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Para1
When
we
talk
about
learning
a
language
like
English,
Japanese
or
Spanish,
we
speak
and
think
as though the language in question were a fixed
unchanging thing.
当我们谈到学习一门
语
言比如英语、日语或西班牙语时
,
我们讲的和想的就好像所说的
这种语言是固定不变的事
物。
1.
in
question
：
being talked about
add
：
out
of
question:
no
problem
out
of
the
question:
impossible,
not
worth
discussing
We expect to learn it as we
learned geometry or how to ride a
bicycle
—
systematically, and
with
clear
ultimate
success.
Many
people
subsequently
give
up
when
they
discover
just
what
a
misconception this is. They have in
fact embarked on an activity that could last the
rest of their
lives.
我们期望学习一种语言就像学几何或学骑车一样系统地学习，并最终取得显著的成
效。许多人发现这种观念是种错误后就放弃了学习。
实际
上
,
人们要是学会一种语言，那他
们就
开始了一份持续终生的工作。
1.
ultimate:
adj.
last,
furthest,
basic
e.g.
:The
ultimate
responsibility
lies
with
the
president.
最终的责任在于总统
。
last:
coming
after
all
others
in
order
or
time.
e.g.
the
last
train,
last
year,
the
last
time
final:
last,
coming
in
the
end;
(of
decision,
offer,
etc.)
cannot
be
changed
terminal:
at
the
end
or
limit
of
something,
e.g.
a
terminal
illness
晚期病
症
eventual:
(of
event)
happening
at
last
as
a
result,
e.g.
the
eventual
success
2.
embark
on
/
upon:
to
start,
take
part
in
embark
：
v.
1. go on
board
上船或飞机
e.g: They
embarked
at
Paris
for
New
York.
他们从巴黎出发前往纽约。
2. set out (on an enterprise or subject
of study)
从事，着手
e.g: Let
’
s embark
on a world tour
让我们开始一次世界旅行。
The experience makes them
realize that they are not only going to have to
work very hard indeed
if they want to
succeed, but also that they
are
—
in many
cases
—
barely masters of the
language
they call their own
学习语言的经历使他们意识到如果想要成功不仅要努力
工作
,
而且还意识到在，在许多情况下
,
即使
是他们自己所谓的母语，他们也并没有精通。
Para 2
Studying
any
language
is,in
fact,an
endless
of
the
thousands
of
languages
currently
used
in
the
world
is
a
complex
affair.
其实，
学习任何语言就
像是一次永无止境的
航行。目前世界上所使用的数千种语言中的任何一种都是复杂的。
Many
languages
do
have
a
standard
form---
particularly
on
paper----and
this
is
what
we
learn,but
they
probably
also
have
a
variety
of
regional
dialects
and
social
styles,and
many
are
the
products
of
the
historical
mingling
of
other
languages.<
/p>
虽然许多语言的确有他的标准形式，尤其是书面语，这也就是我们所学习
< br>的语言。然而，他们也可能有各种各样的地区方言和社会风格，而且许多语言是在历史上
< br>与其他语言混合的产物。
1.
Mingle
：
If things
such as sounds, smells, or feelings mingle, they
become mixed together but
are usually
still recognizable.
混合
e.g
：
Now the
cheers and applause mingled in a single sustained
roar.
这时欢呼声和掌声汇聚成了一阵经久不息的轰响。
Another
meaning
：
At a party, if you
mingle with the other people there, you move
around and
talk to them.
交际
e.g
：
Guests mingle
while enjoying cake, punch and other treats.
来宾们一边享受蛋糕、混合饮料和其他食物，一边相互交谈
。
The
English
language
is
just
such
a
hybrid
.
It
< br>
began
its
career
just
under
two
thousand
years
ago
as
a
form
of
ancient
German,
collided
with
a
special
kind
of
old
French,
as
a
form
of
ancient
German,
collided
with
a
special
kind
of
old
French,
was
subjected
to
several
waves
of
Latin
and
a
flood
of
Greek,and
since
then
has
acquired
bits
and
pieces
of every
other
language
that
its
users
have
ever been in contact wi
th
.
