
Gina has a nice watch. Does
Gina have a nice watch? Gina
doesn
’
t have a
watch.
2
、
p>
现在进行时
表示动词在此时正在发生或进行就使用进行时态,
结构
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