-
as
和
which
引导
的非限定性定语从句
as
引导非限定性定语从句
as we
know
众所周知
As we know,
the earth is round.
As Brane pointed out, giving up smoking
is the easiest thing to do in the world.
As the headmaster mentioned, one is
never too old to learn.
正如这位校长所提及的,
活到老,学
到老。
as
,
which
都可以引导非限定性定语
从句。但
as
重点突出整个句子的含义
,而
which
有可
能指代主句当中某个词的含义
,也有可能指代整个句子的含义。
As
引导非限定性定语从句,可以用于主句之前,
as
和主句之间要有一个逗号分隔开来。
As we expected, John was admitted to
the university.
正如我们所预料的,
Joh
n
被这所大学入取
了。
As
引导非限定性定语从句,也可以用在主句之后,这时就相
当于
which
She married him,
which was unexpected.
She married him
as was unexpected.
但是在
as
所引导的非限定性定语从句中,如果运用的是被动语态结构,被动词可
以省略。
She married him as
unexpected.
(
was
省
略)
The material is elastic
as shown in the figure.
如图显示,这种材料是富有弹性的。
在这种情况下,
shown
之前省略了谓语动词,这时就不能把
as
换成
which .
如果要用
which
则要补上谓语动词。
The
material is elastic, which is shown in the figure.
used to
be
和
used to
We are
less credulous than we used to be.
这是明显现在与过去的对比
eg. We are less credulous than we used
to be
.
我们不再像以前那样轻信于人了。
are
表示现在的情况
/ used to be
过去的情况
eg. We are
not so honest as we used to
be.
我们不像过去那么诚实了
.
谓
语动词是
be
动词的时候用
used
to be,
而不用
used to
谓语动词是使役动词的时候用
used to
eg. He works less hard than he used to.
Too .. to
结构
It is all too easy to blame the railway
authorities.
我们总是去责备铁路当局。
Too
.. to
结构中,在
too
之前出
现了
all, only, but,
not
等词时,
to
后的从句就有肯定意义。
--He
is but too eager to get home.
他太急于要回家了。
--One
is never too old to learn.
活到老学到老。
--I
’
m all/but too
glad to have someone to speak to.
(
p>
一
)
独立主格结构
独立主格结构
(
Independent Genitive
)
由两部分组成,
前一部份是名词或者代词,
后一
部分是非谓语动词
(
不定式、
动名词和
分词
)
或形容词、副词、或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓
关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语,多用于书面
语。
独立主格结构本身不是句子,在句子中作状语,表示时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。
非谓语动词作状
语,其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致,非谓语动词形式须另带主语,从而构成复合结
构的形式作状语。这种结构称为
“
独立结构
”
。其中,非谓语动词主动用现在分词,被动用过去分词。
(1)
功能
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中,其作用相当于一个
状语从句
,常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴
随情况等。例如:
表示时间
The
meeting being over
, all of us went
home.
开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work done
, she sat down
for a cup of tea.
她干完了活,坐下来喝茶。
表示条件
The
condition being favourable
, he may
succeed.
若条件有利,他或许能成功。
表示原因
There being
no taxis
, we had to walk.
没有出租车,我们只好步行。
He
wrapped her up with great care,
the
night being dark and frosty
.
夜又黑又冷,所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
表示伴随情况
Almost all
metals are good conductors,
silver being
the best of all
.
几乎所有的金属都是良导
体,而银则是最好的
导体。
(=Almost all
metals are good conductors, and silver is the best
of all.)
(2)
用法
p>
独立主格结构主要表示
谓语动词
发生的时间
、原因、条件或伴随情况等,相当于一个
状语从句
或
并列句
。
用作时间状语
The work
done
(=After the work had been done), we
went home.
工作完成后,我们就回家了。
用作条件状语
Weather
permitting
(=If weather permits), they
will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
如果天气允许的话,他
们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
用作原因状语
An
important lecture to be given
tomorrow
(=As an important lecture will
be given tomorrow), the professor has to
stay up late into the night.
因为明天要发表一个重要的演讲,教授不得不熬夜到很晚。
用作伴随状语
He was
lying on the grass,
his hands crossed
under his head
(=and his hands were
crossed under his head).
他躺
在草
地上,将两手交叉枕在脑后。
表示补充说明
We
redoubled our efforts,
each man working
like two
.
我们加倍努力,一个人干两个人的活。
*
注:独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时,相当于一个
状
语从句
,一般放在句首,表示原因时还可放在句末;
表伴随状况
或补充说明时,相当于一个
并列句
,通常放于句末。
(3)
形式
一般独立主格形式
与主句逻辑关系松散
形式为
:
n. + -ed/-ing
形式
;
n. +
不定式
;
n. +
介词短语
;
n.
+
形容词
;
n. +
副词
;
名词
/
主格代词
+
现在分词
名词
/
主格
代词
与
现在分词
p>
之间是主动关系。
如:
The girl
staring at him
(= As the girl stared at
him), he didn't know what to say.
姑娘两眼望着他,他不知道说什么
好。
Time permitting
(= If time
permits), we will go for an outing tomorrow.
如果时间允许的话,我们明天去郊游。
名词
/
主格代词
+
< br>过去分词
名词
/
主格
代词
与过去分词之间是被动关系。
如:
The
problems solved
(= As the problems were
solved), the quality has been improved.
随着问题的解决,质量已
经提高了。
Her glasses broken
(= Because
her glasses were broken), she couldn't see the
words on the blackboard.
由于眼
镜摔坏了,她看不见黑板上的字。
名词
/
主格代词
+
不定式
名词
/
主格
代词
与不定式之间是主动关系,且强调的是一次具体性的动作。
如:
He is
going to make a model plane,
some old
parts to help
.
借助于一些旧零件,他要做一个飞机模型。
They said good-bye to each
other,
one to go home, the other to go
to the bookstore
.
他们道别后,一个回了
家,
一个去了书店。
名词
/
主格代词
+
形容词
p>
如:
An
air accident happened to the
plane,
nobody alive
.
那架飞机遭遇了空难,无一人生还。
So many people absent
, the
meeting had to be called off.
这么多人缺席,会议不得不取消。
名
词
/
主格代词
+
副词
如:
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
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