英语就是这种混合的语言。大约在两千年前开始演变成这
样的。在
最初它是一种古德语，接着与一种特殊的古法语相碰撞，然后受到几波拉丁语和
大量的希
腾语浪潮的冲击。以后，英语又从与人们使用的其他每一种语言接触中获得了多
多少少的
成分。
2.
Hybrid
：
a mixture
of other things, especially two other things.
【
n.
】
混合物
e.g
：
Such
a hybrid would not only become easily
transmissible between people, but packed with
great killing power.
这种混合病毒不仅可以轻易在人类间传播，而且会集结很大的杀伤力。
【
adj.
】
Hy
brid
混合的，杂交的
e.g:However, the yield level of hybrid
rice had been stagnated for almost 20 years.
但近二十年来，杂交水稻的产量水平一直处于徘徊不前的局面。
【
v.
】
hy
bridize
混合，杂交
3.
collide
with
：
come into
(violent) contact
with,encounter
冲突；抵触；碰撞
e.g:Liberty requires the ability to use
one's body and property in any manner, as long as
those
actions do not collide with the
liberty of others.
自由要求每个人都
有使用自己的天赋和财产的能力，只要这些行动和其他人的自由不发生冲突。
e.g:Racing up the stairs, he almost
collided with Daisy.
他冲上楼梯，几乎与戴西相撞。
Collide
：
If two or more moving people or objects
collide, they crash into one another.
碰撞
e.g:Two trains
collided head-on in Ohio early this morning.
两辆列车今天早晨在俄亥俄州迎头相撞。
【
adj.
】
collision
al
碰撞引起的
collisionless
无碰撞的
【
n.
】
.collision
（意见，看法）的抵触，冲突
4.
Be subjected
to
：
to cause sb./sth. to
experience or undergo sth.
受到…；经受…
E.g:Women
and girls may also be subjected to sexual
exploitation by those mandated to protect
them.
妇女和女孩也会成为那些受命保护她们的人进行性
掠夺的对象
。
Another
meaning
：
to be
liable to sth.
e.g:Train are subject to
delay after the heavy snowfalls.
To be
depending on sth. As a condition
E.g:The plan is subject to the
director
’
s approval.
a flood of:great quantity or
volume
一大批
e.g:A flood of tributes from fans, who
were unaware of his illness, also appeared on the
web.
那些没有意识到他得病的粉丝们的赞扬之词如洪水
般涌满了网络。
5.
in contact
with:to keep communication with sb.
接触；与…有联系
E.g:According
to
specialists
an
addict
is
a
person
who
cannot
control
himself
or
herself
when
being in contact with the thing that is
the consequence of his/her addiction.
根据一些专家的认为，
这些上瘾者是由于他们跟接触事物的时候
无法控制自己从而就导致了他们
上瘾的结果。
Para 3
A second
common
misconception about language is that
words have fixed and clear meanings.
This is
—
fortunately or unfortunately
—
far from true.
Take even the apparently simple and
specific English word man. It seems
clear enough; it refers to
course it
does, but just consider for a moment the following
sentences:
1)There are
several men missing in that chess set.
2)The boat was manned entirely by women
and children.
关于语言的第二种常见误解是单词意思固定清楚。这种想法
—
无论不幸还是有幸
—
是
远远不
正确的。举个十分简单和具体的英语单词
为例。似乎足够清楚，
指的是
成年
男子
。当然的确如此，但是考虑一下下列句子：
1)
那副象棋缺了几颗棋子。
2)
这艘船全由妇女和小孩掌舵。
1.
区别
: general,common,
ordinary, usual
general: affecting all
or nearly all, not special, local or
particular
一般的
e.g. The price of food is a matter of
general interest.
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